Bristol

42. Bristol Bridge is an old Bridge over the floating harbour in Bristol, England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. A county corporate or corporate county was a form of Local government in England, Ireland and Wales. History See also History of Gloucestershire Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county The former County of Avon was a non-metropolitan county and ceremonial county in the west of England, named after the River Avon, which See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions The city of Bristol, England, is a Unitary authority, represented by four Members of Parliament. The pattern of local government in England is complex with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Composition Graphical representation of the House of Commons This is a comparison of the party strengths in the British House of Commons Dr Roger Leslie Berry (born July 4, 1948) British Politician and is the Labour Member of Parliament for Kingswood The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Kerry McCarthy (born 26 March 1965, Luton) is a British Labour Party politician who was elected Member of Parliament for John Douglas Naysmith ( Doug) (born April 1, 1941) is the Labour and Co-operative Member of Parliament for Bristol The Co-operative Party is a democratic socialist Political party in the United Kingdom committed to supporting and representing co-operative Dawn Primarolo (born 2 May 1954 in London) is a British Labour Member of Parliament representing Bristol South. Stephen Roy Williams (born 11 October 1966) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who was elected Member of Parliament for The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions 5 sq mi (110 km²)

Elevation ^[1]

36 ft (11 m)

Population (2006 est. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International )

- Unitary & City

410,500 (Ranked 43rd)

- Density

9,425/sq mi (3,639/km²)

- Urban

441,556

- Metro

551,066

- Ethnicity

89. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions This is a List of Ceremonial counties of England by Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 3% White
3. 9% S. Asian
2. 8% Black
2. 2% Mixed Race
1. 8% E. Asian or Other

Time zone

GMT (UTC0)

Postcode

0117

GB-BST

00HB

NUTS 3

UKK11

Website: www.bristol.gov.uk/

Bristol (pronunciation (help·info); pronounced /ˈbrɪstəl/) is a city, unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, 105 miles (169 km) west of London, and 44 miles (71 km) east of Cardiff. Coordinated Universal Time, the basis for the world's civil time frequently referred to by the name of its predecessor Greenwich Mean Time Western A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks ISO 3166-2GB is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to the United Kingdom. The Office for National Statistics coding system is a hierarchical code used in the United Kingdom for tabulating Census and other statistical data The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales.

With an approximate population of 410,950, and urban area of 550,200, it is England's sixth, and the United Kingdom's ninth most populous city, one of England's core cities and the most populous city in South West England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The English Core Cities Group is an association of eight large regional cities in England: Birmingham (region of West Midlands) It received a royal charter in 1155 and was granted county status in 1373. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company For half a millennium it was the second or third largest English city, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester in the Industrial Revolution during the later part of the 18th century. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, lying between the cities of Bath, Gloucester and Newport, and has a short coastline on the estuary of the River Severn, which flows into the Bristol Channel. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county History See also History of Gloucestershire Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. Gloucester (ˈɡlɒstɚ) is a city, district and County town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Newport (Casnewydd is a city and principal area in Wales, in the United Kingdom. For other rivers named "Severn" see Severn River. The River Severn ( Welsh: Afon Hafren, Latin The Bristol Channel ( Môr Hafren) is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset

Bristol is one of the centres of culture, employment and education in the region. From its earliest days, its prosperity has been linked to that of the Port of Bristol, the commercial port, which was in the city centre but has now moved to the Severn estuary coast at Avonmouth and Portbury. The Port of Bristol comprises the commercial and former commercial docks situated in and near the city of Bristol in England. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Avonmouth is a port and suburb on the Severn Estuary, at the mouth of the River Avon. Portbury is a village in North Somerset, England. Location It is situated at the north-eastern end of the Gordano valley near the In more recent years the economy has been built on the aerospace industry, and the city centre docks have been regenerated as a centre of heritage and culture. This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the ^[2]

1 Boundaries
2 History
3 Economy and industry
4 Culture
5 Politics and government
6 Demographics
7 Physical geography
8 Education, science and technology
9 Transport
10 Twin cities
11 See also
12 References
13 External links

Boundaries

There are a number of different ways in which Bristol's boundaries are defined, depending on whether the boundaries attempt to define the city, the built-up area, or the wider "Greater Bristol". Greater Bristol is a term used for the Conurbation which contains and surrounds the city of Bristol in the South West of England. The narrowest definition of the city is the city council boundary; although this definition does include a large portion of the Severn Estuary, west as far as the islands of Steep Holm and Flat Holm. The city of Bristol, England, is a Unitary authority, represented by four Members of Parliament. The Severn Estuary (Môr Hafren is the Estuary of the River Severn, the longest River in Great Britain. Steep Holm ( is an English Island lying in the Bristol Channel. Flat Holm (Ynys Echni is a limestone Island lying in the Bristol Channel approximately from Lavernock Point in Glamorgan. ^[3] A slightly less narrow definition is used by the Office for National Statistics; this includes built-up areas which adjoin Bristol but are not within the city council boundary, such as Whitchurch village, Filton, Patchway, Bradley Stoke, and excludes non-built-up areas within the city council boundary. The Office for National Statistics (ONS is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly Whitchurch is a Suburb of south eastern Bristol, England, bounded by Hartcliffe to the west and Hengrove and Knowle to Filton is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated on the northern outskirts of the city of Bristol, about 4 Patchway is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated some 10 km (6 miles northwest of the city of Bristol. About Although there is some provision for local employment such as the business parks at the north of the town the Aztec West business area and the two supermarkets ^[4] The ONS has also defined an area which it calls the "Bristol Urban Area" which includes Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford, Winterbourne, Frampton Cotterell, Almondsbury and Easton-in-Gordano. Kingswood is a town in South Gloucestershire, England. It is on the eastern outskirts of the city of Bristol, on the A420 road as this main road leaves Mangotsfield is a Village in Gloucestershire, England, situated north of the suburb of Kingswood, bounded to the north by the M4 motorway Stoke Gifford is a large village in South Gloucestershire, England, situated south of Bradley Stoke in the northern suburbs of Bristol. Winterbourne is a large Village in South Gloucestershire, England, on the outskirts of the city of Bristol. Frampton Cotterell is a Village in South Gloucestershire, England on the River Frome. Almondsbury is a large village near junction 16 of the M5 motorway, in South Gloucestershire, England. Easton in Gordano sometimes shortened to "E-I-G" is a Village in North Somerset, England. ^[5] The term "Greater Bristol" (used for example by the Government Office of the South West ^[6] is most usually used to refer to the area covered by the city and its three neighbouring local authorities

History

Main article: History of Bristol

60,000-year-old archaeological finds at Shirehampton and St Annes provide evidence of settlement in the Bristol area from the palaeolithic era. Bristol is a city of half a million people in south west England, which has been amongst England's largest and most economically and culturally important cities Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Shirehampton, near Avonmouth, at the north-western edge of the city of Bristol, England, is a district of Bristol which originated as a separate village Brislington West is a council ward of the city of Bristol, England. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" ^[7] There are Iron Age hill forts near the city, at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down on the side of the Avon Gorge, and on Kingsweston Hill, near Henbury. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement Leigh Woods is a area of woodland on the south-west side of the Avon Gorge, opposite the English city of Bristol and north of the Ashton Court Clifton Down is an area of public open space in Bristol, England, north of the village of Clifton. For the gorge in Scotland with the same name see Avon Gorge Falkirk The Avon Gorge ( is a 1 Kingsweston Hill ( is the site of an Iron Age Hill fort near Henbury Bristol, England. There is also a Henbury crater in Australia There is also a Henbury in Cheshire near Macclesfield ^[8]. During the Roman era there was a settlement, Abona, at what is now Sea Mills, connected to Bath by Roman road, and another settlement at what is now Inns Court. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Sea Mills is a suburb of the English port city of Bristol. It is situated situated some 3 Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. The Roman Roads were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire, by enabling the Romans to move armies and trade goods and to communicate news There were also isolated Roman villas and small Roman forts and settlements throughout the area. A Roman villa is a Villa that was built or lived in during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire. The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military ^[9]

The town of Brycgstow (Old English, "the place at the bridge"^[10]) was in existence by the beginning of the 11th century, and under Norman rule acquired one of the strongest castles in southern England. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Bristol Castle was a Norman castle built for the defence of Bristol. ^[11] [[Image:Clifton. bridge. arp. 750pix. jpg|thumb|left|Clifton Suspensions Bridge [[Image:Bristol harbour arp 750pix. jpg|thumb|left|Bristol Bridge seen across the Harbour]] The River Avon in the city centre has evolved into Bristol Harbour, and from the 12th century the harbour was an important port, handling much of England's trade with Ireland. Bristol Bridge is an old Bridge over the floating harbour in Bristol, England. The River Avon is a River in the south west of England. Because of a number of other River Avons in England this river is often also known as the Lower Bristol Harbour is the Harbour in the city of Bristol, England Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world In 1247 a new bridge was built, which was replaced by the current Bristol Bridge in the 1760s,^[12] and the town was extended to incorporate neighbouring suburbs, becoming in 1373 a county in its own right. Bristol Bridge is an old Bridge over the floating harbour in Bristol, England. A county corporate or corporate county was a form of Local government in England, Ireland and Wales. ^[13] During this period Bristol also became a centre of shipbuilding and manufacturing. Bristol was the starting point for many important voyages, notably John Cabot's 1497 voyage of exploration to North America. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the

The west front of Bristol Cathedral

By the 14th century Bristol was England's third-largest medieval town (after London and York), with perhaps 15,000–20,000 inhabitants on the eve of the Black Death of 1348–49. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia ^[14] The Plague inflicted a prolonged pause in the growth of Bristol's population, with numbers remaining at 10,000–12,000 through most of the 15th and 16th centuries. The Diocese of Bristol was founded in 1542,^[15] with the former Abbey of St. Augustine becoming Bristol Cathedral. The Diocese of Bristol is a Church of England Diocese based in Bristol, also covering South Gloucestershire and parts of north Wiltshire An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity is the Anglican Cathedral in the city of Bristol, England, and is commonly known Traditionally this is equivalent to the town being granted city status. During the 1640s Civil War the city was occupied by Royalist military, after they overran Royal Fort, the last Parliamentarian stronghold in the city. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Royal Fort is a historic house in Tyndalls Park, Bristol. ^[16]

Renewed growth came with the 17th century rise of England's American colonies and the rapid 18th century expansion of England's part in the Atlantic trade in Africans taken for slavery in the Americas. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Bristol, along with Liverpool, became a centre for the slave trade although few slaves were brought to Britain. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary During the height of the slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, more than 2,000 slaving ships were fitted out at Bristol, carrying a (conservatively) estimated half a million people from Africa to the Americas and slavery. ^[17] Still standing in Bristol is the Seven Stars pub, where abolitionist Thomas Clarkson collected information regarding the slave trade. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Thomas Clarkson ( 28 March 1760 &ndash 26 September 1846) abolitionist, was born at Wisbech, Cambridgeshire

An 1873 engraving showing sights around Bristol

Fishermen who left Bristol were long part of the migratory fishery to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and began settling that island permanently in larger numbers around this time. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Bristol's strong nautical ties meant that maritime safety was an important issue in the city, in the 19th century Samuel Plimsoll, "the sailor's friend", campaigned to make the seas safer. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Samuel Plimsoll (10 February 1824 &ndash 3 June 1898 was a British Politician and social reformer now best remembered for having devised the Plimsoll line. He was shocked by the overloaded cargoes and successfully fought for a compulsory load line on ships. Waterline refers to an imaginary line marking the level at which Ship or Boat floats in the Water.

Competition from Liverpool from c. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary 1760, the disruption of maritime commerce through wars with France (1793) and the abolition of the slave trade (1807) contributed to the city's failure to keep pace with the newer manufacturing centres of the North of England and the West Midlands. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. The passage up the heavily tidal Avon Gorge, which had made the port highly secure during the Middle Ages, had become a liability which the construction of a new "Floating Harbour" (designed by William Jessop) in 1804–9 failed to overcome. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood For the gorge in Scotland with the same name see Avon Gorge Falkirk The Avon Gorge ( is a 1 Bristol Harbour is the Harbour in the city of Bristol, England William Jessop ( 23 January 1745 - 18 November 1814) was a noted English Civil engineer, particularly famed for his work Nevertheless, Bristol's population (66,000 in 1801) quintupled during the 19th century, supported by new industries and growing commerce. ^[18] It was particularly associated with the Victorian era engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed the Great Western Railway between Bristol and London Paddington, two pioneering Bristol-built ocean going steamships, the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western, and the Clifton Suspension Bridge. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer. The Great Western Railway ( GWR) was a British railway company and a notable example of Civil engineering, linking London with the West London Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, or just simply Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller History The SS Great Britain was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Thomas Guppy, Christopher Claxton and William Patterson Origins Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's idea was that steam would replace sail power on the regularly-scheduled trans-Atlantic "packet boat" services which had The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a Suspension bridge, spanning the Avon Gorge and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in John Wesley founded the very first Methodist Chapel, called the New Room, in Bristol in 1739. John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The New Room ( is a historic building in Broadmead Bristol, England. Riots occurred in 1793 and 1831, the first beginning as a protest at renewal of an act levying tolls on Bristol Bridge, and the latter after the rejection of the second Reform Bill. The Bristol Riots refer to a number of significant Riots in the city of Bristol in England. The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system

A map of Bristol from 1946

Bristol's city centre suffered severe damage from Luftwaffe bombing during the Bristol Blitz of World War II. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. Bristol was the fifth most heavily bombed British city of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The original central shopping area, near the bridge and castle, is now a park containing two bombed out churches and some tiny fragments of the castle. A third bombed church nearby, St Nicholas, has been restored and has been made into a museum which houses a triptych by William Hogarth, painted for the high altar of St Mary Redcliffe in 1756. St Nicholas is a church in St Nicholas Street Bristol, England. A triptych (pronounced "trip-tick" trip'tik (or US: 'tɹʷɪp William Hogarth (10 November 1697 &ndash 26 October 1764 was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic St Mary Redcliffe ( is a large Anglican Parish church located in the Redcliffe district of the English port city of Bristol, The museum also contains statues moved from Arno's Court Triumphal Arch, of King Edward I and King Edward III taken from Lawfords' Gate of the city walls when they were demolished around 1760 and 13th century figures from Bristol's Newgate representing Robert, the builder of Bristol Castle, and Geoffrey de Montbray, Bishop of Coutances, builder of the fortified walls of the city. Arno's Court Triumphal Arch ( is in Junction Rd Brislington, Bristol, England. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Bristol Castle was a Norman castle built for the defence of Bristol. Geoffrey de Montbray (died 1093 Bishop of Coutances (Constantiensis a right-hand man of William the Conqueror, was a type of the great Feudal prelate ^[19]

The rebuilding of Bristol city centre was characterised by large, cheap 1960s tower blocks, brutalist architecture and expansion of roads. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit High-rise Apartment building. The term Brutalist Architecture originates from the French Béton brut, or "raw concrete" a term used by Le Corbusier to describe Since the 1980s another trend has emerged with the closure of some main roads, the restoration of the Georgian period Queen Square and Portland Square, the demolition and rebuilding of the Broadmead Shopping Centre (at 2007 in progress) and the demolition of the city centre's tallest post-war blocks. The arts Especially during the mid-18th century the period was marked by cultural vibrancy with the establishment of the British Museum in 1753 and the contributions Queen Square is a public open space in the centre of the historic city of Bristol, England. Portland Square ( is in the St Pauls area of Bristol. It was laid out in the early 18th century as one of Bristol's first suburbs ^[20]

The removal of the docks to Avonmouth, 7 miles (11. Avonmouth is a port and suburb on the Severn Estuary, at the mouth of the River Avon. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States 3 km) downstream from the city centre has also allowed redevelopment of the old central dock area (the "Floating Harbour") in recent decades, although at one time the continued existence of the docks was in jeopardy as it was viewed as a derelict industrial site rather than an asset. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand Bristol Harbour is the Harbour in the city of Bristol, England However the holding, in 1996, of the first International Festival of the Sea in and around the docks, affirmed the dockside area in its new leisure role as a key feature of the city. The International Festival of the Sea 1996 was a maritime festival held in and around the Floating Harbour in the English port city of Bristol. ^[21]. [[Image:Clifton. bridge. arp. 750pix. jpg|thumb|right|The Clifton Suspension Bridge is Bristol's iconic landmark

Economy and industry

Main article: Economy and industry of Bristol

The Nails in Corn Street, over which trading deals were made

[[Image:Concorde on Bristol. The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a Suspension bridge, spanning the Avon Gorge and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in Bristol is a city in south west England. Its economy has long connections with the sea and its ports jpg|thumb|The last ever flight of any Concorde, 26 November 2003. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The aircraft is seen a few minutes before landing on the Filton runway from which it first flew in 1969]] As a major seaport, Bristol has a long history of trading commodities, particularly tobacco; deals were frequently struck on a personal basis in the former trading area around Corn Street, and in particular, over metal trading tables, known as "The Nails". Filton is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated on the northern outskirts of the city of Bristol, about 4 Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. This is the origin of the expression "cash on the nail", meaning immediate payment. ^[22]

As well as Bristol's nautical connections, the city's economy is reliant on the aerospace industry, the media, information technology and financial services sectors and tourism. This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the ^[23] In 2004 Bristol's GDP was £9. 439 billion GBP, and the combined GDP of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and North Somerset was £44. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 098 billion. The GDP per head was £23,962 (US$47,738, €35,124) making the city more affluent than the UK as a whole, at 40% above the national average. This makes it the third-highest per-capita GDP of any English city, after London and Nottingham, and the fifth highest GDP per capita of any city in the United Kingdom, behind London, Edinburgh, Belfast and Nottingham. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. ^[24] In December 2005, Bristol's unemployment rate was 5. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 2%, compared with 3. 6% for the south west and 4. 8% for the United Kingdom. ^[25]

While Bristol's economy is no longer reliant upon its port, the city is the largest importer of cars to the UK. Since the port was leased in 1991, £330 million has been invested and the annual tonnage throughput has increased from 4 million tonnes to 12 million tonnes. ^[26] The financial services sector employs 40,000 in the city, and the hi-tech sector is important, with 400 micro-electronics and silicon design companies, as well as the Hewlett-Packard national research laboratories. Bristol is the UK's seventh most popular destination for foreign tourists, and the city receives nine million visitors each year. ^[27]

In the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton, by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, and aero-engine manufacture by Bristol Aero Engines (later Rolls-Royce) at Patchway. Filton is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated on the northern outskirts of the city of Bristol, about 4 The Bristol Aeroplane Company, originally British and Colonial Aeroplane Company was a major British aviation company The Bristol Aeroplane Company, originally British and Colonial Aeroplane Company was a major British aviation company Rolls-Royce plc ( is a British Aircraft engine maker and the second-largest in the world behind GE Aviation. Patchway is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated some 10 km (6 miles northwest of the city of Bristol. The aeroplane company became famous for the World War I Bristol Fighter, and Second World War Blenheim and Beaufighter aircraft. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Bristol Beaufighter is also the name of a Car produced by Bristol Cars in the 1980s In the 1950s it became one of the country's major manufacturers of civil aircraft, with the Bristol Freighter and Britannia and the huge Brabazon airliner. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Bristol Britannia was also a Car produced by Bristol Cars from 1982 to 1993 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Bristol Aeroplane Company diversified into car manufacturing in the 1940s, producing hand-built luxury cars at their factory in Filton, under the name Bristol Cars, which became independent from the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1960. The Bristol Aeroplane Company, originally British and Colonial Aeroplane Company was a major British aviation company Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury &mdash that which is beyond strict necessity &mdash in exchange for increased cost to the buyer Filton is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated on the northern outskirts of the city of Bristol, about 4 Bristol Cars is a manufacturer of hand-built Luxury cars ref name=Bild/> based at Filton, near Bristol, England. ^[28] The city also gave its name to the Bristol make of buses, manufactured in the city from 1908 to 1983, first by the local bus operating company, Bristol Tramways, and from 1955 by Bristol Commercial Vehicles. The Bristol Omnibus Company is the former name of the dominant bus operator in Bristol, one of the oldest bus companies in the United Kingdom. Bristol Commercial Vehicles Ltd was a manufacturer of Buses and Trucks based in Bristol, England.

In the 1960s Filton played a key role in the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner project. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Concorde components were manufactured in British and French factories and shipped to the two final assembly plants, in Toulouse and Filton. Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest The French manufactured the centre fuselage and centre wing and the British the nose, rear fuselage, fin and wingtips, while the Olympus 593 engine's manufacture was split between Rolls-Royce (Filton) and SNECMA (Paris). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Rolls-Royce plc ( is a British Aircraft engine maker and the second-largest in the world behind GE Aviation. Snecma is a major French manufacturer of engines for commercial and military aircraft and for space vehicles Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The British Concorde prototype made its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, five weeks after the French test flight. RAF Fairford is a Royal Air Force station in Gloucestershire, England. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 2003 British Airways and Air France decided to cease flying the aircraft and to retire them to locations (mostly museums) around the world. British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Air France (formally Société Air France) is one of the world's largest Airlines Air France is based in Paris, France, and is a subsidiary of On 26 November 2003 Concorde 216 made the final Concorde flight, returning to Filton airfield to be kept there permanently as the centrepiece of a projected air museum. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. This museum will include the existing Bristol Aero Collection, which includes a Bristol Britannia aircraft. Bristol Britannia was also a Car produced by Bristol Cars from 1982 to 1993

The aerospace industry remains a major segment of the local economy^[29] The major aerospace companies in Bristol now are BAE Systems, Airbus and Rolls-Royce, all based at Filton, and aerospace engineering is a prominent research area at nearby UWE. BAE Systems plc (BAE is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered in Farnborough, England, that has global interests particularly Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing Another important aviation company in the city is Cameron Balloons, a manufacturer of hot air balloons. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Cameron Balloons is a company established in 1971 in Bristol, England by Don Cameron to manufacture Hot air balloons Cameron The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying Flight technology Each August the city is host to the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, one of Europe's largest hot air balloon events. The Bristol International Balloon Fiesta is held during August in Bristol, United Kingdom.

Panorama over Bristol

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bristol

Arts

The Coopers Hall, entrance to the Bristol Old Vic Theatre Royal complex

The city is famous for its music and film industries, and was a finalist for the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Bristol is a City in South West England. As the largest city in the region it is a centre for the arts and sport The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its ^[30]

The city's principal theatre company, the Bristol Old Vic, was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of the Old Vic company in London. The Bristol Old Vic is a Theatre complex and theatrical company in the centre of Bristol, England. The Old Vic is a Theatre located just south-east of Waterloo Station in London on the corner of The Cut and Waterloo Road. Its premises on King Street consist of the 1766 Theatre Royal (400 seats), a modern studio theatre called the New Vic (150 seats), and foyer and bar areas in the adjacent Coopers' Hall (built 1743). King Street is a 17th century street in the historic city centre of Bristol, England. The Bristol Old Vic is a Theatre complex and theatrical company in the centre of Bristol, England. The Theatre Royal is a grade I listed building and was the oldest continuously operating theatre in England. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance The Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, which had originated in King street is now a separate company. The Bristol Old Vic is a Theatre complex and theatrical company in the centre of Bristol, England. The Bristol Hippodrome is a larger theatre (1981 seats) which hosts national touring productions, while the 2000-seat Colston Hall, named after Edward Colston, is the city's main concert venue. The Bristol Hippodrome ( is a Theatre in the centre of Bristol with seating on three levels giving a capacity of 1951 Colston Hall is a Concert hall situated on Colston Street Bristol, England. Edward Colston ( 2 November 1636 &ndash 11 October 1721) was a Bristol -born English Merchant and Other theatres include the Tobacco Factory, QEH and Redgrave Theatre (at Clifton College). The Tobacco Factory is the last remaining part of the Old Wills Tobacco site on Raleigh Road Southville Bristol. Facilities The school's yard is a listed structure owing to the complex nature of the tiling involved in construction Clifton College is a Coeducational public school in Clifton Bristol, England. Bristol's theatre scene includes a large variety of theatre companies, an organisation called Theatre Bristol runs a website which aims to develop the theatre industry in Bristol, ^[31] this website lists 82 different theatre companies operating within the city. ^[32] There are also a number of organisation within the city which act to support theatre makers, for example Equity, the actors union, has a General Branch based in the city ^[33] and there is an organisation called Residence which provides office, social and rehearsal space for several Bristol based theatre and performance companies. ^[34]

Since the late 1970s, the city has been home to bands combining punk, funk, dub and political consciousness, the most celebrated being The Pop Group. The Pop Group was a Post-punk band from Bristol, England whose uncompromising dissonant sound spanned punk, Free jazz, Ten years later, Bristol was the birthplace of a type of English hip-hop music called trip hop or the "Bristol Sound", from artists such as Tricky, Portishead, Smith & Mighty and Massive Attack. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Trip hop is a music Genre also known as the Bristol sound or Bristol acid rap. Tricky (born Adrian Thaws 27 January, 1968) is an English musician Portishead (pɔːtɪsˈhɛd IS an English musical group from Bristol. Smith & Mighty are a Drum & Bass / Trip hop group from Bristol, consisting of Rob Smith, Ray Mighty and Peter D Rose Discography Massive Attack are an English Trip hop group founded in 1988 by Robert Del Naja, Grantley Marshall, and Andrew Vowles in Bristol It is also a stronghold of drum & bass with notable artists such as the Mercury Prize winning Roni Size/Reprazent as well as the pioneering DJ Krust and More Rockers. The Mercury Prize, formerly the Mercury Music Prize and currently known as the Nationwide Mercury Prize for Sponsorship reasons is an annual music prize Roni Size (born Ryan Williams, October 29, 1969 in Bristol) is a British music producer and DJ who came to prominence Reprazent is a British Drum and bass act formed by Roni Size. Krust or DJ Krust (real name Keith Thompson born 1968, Bristol, England) is a English Drum and bass producer and Rob Smith is a DJ, Musician and remixer from Bristol, UK. He is currently on the Grand Central Records Independent This music is part of the wider Bristol urban culture scene which received international media attention in the 1990s. ^[35] Bristol is home to many live music venues, including Fiddlers, Victoria Rooms, St George's and a range of pubs from the jazz orientated The Old Duke to rock at the Fleece and Firkin and indie bands at the Louisiana. The Victoria Rooms also known colloquially as the Vic Rooms is the name given to the building which now houses the University of Bristol 's music department in The Old Duke is a famous Jazz and Blues venue and Pub situated on King Street Bristol, England. ^[36]

Bristol Industrial Museum. The Bristol Industrial Museum was a Museum in Bristol, England.

The Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery houses a collection of natural history, archaeology, local glassware, Chinese ceramics and art. The Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery is a large Museum and Art gallery in Bristol, England. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The Bristol Industrial Museum, featuring preserved dock machinery, closed in October 2006 for complete renovation and plans to reopen in 2009 as the Museum of Bristol^[37] The City Museum also runs three preserved historic houses: the Tudor Red Lodge, the Georgian House, and Blaise Castle House. The Bristol Industrial Museum was a Museum in Bristol, England. The Red Lodge Museum ( is a historic building in Bristol, England. The Georgian House ( is a historic building in Great George Street Bristol, England. Blaise Castle is an 18th century mansion house and estate near Henbury in Bristol (formerly in Gloucestershire) England The Watershed Media Centre and Arnolfini gallery, both in disused dockside warehouses, exhibit contemporary art, photography and cinema, while the city's oldest gallery is at the Royal West of England Academy in Clifton. The Watershed Media Centre opened in a disused Warehouse in central Bristol in 1982 and claims to be the United Kingdom's first dedicated media centre The Arnolfini is an arts centre in Bristol, England. It has a changing programme of exhibitions live art and dance events poetry and book readings talks The Royal West of England Academy (RWA is an art gallery where Queens Road meets Whiteladies Road in Bristol England.

Stop frame animation films and commercials produced by Aardman Animations and television series focusing on the natural world have also brought fame and artistic credit to the city. Aardman Animations Ltd, also known as Aardman Studios, is an Academy Award -winning British Animation studio based in Bristol, The city is home to the regional headquarters of BBC West, and the BBC Natural History Unit. Locations in and around Bristol often feature in the BBC's natural history programmes, including the children's television programme Animal Magic, filmed at Bristol Zoo. For the Blow Monkeys album see Animal Magic (album. For the Bonobo album see Animal Magic (Bonobo album. Bristol Zoo is a Zoo in the city of Bristol in South West England.

The Llandoger Trow, an ancient public house in the heart of Bristol

In literature Bristol is noted as the birth place of the 18th century poet Thomas Chatterton, and the poets Robert Southey, who was born in Wine Street, Bristol in 1774, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge married the Bristol Fricker sisters; and William Wordsworth spent time in the city where Joseph Cottle first published Lyrical Ballads in 1798. The Llandoger Trow ( is a historic Public house situated on King Street in Bristol, south west England. Thomas Chatterton ( November 20 1752 – August 24 1770) was an English poet and forger Robert Southey ( August 12, 1774 &ndash March 21, 1843) was an English Poet of the Romantic school one Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher Joseph Cottle (1770-1853 was a Publisher and Author. Cottle started business in Bristol Lyrical Ballads with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 it is typically

The 18th and 19th century portrait painter Sir Thomas Lawrence and 19th century architect Francis Greenway, designer of many of Sydney's first buildings, came from the city, and more recently the graffiti artist Banksy. Sir Thomas Lawrence RA ( April 13, 1769 &ndash January 7, 1830) was a notable English painter, mostly of portraits Francis Howard Greenway (20 November 1777 – September 1837 was an Iconic Australian colonial Architect. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property Banksy is a well-known pseudo-anonymous British Graffiti Artist. Some famous comedians are locals, including Justin Lee Collins, Lee Evans, and writer/comedian Stephen Merchant. Justin Lee Collins (born 28 July, 1974) is an English Comedian, television, Radio presenter and amateur Darts Lee Evans (born 25 February, 1964) is an award winning British stand-up comedian and Actor. Stephen James Merchant (born 24 November 1974 is a British Comedy Award - BAFTA - Emmy - and Golden Globe -award winning British writer

Bristol University graduates include magician and psychological illusionist Derren Brown; the satirist Chris Morris; Simon Pegg and Nick Frost of Spaced, Shaun of the Dead and Hot Fuzz; and Matt Lucas and David Walliams of Little Britain fame. the University (or derivatives but lower-case when referring to many universitiesor universities Derren Victor Brown (born 27 February 1971 is an English magician, psychological Illusionist, Mentalist, painter and Christopher Morris (born 5 September 1965 in Bristol) is an English Comedian, Writer, director, producer, Simon Pegg (born Simon John Beckingham; 14 February 1970) is an award-winning English Actor, Comedian, Writer Nicholas John Frost (born 28 March, 1972) is an award-winning English Actor, Comedian and movie script-writer He is best known Spaced is a British Television Situation comedy written by and starring Simon Pegg and Jessica Stevenson, and Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 British Zombie -themed Comedy (or " rom zom com " as it dubs itself film Hot Fuzz is a 2007 British action Comedy film written by Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright and starring Simon Matthew Richard Lucas (born 5 March 1974) is an English Comedian and Actor. David Walliams (born David Williams, August 20, 1971) is an English Comedian and Actor, best known for his partnership Little Britain is a character-based comedy Sketch show first appearing on BBC radio and then television Hollywood actor Cary Grant was born in the city; Patrick Stewart, Jane Lapotaire, Pete Postlethwaite, Jeremy Irons, Greta Scacchi, Miranda Richardson, Helen Baxendale, Daniel Day-Lewis and Gene Wilder are amongst the many actors who learnt their craft at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, opened by Sir Laurence Olivier in 1946. Patrick Hewes Stewart, OBE (born 13 July 1940 is an English Film, Television and stage Actor. Jane Lapotaire (born 26 December 1944) is a British Actress born in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. Peter William Postlethwaite OBE (born February 7, 1945; IPA: 'pɒsəlθweɪt is an Academy Award -nominated English Jeremy John Irons (born September 19 1948) is an English film television and stage Actor. Greta Scacchi (born February 18, 1960) is an Italian -born Australian Actress. Miranda Jane Richardson (born 3 March 1958 is an English stage film and television actress. Helen Baxendale (born 7 June 1970) is an English Actress, known for her roles in Cold Feet, Friends Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis (born 29 April 1957 is an English actor Gene Wilder (born Jerome Silberman; June 11 1933 The Bristol Old Vic is a Theatre complex and theatrical company in the centre of Bristol, England. Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron Hugo Weaving studied at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital School and David Prowse (Darth Vader, Star Wars) attended Bristol Grammar School. Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960 is a Nigerian-born English, although naturalised Australian film stage and voice actor best known for films such as Facilities The school's yard is a listed structure owing to the complex nature of the tiling involved in construction David Prowse, MBE (born 1 July, 1935) is an English bodybuilder weightlifter and actor most widely known for his role as the physical form Anakin Skywalker Darth Vader is a fictional character in George Lucas ' Science fiction saga Star Wars. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded Bristol Grammar School is a Co-educational independent school in Clifton, Bristol, England.

Sport and leisure

Ashton Gate stadium with the Clifton Suspension Bridge in the background over the Avon Gorge

The city has two League football clubs: Bristol City and Bristol Rovers, as well as a number of non-league clubs, most notably Bristol Manor Farm. Ashton Gate is a suburb of Bristol, United Kingdom. A major attraction in the area is Ashton Gate stadium, the home of professional football team The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a Suspension bridge, spanning the Avon Gorge and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in For the gorge in Scotland with the same name see Avon Gorge Falkirk The Avon Gorge ( is a 1 The Football League, also known as the Coca-Cola Football League for sponsorship reasons is a league competition featuring professional football clubs Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Bristol City Football Club is one of two football league clubs in Bristol England, (the other being arch rivals Bristol Rovers) Bristol Rovers Football Club is an English professional football team based in Bristol. Bristol is a City in South West England. As the largest city in the region it is a centre for the arts and sport Bristol Manor Farm FC is an English football team who play in the Western Football League. Bristol City are the more successful football team in the city, having been promoted to the second tier of English football in 2007. City recently lost in the play-off final of the Championship to Hull City (2007/2008 season). Hull City Association Football Club are an English football club based in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. City announced plans for a new 30,000 all seater stadium to replace their home, Ashton Gate. Bristol Rovers, are the oldest professional football team in Bristol, formed in 1883. Bristol Rovers Football Club is an English professional football team based in Bristol. Rovers are just below mid-table in League One, and reached the Quarter-Final stage of the FA Cup. The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout cup competition in English football, run by and named after During their history, Rovers have been Champions of the (old) division Three (1952/53, 1989/90), Watney Cup Winners (1972, 2006/07), and runners-up in the Johnstone's Paint Trophy. Football League One (often referred to as League One for short or Coca-Cola Football League 1 for sponsorship reasons is the second-highest division of The Football The Watney Mann Invitation Cup (normally referred to as simply the Watney Cup) was a short-lived English football tournament held in the early 1970s Structure The Trophy is currently contested by just Football League One and Football League Two clubs and from season 2006-07 is played in a knock-out ( The Club have planning permission to re-develop the Memorial Stadium into an 18,500 All-seater Stadium to be completed by December 2010. The Memorial Stadium, also commonly known by its previous name of The Memorial Ground, is a sports ground in Bristol, England, dedicated to the memory

The County Ground, Ashley Down

The city is also home to Bristol Rugby rugby union club, a first-class cricket side, Gloucestershire C.C.C. and a Rugby League Conference side, the Bristol Sonics. Ashley is one of thirty-five council wards in the city of Bristol in the United Kingdom. Bristol Rugby is a Guinness Premiership rugby club in Bristol, England. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short First-class cricket refers to the class of Cricket matches of three or more days scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players and officially adjudged first-class by Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Gloucestershire County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing the historic The Rugby League Conference (RLC (also known as the Co-operative Rugby League Conference as a result of sponsorship from the Co-operative Group, is a series of regionally Bristol Sonics are a Rugby league club based in Bristol in the South West of England. The city also stages an annual half marathon, and in 2001 played host to the World Half Marathon Championships. The Bristol Half Marathon is an annual Road running event held on the streets of Bristol, UK. The 10th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on 7th October 2001 in the city of Bristol, UK, and was run simultaneously with that year's There are several athletics clubs in Bristol, including Bristol and West AC, Bitton Road Runners and Westbury Harriers. Speedway racing was staged, with breaks, at the Knowle Stadium from 1928 to 1960, when it was closed and the site redeveloped. The sport briefly returned to the City in the 1970s when the Bulldogs raced at Eastville Stadium. Eastville Stadium was a Stadium in Eastville, a northern suburb of the English city of Bristol.

In summer the grounds of Ashton Court to the west of the city play host to the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, a major event for hot-air ballooning in the UK. Architecture The core of the house was built in the 15th century but it was enlarged and adapted over the centuries by the Smyth family who bought the estate in 1545 The Bristol International Balloon Fiesta is held during August in Bristol, United Kingdom. The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying Flight technology The Fiesta draws a substantial crowd even for the early morning lift that typically begins at about 6. 30 am. Events and a fairground entertain the crowds during the day. A second mass ascent is then made in the early evening, again taking advantage of lower wind speeds. Ashton Court also plays host to the Ashton Court festival each summer, an outdoors music festival which used to be known as the Bristol Community Festival. The Ashton Court Festival was an outdoor Music festival held annually in the grounds of Ashton Court, just outside Bristol, England, in mid-July

Media

Bristol International Balloon Fiesta

Bristol has a daily morning newspaper, the Western Daily Press; an evening paper, the Evening Post; a weekly free newspaper, the Bristol Observer; and a Bristol edition of the free Metro newspaper. The Bristol International Balloon Fiesta is held during August in Bristol, United Kingdom. The Western Daily Press is a regional newspaper covering parts of South West England, mainly Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Somerset The Bristol Evening Post is an evening Newspaper covering news in the city of Bristol, including stories from the whole of Greater Bristol. The Bristol Observer started out as a Kingswood and Keynsham Observer a weekly paper but at this time it was a paid for publication Metro is the trading name of a Free daily newspaper, published by Associated Newspapers (part of Daily Mail and General Trust) in the The local weekly listings magazine, Venue, covers the city's music, theatre and arts scenes. A listings magazine is a magazine which contains information about the upcoming weeks events such as TV Listings, Music, Clubs, Theatre Venue is the what's on magazine for the Bristol and Bath areas of the UK All of these papers are owned by the Northcliffe Group. Daily Mail and General Trust plc ( is one of the Europe's largest media companies and has interests in national and regional Newspapers, Television The city has several local radio stations, including BBC Radio Bristol, GWR FM (previously known as Radio West), Classic Gold 1260, Kiss 101, Star 107.2, BCfm (a community radio station launched March 2007), Original 106^[38] as well as two student radio stations, The Hub and BURST. GWR FM is a radio station serving the former County of Avon, England. For the local Swindon radio station of a similar name see Brunel FM Gold is a regional AM station in the west of England Kiss 101 is a Radio station in Bristol broadcasting out to South Wales and South West England playing Dance music and R'n'B Star 1072 is an Independent Local Radio station in the United Kingdom, broadcasting to the City of Bristol on 107 BURST or Bristol University Radio Station is the Radio station run by students of the University of Bristol.

Cabot Tower viewed from Brandon Hill park

Dialect

A dialect of English is spoken by some Bristol inhabitants, known colloquially as Bristolian. This article is about the Cabot Tower in Bristol England For the tower of the same name in Newfoundland Canada see Cabot Tower (Newfoundland Cabot English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Bristol is the only large English city with a rhotic accent, in which the r in words like car is pronounced. English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented The unusual feature of this dialect, unique to Bristol, is the Bristol L (or terminal L), in which an L sound is appended to words that end in an 'a' or 'o'. ^[39] Thus "area" becomes "areal", etc. This is believed to be how the city's name evolved from Brycgstow to have a final 'L' sound: Bristol. Further Bristolian linguistic features are the addition of a superfluous "to" in questions relating to direction or orientation (a feature also common to the coastal towns of South Wales), or using "to" instead of "at"; and using male pronouns "he", "him" instead of "it". South Wales (De Cymru is an area of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south and Mid Wales and West Wales In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or For example, "Where's that?" would be phrased as "Where's he to?", a structure exported to Newfoundland English. Newfoundland English is a name for several Dialects of English found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, often regarded as the most distinctive ^[40]

Stanley Ellis, a dialect researcher, found that many of the dialect words in the Filton area were linked to work in the aerospace industry. He described this as "a cranky, crazy, crab-apple tree of language and with the sharpest, juiciest flavour that I've heard for a long time". ^[41]

A (slightly tongue in cheek) guide to Bristol's dialect is at http://www.thatbebristle.co.uk/

Politics and government

Main article: Politics of Bristol

The Council House, the seat of local government

St Mary Redcliffe church and the Floating Harbour, Bristol

Bristol City Council consists of 70 councillors representing 35 wards. Tongue-in-cheek is a term used to refer to humor in which a statement or an entire fictional work is not meant to be taken seriously but its lack of seriousness is subtle The city of Bristol, England, is a Unitary authority, represented by four Members of Parliament. The Council House has been the seat of local government in Bristol, England since 1956 St Mary Redcliffe ( is a large Anglican Parish church located in the Redcliffe district of the English port city of Bristol, Bristol Harbour is the Harbour in the city of Bristol, England They are elected in thirds with two councillors per ward, each serving a four-year term. Wards never have both councillors up for election at the same time, so effectively two-thirds of the wards are up each election. ^[42] The Council has long been dominated by the Labour Party, but recently the Liberal Democrats have grown strong in the city and as the largest party took minority control of the Council at the 2005 election. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the They are no longer in control following Labour and the Conservatives vetoing the Liberal Democrats' preferred candidate, Steve Comer, in 2007. As a result, Labour rule the council under a minority administration, and the council leader is Helen Holland. ^[43] The Lord Mayor is Labour Councillor Royston Griffey. ^[44]

Bristol's constituencies in the House of Commons cross the borders with neighbouring authorities, and the city is divided into Bristol West, East, South and North-west and Kingswood. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Bristol West is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Bristol East is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Bristol South is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Bristol North West is a Borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Kingswood is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Northavon also covers some of the suburbs, but none of the administrative county. Northavon is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. At the next General Election, the boundaries will be changed to coincide with the county boundary. Kingswood will no longer cover any of the county, and a new Filton and Bradley Stoke constituency will include the suburbs in South Gloucestershire. Filton and Bradley Stoke will be a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. There are four Labour and one Liberal Democrat Members of Parliament. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. ^[45]

Bristol has a tradition of local political activism, and has been home to many important political figures. Tony Benn, a veteran left-wing politician, was Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol South East from 1950 to 1983. Anthony "Tony" Neil Wedgwood Benn (born 3 April 1925 formerly 2nd Viscount Stansgate, is a British Socialist Politician. Bristol South East was a Borough constituency in the city of Bristol. Edmund Burke, MP for the Bristol constituency for six years from 1774, famously insisted that he was a Member of Parliament first, rather than a representative of his constituents' interests. Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and Bristol was a former two member constituency used to elect members to the House of Commons in the Parliaments of England (to 1707 Great Britain (1707-1800 and the United In 1963, there was a boycott of the city's buses after the Bristol Omnibus Co. refused to employ black drivers and conductors. The boycott is known to have influenced the creation of the UK's Race Relations Act in 1965. ^[46] The women's rights campaigner Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence (1867–1954) was born in Bristol. Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence Baroness Pethick-Lawrence (1867 Bristol England – 1954 was a British Women's rights activist The city was the scene of the first of the 1980s riots or uprisings. In St. Paul's, a number of largely African-Caribbean people rose up against racism, police harassment and mounting disatifisfaction with their social and economic circumstances before similar disturbances followed across the UK. Local support of fair trade issues was recognised in 2005 when Bristol was granted Fairtrade City status. Fair trade is an organized Social movement and market-based approach to empowering developing country producers and promoting sustainability Fairtrade Town is a marketing tool in which this status is awarded by a recognized Fairtrade certification body (i ^[47]

Bristol is unusual in having been a city with county status since medieval times. The county was expanded to include suburbs such as Clifton in 1835, and it was named a county borough in 1889, when the term was first introduced. Clifton is the name of both one of the thirty-five council wards in the city of Bristol in the United Kingdom, and of a suburb of the city that lies mostly County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City ^[13] However, on 1 April 1974, it became a local government district of the short-lived county of Avon. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The former County of Avon was a non-metropolitan county and ceremonial county in the west of England, named after the River Avon, which On 1 April 1996, it once again regained its independence and county status, when the county of Avon was abolished and Bristol became a Unitary Authority. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions

Demographics

Looking across the Broadmead Shopping Centre from a balloon at 500 feet (150 m)

In 2005 the Office for National Statistics estimated Bristol's population at 398,300, making it the 47th-largest ceremonial county in England. The Office for National Statistics (ONS is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly This is a List of Ceremonial counties of England by Population. ^[48] Using Census 2001 data the ONS estimated the population of the contiguous built-up area to be 441,556,^[49] and that of the metropolitan area to be 551,066. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central ^[50] This makes the city England's sixth most populous city, and ninth most populous metropolitan area. ^[50] At 3,599 inhabitants per square kilometre (9,321 /sq mi) it has the seventh-highest population density of any English district. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. ^[51]

According to 2005 estimates, 89. 3% of the population were described as white, 3. 9% as Asian or Asian British, 2. 8% as black or black British, 2. 2% as mixed race, 1. 2% as Chinese and 0. 6% other. National averages for England were 89. 1%, 5. 3%, 2. 7%, 1. 6%, 0. 7% and 0. 6% for the same groups. ^[52] 60% of Bristol's population registered their religion as Christianity, and 25% as not religious in the 2001 census, compared with 72% and 15% nationally. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 2% of the population follow Islam (3% nationally), with no other religion above one percent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. ^[53] Bristol had the ninth highest proportion of people refer to their religion in the last census as 'Jedi'. The Jedi census phenomenon is a Grassroots movement that was created in 2001 for citizens in a number of English-speaking countries to record their Religion ^[54]

Physical geography

The Avon Gorge, home to several unique plant species. For the gorge in Scotland with the same name see Avon Gorge Falkirk The Avon Gorge ( is a 1

Bristol is in a limestone area, which runs from the Mendip Hills to the south and the Cotswolds to the north east. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 The Mendip Hills (commonly called The Mendips) are a range of Limestone hills situated to the south of Bristol and Bath in Somerset See also Cotswold The Cotswolds is a range of Hills in west-central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England" ^[55] The rivers Avon and Frome cut through this limestone to the underlying clays, creating Bristol's characteristic hilly landscape. The River Avon is a River in the south west of England. Because of a number of other River Avons in England this river is often also known as the Lower The River Frome is a River in South Gloucestershire. It is not to be confused with other rivers in the south west of England with the same name The Avon flows from Bath in the east, through flood plains and areas which were marshy before the growth of the city. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a Stream or River that experiences occasional or periodic To the west the Avon has cut through the limestone to form the Avon Gorge, partly aided by glacial meltwater after the last ice age. For the gorge in Scotland with the same name see Avon Gorge Falkirk The Avon Gorge ( is a 1 An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets The gorge aided in the protection of Bristol Harbour, and has been quarried for stone to build the city. The land surrounding the gorge has been protected from development, as The Downs and Leigh Woods. The Downs are an area of public open Limestone Downland in Bristol, England. Leigh Woods is a area of woodland on the south-west side of the Avon Gorge, opposite the English city of Bristol and north of the Ashton Court The gorge and estuary of the Avon form the county's boundary with North Somerset, and the river flows into the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth at the mouth of the River Severn. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open The Bristol Channel ( Môr Hafren) is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset Avonmouth is a port and suburb on the Severn Estuary, at the mouth of the River Avon. For other rivers named "Severn" see Severn River. The River Severn ( Welsh: Afon Hafren, Latin There is another gorge in the city, in the Blaise Castle estate to the north. Blaise Castle is an 18th century mansion house and estate near Henbury in Bristol (formerly in Gloucestershire) England

Situated in the south of the country, Bristol is one of the warmest cities in the UK, with a mean annual temperature of 10. 2-12 °C (50-54°F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. ^[56] It is also amongst the sunniest, with 1541-1885 hours sunshine per year. ^[57] The city is partially sheltered by Exmoor and the Mendip Hills, but exposed from the Bristol Channel, and annual rainfall is similar to the national average, at 741-1,060 mm (29. Exmoor is a National Park situated on the Bristol Channel coast of south west England The Mendip Hills (commonly called The Mendips) are a range of Limestone hills situated to the south of Bristol and Bath in Somerset The Bristol Channel ( Môr Hafren) is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to 2–41. 7 in). ^[58]

Weather averages for Bristol, England, United Kingdom
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	8 (46)	7 (45)	10 (50)	12 (54)	17 (62)	19 (66)	22 (71)	21 (69)	18 (65)	14 (57)	11 (51)	8 (47)	14 (57)
Average low °C (°F)	3 (38)	3 (37)	5 (41)	6 (42)	9 (48)	12 (54)	14 (58)	14 (57)	12 (53)	9 (48)	6 (43)	4 (40)	8 (47)
Precipitation mm (inches)	142. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 3 (5. 6)	127. 6 (5)	133. 6 (5. 3)	104. 3 (4. 1)	76. 9 (3)	57. 2 (2. 3)	48. 9 (1. 9)	37. 6 (1. 5)	82. 5 (3. 2)	123. 7 (4. 9)	154. 8 (6. 1)	147. 3 (5. 8)	1,236. 7 (48. 7)
Source: Weatherbase ^[1] 2007-08-03
Source #2: Met Office- Yeovilton ^[59] 2007-08-03

Education, science and technology

Main article: Education in Bristol

The Victoria Rooms, owned by the University

The University of Bristol's Wills Memorial Building - a familiar landmark at the top of Park Street

Bristol is home to two major institutions of higher education: the University of Bristol, a "redbrick" chartered in 1909, and the University of the West of England, formerly Bristol Polytechnic, which gained university status in 1992. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Bristol is the largest city in South West England, and as such is a centre for culture research and higher education in the region The Victoria Rooms also known colloquially as the Vic Rooms is the name given to the building which now houses the University of Bristol 's music department in the University (or derivatives but lower-case when referring to many universitiesor universities The Wills Memorial Building also known as the Wills Memorial Tower or simply the Wills Tower is a Gothic building situated near the top of Park Street on the University (or derivatives but lower-case when referring to many universitiesor universities The city also has two dedicated further education institutions, City of Bristol College and Filton College, and three theological colleges, Trinity College, Wesley College and Bristol Baptist College. Further education (often abbreviated "FE" is Post-secondary Education (in addition to that received at Secondary school) that is distinct from City of Bristol College is a large general Further education College based in the English city of Bristol. Filton College is a Further education college in Filton, Bristol, England. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Trinity College Bristol is a Theological college affiliated to the Church of England. Wesley College Bristol is a theological college in Bristol, England. The city has 129 infant, junior and primary schools,^[60] 17 secondary schools,^[61] and three city learning centres. It has the country's second highest concentration of independent school places, after an exclusive corner of north London. An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees ^[62] The independent schools in the city include Colston's School, Clifton College, Clifton High School, Badminton School, Bristol Cathedral School, Bristol Grammar School, Redland High School, Queen Elizabeth's Hospital (the only all-boys school) and Red Maids' School, which is the oldest girls' school in England and was founded in 1634 by John Whitson. Colston's School (formerly known as Colston's Collegiate School) is an independent co-educational school in Bristol Clifton College is a Coeducational public school in Clifton Bristol, England. Clifton High School is a private school located in Bristol, England. Badminton School is an independent, day and Boarding school for girls aged 4 to 18 years situated in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Bristol Grammar School is a Co-educational independent school in Clifton, Bristol, England. Redland High School for Girls is a selective and independent non-denominational girls' school in the suburb of Redland, Bristol, England. Facilities The school's yard is a listed structure owing to the complex nature of the tiling involved in construction The Red Maids' School is an Independent school in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.

In 2005, the then Chancellor of the Exchequer recognised Bristol's ties to science and technology by naming it one of six "science cities", and promising funding for further development of science in the city,^[63] with a £300 million science park planned at Emerson's Green. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Emersons Green is a residential area on the northern outskirts of Bristol, England. ^[64] As well as research at the two universities and Southmead Hospital, science education is important in the city, with At-Bristol, Bristol Zoo, Bristol Festival of Nature and the Create Centre being prominent local institutions involved in science communication. Southmead Hospital is a large Hospital, situated in the northern suburbs of Bristol, England. At-Bristol is a public Science and Technology "exploration" and education centre in Bristol, England. Bristol Zoo is a Zoo in the city of Bristol in South West England. The Bristol Festival of Nature is a 2 day long free event held in June in Bristol, England, United Kingdom, featuring hundreds of events including The city has a history of scientific luminaries, including the 19th century chemist Sir Humphry Davy, who worked in Hotwells. Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Hotwells is a district of the English port city of Bristol. It is located to the south of and below the high ground of Clifton, and directly to the Bishopston has given the world two Nobel Prize winning physicists: Paul Dirac for crucial contributions to quantum mechanics in 1933, and Cecil Frank Powell, for a photographic method of studying nuclear processes and associated discoveries in 1950. Bishopston the name of both a council ward of the city of Bristol, England, and a Suburb of the city that falls within that ward The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Cecil Frank Powell ( December 5, 1903 &ndash August 9, 1969) was a British Physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate The city was birth place of Colin Pillinger, planetary scientist behind the Beagle 2 Mars lander project, and is home to Adam Hart-Davis, presenter of various science related television programmes, and the psychologists Susan Blackmore and Richard Gregory. Colin Pillinger, CBE, (born in Bristol May 9 1943) is a planetary scientist at the Open University in the UK. Beagle 2 was an unsuccessful British landing spacecraft that formed part of the European Space Agency 's 2003 Mars Express mission Dr Adam John Hart-Davis (born 4 July 1943 is an English scientist Author, Photographer, Historian and broadcaster, well-known in Susan Jane Blackmore (born 29 July, 1951) is an English Freelance writer, Lecturer, and broadcaster on Psychology Richard Langton Gregory CBE, MA DSc FRSE, FRS (born July 24[[ 923]] is a British psychologist and Emeritus Professor

Transport

Main article: Transport in Bristol

Bristol International Airport, Lulsgate

There are two principal railway stations in Bristol. Bristol is a city in south west England, situated near the Bristol Channel coast approximately 115 miles (185 km west of London. Bristol International Airport is the commercial Airport serving the city of Bristol, England and the surrounding area |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which Passengers may board and alight from Trains Bristol Parkway is located to the north of the city and Bristol Temple Meads located in the centre. Bristol Parkway railway station is a Railway station on the northern edge of Bristol, England, at Stoke Gifford in South Gloucestershire Bristol Temple Meads railway station is the oldest and largest Railway station in Bristol, England Both stations offer direct services to many UK destinations. Principal operators are First Great Western and CrossCountry. First Great Western is the operating name of First Greater Western Ltd, a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup, which operates CrossCountry is a Train operating company, the brand name of XC Trains Limited owned by Arriva, that has operated Great Britain ’s Cross Country rail franchise There is also a limited service to London Waterloo from Bristol Temple Meads, operated by South West Trains. South West Trains ( SWT) is a train operating company operating in the United Kingdom, providing Train services to the south-west of London chiefly The main service to London is by First Great Western to Paddington station. London Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, or just simply Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station There are also scheduled coach links to most major UK cities.

The city is connected by road on an east–west axis from London to Wales by the M4 motorway, and on a north–southwest axis from Birmingham to Exeter by the M5 motorway. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The M4 motorway is a Motorway in Great Britain linking London with Wales. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. This article is about the M5 motorway in England See M5 for other roads numbered "M5" Also within the county is the M49 motorway, a shortcut between the M5 in the south and M4 Severn Crossing in the west. The M49 motorway is a small Motorway west of Bristol, England, that forms a shortcut between the M5 motorway and the Second Severn For the Ontario community see Severn Bridge Ontario Not to be confused with Second Severn Crossing The The M32 motorway is a spur from the M4 to the city centre. The M32 is a Motorway in South Gloucestershire and Bristol, England. The city is also served by its own airport, Bristol International (BRS), at Lulsgate, which has seen substantial investments in its runway, terminal and other facilities since 2001. Bristol International Airport is the commercial Airport serving the city of Bristol, England and the surrounding area Lulsgate Plateau is the name given to the Carboniferous limestone hills which form a northern outlier of the Mendips, southwest of Bristol.

Public transport in the city consists largely of its bus network, provided by First Group, formerly the Bristol Omnibus Company. FirstGroup plc ( is a Scottish Transport company operating in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Canada, USA The Bristol Omnibus Company is the former name of the dominant bus operator in Bristol, one of the oldest bus companies in the United Kingdom. Buses in the city have been widely criticised for being unreliable and expensive, and in 2005 First was fined for delays and safety violations. ^[65]^[66] Use of private cars in Bristol is high, and the city suffers from congestion, which costs an estimated £350 million per year. ^[67] Bristol is a motorcycle friendly city. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. The city recognises that motorcycle use eases congestion and encourages this allow motorcycles to use most of the city's bus lanes, as well as providing secure free parking. ^[68] Since 2000 the city council has included a light rail system in its Local Transport Plan, but has so far been unable to fund the project. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Local transport plans, divided into full local transport plans ( LTP) and local implementation plans for transport ( LIP) are an important The city was offered European Union funding for the system, but the Department for Transport did not provide the required additional funding. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport (or DfT) ( Welsh: Adran am Drafnidiaeth) is the government department ^[69] As well as support for public transport, there are several road building schemes supported by the local council, including re-routing and improving the South Bristol Ring Road. The A4174 is a major road in England which runs around the northern and eastern edge of Bristol, mainly in South Gloucestershire, and through the southern ^[70] There are also three park and ride sites serving the city, supported by the local council. Park and ride (or incentive parking) facilities are Public transport stations that allow commuters and other people wishing to travel into ^[71] The central part of the city has water-based transport, operated as the Bristol Ferry Boat, which provides both leisure and commuter services on the harbour. The Bristol Ferry Boat operates Water bus services on Bristol Harbour in the centre of the English city of Bristol.

Bristol was never well served by suburban railways, though the Severn Beach Line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach survived the Beeching Axe and is still in operation. The Severn Beach Line is a local Railway in Bristol, UK. It runs from Narroways Hill Junction to Severn Beach, and is the successor to the Severn Beach is a Village on the mouth of the river Severn in South Gloucestershire, England. The Beeching Axe is an informal name for the British Government 's attempt in the 1960s to reduce the cost of running British Railways, the nationalised railway system The Portishead Railway was closed to passengers under the Beeching Axe, but was relaid in 2000-2002 as far as the Royal Portbury Dock with a Strategic Rail Authority rail-freight grant. The Royal Portbury Dock is part of the Port of Bristol, in England. In existence from from 2001 to 2006 the Strategic Rail Authority (SRA was a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom set up under the Transport Act 2000 Plans to relay a further three miles of track to Portishead, a largely dormitory town with only one connecting road, have been discussed but there is insufficient funding to rebuild stations. Portishead (pɔːtɪsˈhɛd is a coastal town in North Somerset, England, with a population of 21000 (Local council update July 24, 2007) A commuter town is an urban community that is primarily residential from which most of the Workforce commute out to earn their livelihood ^[72]

Despite being hilly, Bristol is one of the prominent cycling cities of England, and is home to the national cycle campaigning group Sustrans. Sustrans is a British charity which promotes Sustainable transport. It has a number of urban cycle routes, as well as links to National Cycle Network routes to Bath and London, to Gloucester and Wales, and to the south-western peninsula of England. The National Cycle Network is a network of cycle routes in the United Kingdom. Cycling has grown rapidly in the city, with a 21% increase in journeys between 2001 and 2005. ^[67]

Twin cities

St Peter's ruined church in Castle Park, Bristol

Bristol was amongst the first cities to adopt the idea of town twinning. In 1947 it was twinned with Bordeaux and Hannover, the first post-war twinning of British and German cities. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen It is twinned with:^[73]

Hannover, Germany, since 1947
Bordeaux, France, since 1947
Porto, Portugal, since 1984
Tbilisi, Georgia, since 1988
Puerto Morazan, Nicaragua, since 1989
Beira, Mozambique, since 1990
Guangzhou, China, since 2001

References

^ ^a ^b Historical Weather for Bristol, England, United Kingdom. Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Puerto Morazán is a Municipality in the Chinandega department of Nicaragua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Beira is the second largest city in Mozambique. It lies in the central region of the country in Sofala Province, where the Pungue River meets the Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This is a list of tourist attractions and other places of interest in the English city of Bristol. WD & HO Wills was a British Tobacco importer and Cigarette manufacturer formed in Bristol, England. The Bristol Reservoirs are six reservoirs or sets of reservoirs in the area south of Bristol. The English city of Bristol has a number of parks. Large parks Bristol City Council own three major parks The Downs Bristol, the largest City in South West England, has an eclectic combination of Architectural styles ranging from the medieval Lychnis chalcedonica ( Burning Love, Dusky Salmon, Flower of Bristol, Jerusalem Cross, Maltese Cross, In a number of countries plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas
^ Bristol: seemingly unstoppable growth. The Guardian (30 October 2007). Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
^ NOMIS (www.nomisweb.co.uk) area boundary for the Bristol unitary authority
^ NOMIS (www.nomisweb.co.uk) area boundary for the Bristol urban area (definition used by the Office for National Statistics)
^ KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas (a page at the Office for National Statistics website, accessed on 16 July 2007)
^ Atkins, 2005. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study. "
^ The Palaeolithic in Bristol. Bristol City Council (24 April 2007). Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
^ Bristol in the Iron Age. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
^ Bristol in the Roman Period. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
^ Little, Bryan (1967). The City and County of Bristol. Wakefield: S. R. Publishers. ISBN 0854095128.
^ The Impregnable City. Bristol Past. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
^ Bristol Bridge. Images of England. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
^ ^a ^b Rayfield, Jack (1985). Somerset & Avon. London: Cadogan. ISBN 0947754091.
^ Largest towns in England in 1334. Love my town. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing ,
^ Pictorial Record of Bristol's History. History of Bristol Companies. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
^ Bristol. Fortified Places. Retrieved on 2007-03-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
^ Lottery Fund rejects Bristol application in support of a major exhibition to commemorate the 200th Anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade (PDF). British Empire & Commonwealth Museum. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing ,
^ A vision of Bristol UA/City. A Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
^ Four figures on Arno's Gateway. Public Monument and Sculpture Association National Recording Project. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
^ Demolition of city tower begins. BBC News (13 January 2006). Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
^ (1997) Bristol's Harbourside: A Guide to the City Docks. Bristol: Hotwell Press. ISBN 0-9530270-0-7.
^ Cash on the nail
^ Bristol Economy Key Sectors. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing .
^ Sub-regional: Gross value added1 (GVA) at current basic price. .
^ Nomis (2005). Bristol labour market (PDF). Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing .
^ Key Facts & Figures. BANES Economic Development Unit. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing .
^ Bristol Today - an overview of the city. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing .
^ A brief history of the Bristol Marque. Bristol Owners Club. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
^ Bristol Economy Key Sectors. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the .
^ Six Cities Make Short List For European Capital Of Culture 2008. Department for Culture, Media and Sport (October 2002). Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
^ About Us. Theatre Bristol. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
^ Theatre Companies. Theatre Bristol. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
^ Bristol and West General Branch. Equity. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
^ About. Residence. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
^ Blagging and Boasting. Metroactive Music. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
^ Bristol Music. Jezza's Guide. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
^ http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/museum_gfx_en/SW000009.html The Bristol Industrial museum's page on "24hour museum" museum guide
^ Original 106fm Bristol. Original 106fm. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
^ Stoke, Harry; Vinny Green (2003). A Dictionary of Bristle. Bristol: Broadcast Books. ISBN 1874092656.
^ An Introduction to Newfoundland Vernacular English. Language Variation in Canada. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
^ Simon Elmes, "Talking for Britain", p. 39
^ Wards up for future elections. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Council leader battle resolved. BBC News (2007-05-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Retrieved on 2007-05-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
^ Royston Is The New Lord Mayor. Bristol Evening Post (16 May 2007). Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-05-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
^ Bristol's Members of Parliament and Members of the European Parliament. Bristol City Council (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Alan Rusbridger (10 November 2005). Alan Rusbridger (born 29 December 1953 in Northern Rhodesia) is the son of the late G H Rusbridger the Director of Education In praise of... the Race Relations Acts. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Bristol is a Fairtrade City. Press Release. Bristol City Council (4 March 2005). Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ ONS 2005 Mid-Year Estimates. Office of National Statistics (20 December 2005). Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Usual resident population. Office for National Statistics, Census 2001 (5 August 2004). Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ ^a ^b The UKs major urban areas (PDF). Office for National Statistics, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ ONS 2005 Mid-Year Estimates. Office of National Statistics (10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group. Office for National Statistics, 2006 (2006). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
^ Key Statistics 07: Religion. Office for National Statistics, Census 2001 (13 February 2003). Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Ethnicity and Religion: 'Jedi'. Office for National Statistics, Census 2001. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Cotswold Hills Geopark. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
^ Average annual temperature. Met Office (2000). Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Average annual sunshine. Met Office (2000). Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Average annual rainfall. Met Office (2000). Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Yeovilton 1971-2000 averages.
^ List of primary schools in Bristol. Bristol LEA. Retrieved on 2006-04-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
^ List of secondary schools in Bristol. Bristol LEA. Retrieved on 2006-04-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
^ Polly, Curtis. "To have and have not", The Guardian, 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
^ Vice-Chancellor's speeches and articles. University of Bristol (11 November 2005). Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
^ City science park partner named. BBC News Online (20 April 2006). Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
^ Kerry McCarthy, et al (17 January 2006). Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Oral Answers to Questions — Transport. British House of Commons. Hansard. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Bus firm must reduce city fleet. BBC News Online (25 July 2005). Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
^ ^a ^b Joint Local Transport Plan Chapter 1 (PDF). B&NES, Bristol City, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire councils (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Motorcycles. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
^ Memorandum on Government Discrimination against Innovative Low-cost Light Rail in favour of Urban Diesel Buses (PDF). Sustraco / H. M. Treasury (March 2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
^ Atkins (2005). Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study Chapter 6. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Park and Ride. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
^ Bristol-Portishead Rail Link. House of Commons Debate. Hansard (24 January 2005). Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
^ Town twinning. Bristol City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.

External links

Brycgstow: The Place at the Bridge vote, leave comments, read articles, view pictures and much more!
Visit Bristol
Bristol travel guide from Wikitravel
About Bristol Pictorial tour of Bristol
BBC Bristol; Local news, webcams
Bristol City Council
Dictionary of local dialect words
Bristol Council information on Bristol Wards
Bristol at the Open Directory Project
Bristol's Theatres and their History
Where in Bristol Website providing information about Bristol, What's on. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Where to go etc.

Coordinates: 51°27′N 2°35′W / 51.45, -2.583

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.

Dictionary

-noun

(Cockney rhyming slang) A woman's breast, usually as the plural bristols.

Bristol

-proper noun

A city and county in south-west England.

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
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Contents

Boundaries

History

Economy and industry

Culture

Arts

Sport and leisure

Media

Dialect

Politics and government

Demographics

Physical geography

Education, science and technology

Transport

Twin cities

See also

References

External links

Dictionary

bristol

-noun

Bristol

-proper noun