A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river, body of water, or any other physical obstacle, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of Span is a section between two intermediate supports eg of a beam or a Bridge. For the song see CANYONMID. For the band see Canyon (band. A canyon (rarely cañon) or gorge In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there A body of water is any significant accumulation of Water, usually covering the Earth or another planet Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the terrain where the bridge is to be constructed.
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History
The first bridges were made by nature — as simple as a log fallen across a stream. PLEASE DO NOT ADD AN INFO BOX TO THIS PAGE --> Palladian architecture is a European style of Architecture derived from the designs of the Italian Pulteney Bridge is a Bridge that crosses the River Avon, in Bath, England and completed in 1773. Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Most of these early bridges could not support heavy weights or withstand strong currents. It was these inadequacies which led to the development of better bridges.
Epic literature of India provides mythological accounts of bridges constructed from India to Lanka by the army of Rama. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Lanka ( Sanskrit: लंका lankā means "island" is the name given in Hindu mythology to the island fortress capital of the Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: [1][2] The Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and bridges. The Arthashastra ( IAST: Arthaśāstra) is a Treatise on statecraft, economic policy and Military strategy which Chanakya Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c 350-283 BC was an adviser and a Prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor [3] A Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Girnar (also known as "Girnar Hill" is a collection of mountains in the Junagadh District of Gujarat, India. [4] The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the chief architect of emperor Chandragupta I. While his two ancestors were given the title of Maharaja, Chandra Gupta I is described in his inscriptions as Maharajadhiraj. [4] The bridge also fell under the care of the Yavana Tushaspa, and the Satrap Rudra Daman. "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient [4] The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. [5] A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India. [6]
The ancient Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Some of them still stand today. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, in Spain. Alcántara is a municipality (pop 1769 in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain, on the Tagus, near Portugal. The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Most earlier bridges would have been swept away by the strong current. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, and volcanic rock. Pozzolana, also known as pozzolanic ash is a fine sandy Volcanic ash, originally discovered and dug in Italy at Pozzuoli in the region around Volcanic rock is an Igneous rock of volcanic origin Texture Volcanic rocks are usually fine-grained or Aphanitic to glassy in Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered. A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. Mortar is a workable paste formed by mixture of Cement, Water and fine aggregate Masonry to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between
Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the time of the Warring States, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui Dynasty. The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Zhaozhou Bridge ( is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental Arch bridge. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. A spandrel (less often spandril or splaundrel) is the space between two Arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge (approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's Bridge (105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction. The Alconétar bridge on the river Tagus in Spain is one of the oldest stone segmental Arch bridges in the world predating other examples See also Roman Dacia Trajan's Bridge (Podul lui Traian Serbian: Трајанов мост Trajanov Most) or Bridge of Apollodorus
Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 1500s. A bridge constructed chiefly of rope In its simplest form it can be one or two ropes that bridge a river enabling the traveller to be supported in their crossing and not be swept away The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Johannes Grubenmann ( June 15, 1707 - June 10, 1771) was a member of the Swiss family Grubenmann who were famous as Joiners and The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. Hubert Gautier ( August 21, 1660 - September 27, 1737) was a French Engineer.
With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the In Architecture and Structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( December 15, 1832 &ndash December 27, 1923; in French efɛl in English usually ˈaɪfəl was a French
Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning, derived from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic root brugjō. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English There are cognates in other Germanic languages (for instance Brücke in German, brug in Dutch, brúgv in Faroese or bro in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish). Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Faroese ( føroyskt ˈføːɹɪst or) often also spelled Faeroese (cf Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the
Another theory suggests that "bridge" comes from Turkish "köprü" (lit. bridge). It is highly possible that Turkish lent this word to Eastern European languages and then, in time, it arrived in English. "Köprü" itself is derived from "köprük (köpük)" which literally means "foam".
The word for the Pope, pontiff, comes from the Latin word pontifex meaning "bridge builder" or simply "builder". History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pontiff or Pontificate is a title of certain religious leaders now used principally to refer to leaders such as the Pope of the Catholic Church and of Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The word "Pope" however comes from "papa" meaning "father".
Types of bridges
There are six main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges and truss bridges. Charles Bridge (Karlův most) is a famous historical Bridge that crosses the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. A Beam Bridge is a direct descendant of the Log bridge, now more normally made from shallow steel 'I' beams, box girders, A cantilever bridge is a Bridge built using Cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the suspended-deck type A A truss bridge is a Bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response
Beam bridges
Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by piers. A Beam Bridge is a direct descendant of the Log bridge, now more normally made from shallow steel 'I' beams, box girders, The earliest beam bridges were simple logs that sat across streams and similar simple structures. In modern times, beam bridges are large box steel girder bridges. Weight on top of the beam pushes straight down on the piers at either end of the bridge. [7]
Cantilever bridges
Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers — horizontal beams that are supported on only one end. A cantilever bridge is a Bridge built using Cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end Most cantilever bridges use two cantilever arms extending from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the center. The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-ft. Quebec Bridge in Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Bridge ( Pont de Québec in French in Canada crosses the lower Saint Lawrence River to the west of Quebec City, and [8]
Arch bridges
Arch bridges are arch-shaped and have abutments at each end. The earliest known arch bridges were built by the Greeks and include the Arkadiko Bridge. The weight of the bridge is thrusted into the abutments at either side. Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is currently building the largest arch bridge in the world, which is scheduled for completion in 2012. [9]
Suspension bridges
Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the suspended-deck type The earliest suspension bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the floor of a lake or river. The longest suspension bridge in the world is the 12,826-ft. Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan. The, also known as Marcus Bridge in Japan was completed in 1998 and is the world's longest Suspension bridge (measured by the length of the center span of) [10]
Cable-stayed bridges
Like suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges are held up by cables. A However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately shorter. [11] The first known cable-stayed bridge was designed in 1784 by C. T. Loescher. [12] The longest cable-stayed bridge is the Tatara Bridge in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The is a Cable-stayed bridge that is part of the Nishiseto Expressway, commonly known as the Shimanami Kaidō しまなみ海道
Truss bridges
Truss bridges are composed of connected elements. A truss bridge is a Bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response They have a solid deck and a lattice of pin-jointed girders for the sides. Early truss bridges were made of wood, but modern truss bridges are made of metals such as wrought iron and steel. The Quebec Bridge, mentioned above as a cantilever bridge, is also the world's longest truss bridge. The Quebec Bridge ( Pont de Québec in French in Canada crosses the lower Saint Lawrence River to the west of Quebec City, and [13]
By use
A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic, a pipeline or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot whether Walking or Running. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of equal height. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another A viaduct is a Bridge composed of several small spans The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via for road and ducere to A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic. Road-rail bridges are bridges shared by road and rail lines as an economy measure compared to providing separate bridges
Bridges are subject to unplanned uses as well. The areas underneath some bridges have become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless people, and the undersides of bridges all around the world are spots of prevalent graffiti. Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who lack housing because they cannot afford or are otherwise unable to maintain regular safe and adequate shelter Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property Some bridges attract people attempting suicide, and become known as suicide bridges. This article is about bridges used to commit suicide For Suicide Bridge in London see A1 road (London A suicide bridge is a Bridge
Decorative or ceremonial
To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built much taller than necessary. This type, often found in east-Asian style gardens, is called a Moon bridge, evoking a rising full moon. A moon bridge is a highly arched Pedestrian Bridge, which in its wooden form may require the walker to initially climb (as one would a ladder and also when descending Other garden bridges may cross only a dry bed of stream washed pebbles, intended only to convey an impression of a stream. Often in palaces a bridge will be built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an important place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, the People's Republic of China. The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial Palace from the mid- Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor, Empress, and their attendants.
The differences & similarities in bridge structure
Bridges may be classified by how the forces of tension, compression, bending, torsion and shear are distributed through their structure. In Physics String Tension is the magnitude of the pulling force exerted by a string cable chain or similar object on another object Physical compression is the result of the subjection of a material to Compressive stress, resulting in reduction of Volume. This article is about structural behavior For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation. The term torsion may refer the following In geometry Torsion of curves Torsion tensor in differential geometry A shear stress, denoted \tau\ ( Tau) is defined as a stress which is applied Parallel or tangential to a face of a material Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam. Bridges can also be classified by their lineage, which is shown as the vertical axis on the diagram to the right.
Efficiency
A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to be the ratio of load carried to bridge mass, given a specific set of material types. In one common challenge students are divided into groups and given a quantity of wood sticks, a distance to span, and glue, and then asked to construct a bridge that will be tested to destruction by the progressive addition of load at the center of the span. The bridge taking the greatest load is by this test the most structurally efficient. A more refined measure for this exercise is to weigh the completed bridge rather than measure against a fixed quantity of materials provided and determine the multiple of this weight that the bridge can carry, a test that emphasizes economy of materials and efficient glue joints (see balsa wood bridge). The building of balsa wood bridges is very often used as an educational activity.
A bridge's economic efficiency will be site and traffic dependent, the ratio of savings by having a bridge (instead of, for example, a ferry, or a longer road route) compared to its cost. The lifetime cost is composed of materials, labor, machinery, engineering, cost of money, insurance, maintenance, refurbishment, and ultimately, demolition and associated disposal, recycling, and replacement, less the value of scrap and reuse of components. Bridges employing only compression are relatively inefficient structurally, but may be highly cost efficient where suitable materials are available near the site and the cost of labor is low. For medium spans, trusses or box beams are usually most economical, while in some cases, the appearance of the bridge may be more important than its cost efficiency. The longest spans usually require suspension bridges.
Double-decker bridge
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Double-decker bridges have two levels, such as the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, with two road levels. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge in Hong Kong have six lanes on their upper decks, and on their lower decks there are two lanes and a pair of tracks for MTR metro trains. Tsing Ma Bridge is a Bridge in Hong Kong, China. It is the world's seventh-longest span Suspension bridge. The Kap Shui Mun Bridge (KSMB) in Hong Kong is the longest Cable-stayed bridge in the world that transports both road and Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders MTR, or Mass Transit Railway, is the Rapid transit Railway system in Hong Kong. Some double-decker bridges only use one level for street traffic; the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis reserves its lower level for automobile traffic and its upper level for pedestrian and bicycle traffic (predominantly students at the University of Minnesota). The Washington Avenue Bridge carries County Road 122 across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis Minnesota and connects the East Bank and West Bank portions The University of Minnesota Twin Cities ( U of M or The U) is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system.
Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge across the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne, completed in 1849, is an early example of a double-deck bridge. Robert Stephenson FRS (16 October 1803 &ndash 12 October 1859 was an English Civil engineer. The High Level Bridge is a road and railway Bridge spanning the River Tyne between Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead in North East The River Tyne is a River in England. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers the North Tyne and the South Tyne. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England The upper level carries a railway, and the lower level is used for road traffic.
Another example is Craigavon Bridge in Derry, Northern Ireland. The Craigavon Bridge is one of two Bridges in Derry, Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Oresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö consists of a four-lane highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at the lower level. The Oresund Bridge ( Danish Øresundsbroen, Swedish Öresundsbron, joint hybrid name Øresundsbron) is a combined two-track rail Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city
The George Washington Bridge between New Jersey and New York has two roadway levels. The George Washington Bridge (known informally as the GW Bridge, the GWB, the GW, or the George) is a Suspension bridge spanning It was built with only the upper roadway as traffic demands did not require more capacity. A truss work between the roadway levels provides stiffness to the roadways and reduced movement of the upper level when installed. In Architecture and Structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose
More than just a bridge
- Some bridges carry special installations such as the tower of Nový Most bridge in Bratislava which carries a restaurant. Nový Most (New Bridge formerly Most SNP - Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising) is a road bridge over the Danube in Bratislava, the capital ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading On other suspension bridge towers transmission antennas are installed.
- A bridge can carry overhead power lines as does the Storstrøm Bridge. Storstrøm Bridge ( Danish, Storstrømsbroen) is a road and railway Arch bridge that crosses Storstrømmen between the islands of
- Costs and cost overruns in bridge construction have been studied by Flyvbjerg et al. Cost overrun is defined as excess of actual Cost over Budget. (2003). The average cost overrun in building a bridge was found to be 34%. [14]
Visual index
Index to types
Index to related topics
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Politics
Most bridges are built for economic reasons, meaning they are cost justified. A Beam Bridge is a direct descendant of the Log bridge, now more normally made from shallow steel 'I' beams, box girders, A box girder bridge is a Bridge where the main beams comprise Girders in the shape of a hollow box A A cantilever bridge is a Bridge built using Cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end A cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge is a modern variation of the Cable-stayed bridge. A A compression arch suspended-deck bridge, or through arch bridge, is a Bridge made from modern materials such as steel or reinforced concrete in which a A A movable bridge is a Bridge that moves to allow passage for (usually boats or barges A pigtail bridge is a type of Road bridge, where the road curls and passes over itself A pontoon bridge or floating bridge is a Bridge that floats on water supported by barge-or-boat-like pontoons to support the bridge deck and its dynamic As its name implies a segmental bridge is a Bridge built in short sections (called segments i This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the self-anchored type A side-spar cable-stayed bridge may be an otherwise conventional cable-stayed Bridge but its cable support does not span the roadway, rather being This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the simple suspension type A step-stone Bridge is a simple means for a Pedestrian to cross a Watercourse during periods of low flow while keeping feet and (particularly Footwear This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the stressed ribbon type This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the suspended-deck type A transporter bridge (also ferry bridge or aerial transfer bridge) is a type of Movable bridge that carries a segment of roadway across a river A truss arch Bridge combines the elements of the Truss bridge and the Arch bridge. A truss bridge is a Bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response A tubular bridge is a Bridge built as a rigid Box girder section within which the traffic is carried A covered bridge is a Bridge, often single-lane with enclosed sides and a roof An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another The Bailey bridge is a portable pre-fabricated Truss Bridge, designed for use by Military engineering units to bridge up to 60 m (200 ft gaps The building of balsa wood bridges is very often used as an educational activity. A " bridge of boats " istype of Bridge which floats on water instead of having permanent pillars A Bridge can play many roles in Art, for example as A Brown truss is a type of Bridge Truss, used in Covered bridges. The Burr Arch Truss — or simply Burr Truss or Burr Arch — is a combination of an arch and a ''multiple kingpost'' truss design In Geotechnical engineering, a caisson is a retaining watertight structure used for example to work on the foundations of a Bridge pier, A covered bridge is a Bridge, often single-lane with enclosed sides and a roof In Structural engineering and construction an eyebar is a straight bar usually of Metal, with a hole ("eye" at each end for fixing to other components A Hoogholtje bridge is a typical footbridge used mainly in the province of Groningen, The Netherlands. Inca rope bridges were Simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges ( pongos ' to provide access for the Inca Empire. The word “jetway” is sometimes used for a high-altitude airway. A lattice girder is a Girder where the Flanges are connected by a Lattice web A lattice Bridge is a form of Truss bridge that uses a large number of small and closely spaced diagonal elements that form a Lattice. The Medium Girder Bridge (MGB is a lightweight man portable Bridge and can be assembled without help from heavy equipment A moon bridge is a highly arched Pedestrian Bridge, which in its wooden form may require the walker to initially climb (as one would a ladder and also when descending A packhorse bridge is a Bridge intended to carry Packhorses ( Horses loaded with sidebags or Panniers across a River or Stream A toll bridge is a Bridge over which Traffic may pass upon payment of a fee or toll. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Truck scales are large floor mounted weighing systems that can weigh entire vehicles and their contents A viaduct is a Bridge composed of several small spans The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via for road and ducere to As the size and cost go up it becomes more difficult to cost justify bridges. Some of the largest and most costly bridges in the world are built for political reasons, namely to tie together otherwise isolated areas.
See also
References
- ^ Kinney, pg. An architectural Structure is a free-standing immobile outdoor construction Landscape architecture involves the investigation and designed response to the landscape 190
- ^ Buck pg 78
- ^ Dikshitar, pg. 332
- ^ a b c Dutt, pg 46
- ^ "suspension bridge" in Encyclopaedia Britannica (2008). 2008 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
- ^ Nath, pg. 213
- ^ Beam bridges. Design Technology. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ The Quebec Bridge Disasters. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Glass, Amy. Dubai to build world's longest arch bridge. Arabian Business. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Sigmund, Pete. "The Mighty Mac: A Sublime Engineering Feat", Construction Equipment Guide, 2007-02-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Johnson, Andy. Cable Stay vs Suspension Bridges. U. S. Department of Energy.
- ^ Bridges. NYCDOT. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ World's Longest Bridge Spans
- ^ Flyvbjerg, Bent, Nils Bruzelius, and Werner Rothengatter, 2003. Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
General references
- Brown, David J. Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature. Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly Books, 2005. ISBN 1-55407-099-6.
- Sandak, Cass R. Bridges. An Easy-read modern wonders book. New York: F. Watts, 1983. ISBN 0-531-04624-9.
- Whitney, Charles S. Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-486-42995-4.
- Unabridged republication of Bridges : a study in their art, science, and evolution. 1929.
- Dikshitar, V. R. R. Dikshitar (1993). The Mauryan Polity. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120810236.
- Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2000). A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Vol II. Routledge. ISBN 0415231884.
- Nath, R. (1982). History of Mughal Architecture. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 8170171598.
- Kinney, A. R. ; el al. (2003). Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824827791.
- Buck, William; el al. (2000). Ramayana. University of California Press. ISBN 0520227034
External links
- [1]A Bath, UK Stonemasons account of conserving a medieval bridge.
- Digital Bridge: Bridges of the Nineteenth Century, a collection of digitized books at Lehigh University
- Structurae - International Database and Gallery of Engineerings Structures with over 10000 Bridges.
- U.S. Federal Highway Administration Bridge Technology
- Descriptions and photographs of five bridge disasters
- Bridge enthusiast site
- Interesting Flexible Arch Bridge design
- Video on how bridges are made (Grade school level educational film by National Association of Manufactures. ) Caution: Other links on this page may lead to politically biased material.
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