Degrees Brix (symbol °Bx) is a measurement of the mass ratio of dissolved sugar to water in a liquid. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. It is measured with a saccharimeter that measures specific gravity of a liquid or more easily with a refractometer. A saccharimeter is an instrument for measuring the concentration of Sugar solutions Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically A refractometer is an Optical instrument that is used to determine the Refractive index of a substance A 25 °Bx solution is 25% (w/w), with 25 grams of sugar per 100 grams of solution. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Or, to put it another way, there are 25 grams of sucrose sugar and 75 grams of water in the 100 grams of solution.

Brix, Balling, Plato

The Balling scale was developed by German chemist Karl Balling. It refers to the concentration of a dissolved solids (mostly sucrose) , as the weight percentage sucrose at 17. 5°C.

The Brix scale was originally derived when Adolph Brix recalculated Balling's scale to a reference temperature of 15. 5°C. The Brix scale was subsequently recalculated again, and now uses a reference temperature of 20°C. Brix can be approximated as 261. 3*(1 - 1/g), where g is the specific gravity of the solution at 20°C. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically

The Plato scale which measures in Plato degrees is also a refinement of the Balling scale. The Plato scale is an empirically derived Hydrometer scale to measure Density of Beer Wort in terms of percentage of extract by weight It uses a reference temperature of 17. 5°C and a slightly different modulus, with the approximation 260*(1 - 1/g), where g is the specific gravity of the solution at 17. 5°C.

The three scales are often used interchangeably since the differences are minor.

• Brix is primarily used in fruit juice, wine making and the sugar industry. Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine
• Plato is primarily used in brewing. Brewing is the production of Alcoholic beverage and Alcohol fuel through fermentation.
• Balling appears on older saccharimeters, and is still used in the South African wine industry. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

Usage

Brix is used in the food industry for measuring the approximate amount of sugars in fruits, vegetables, juices, wine, soft drinks and in the sugar manufacturing industry. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Different countries use the scales in different industries; in the UK brewing is measured with specific gravity X 1000, European brewers use Plato degrees, and US industries use a mix of specific gravity, Brix, degrees Baumé and Plato degrees. The Plato scale is an empirically derived Hydrometer scale to measure Density of Beer Wort in terms of percentage of extract by weight The Baumé scale is a pair of Hydrometer scales developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé in 1768 to measure Density of various liquids

For fruit juices, one degree Brix is about 1-2% sugar by weight. This usually correlates well with perceived sweetness.

Since Brix is related to the concentration of dissolved solids (mostly sucrose) in a fluid it is therefore related to the specific gravity of the liquid. Because the specific gravity of sucrose solutions is well known, it can also be measured by refractometers.

A Brix-measuring instrument for use in the vineyard

Modern Brix meters are digital refractometers that calculate the Brix value based on refractive index. These meters are typically portable, splashproof and very simple to use, so that they can be operated by anybody directly on location. More and more often Brix is measured to determine ideal harvesting times of fruit and vegetables so that products arrive at the consumers in a perfect state or are ideal for subsequent processing steps such as vinification.

Scientific usage

When a refractometer is used, it is correct to report the result as "refractometric dried substance" (RDS). A refractometer is an Optical instrument that is used to determine the Refractive index of a substance One might speak of a liquid as being 20 °Bx RDS. This is a measure of percent by weight of TOTAL dried solids and, although not technically the same as Brix degrees determined through a specific gravity method, renders an accurate measurement of sucrose content since the majority of dried solids are in fact sucrose. When an infrared Brix sensor is used, it measures the vibrational frequency of the sugar molecules, giving a Brix degrees measurement. This will not be the same measurement as Brix degrees using a density measurement because it will specifically measure dissolved sugar concentration instead of all dissolved solids.

References

• Boulton, Roger; Vernon Singleton, Linda Bisson, Ralph Kunkee (1996). Principles and Practices of Winemaking. Chapman & Hall.   ISBN 0-412-06411-1
• Rene Martinez VitalSensors Technologies LLC. VS1000B Series In-Line Brix Sensors for the Beverage Industry. — Martinez describes the theory and practice of measuring brix on-line in beverages.

See also

• Baumé scale
• Oechsle scale
• polarimetry
• Sweetness of wine

External links

Specific Gravity Resources:

• Brix to Specific Gravity Table
• Brix, Plato, Balling, Specific gravity
• brix in orange juice measurement