| The Right Honourable Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ |
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| In office September 17, 1984 – June 25, 1993 |
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| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | John Turner |
| Succeeded by | Kim Campbell |
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Member of Parliament
for Central Nova |
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| In office August 29, 1983 – 1984 |
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| Preceded by | Elmer M. MacKay |
| Succeeded by | Elmer M. MacKay |
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Member of Parliament
for Manicouagan |
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| In office 1984 – 1988 |
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| Preceded by | André Maltais |
| Succeeded by | Charles Langlois |
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Member of Parliament
for Charlevoix |
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| In office 1988 – September 8, 1993[1] |
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| Preceded by | Charles Hamelin |
| Succeeded by | Gérard Asselin |
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| Born | March 20, 1939 Baie-Comeau, Quebec |
| Political party | Progressive Conservative |
| Spouse | Mila Mulroney |
| Children | Ben Mulroney; two other sons; one daughter |
| Alma mater | St. Francis Xavier University, Université Laval |
| Profession | Lawyer, businessman |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian Lawyer and Politician Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada Central Nova (Nova-Centre is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 33rd Parliament Elmer MacIntosh MacKay, PC, QC (born August 5 1936) is a retired Canadian politician Elmer MacIntosh MacKay, PC, QC (born August 5 1936) is a retired Canadian politician Manicouagan is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1968 The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 33rd Parliament The Canadian federal election of 1988 was held November 21, 1988, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 34th Parliament André Maltais (born 17 May 1948 in La Malbaie Quebec) was a Liberal party member of the Canadian House of Commons. Charles A Langlois (born 22 March 1938 in Sainte-Marthe Québec) was a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1988 to 1993 Charlevoix was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1867 to 1917 and from The Canadian federal election of 1988 was held November 21, 1988, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 34th Parliament The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons Gérard Asselin (born April 19, 1950, in Sainte-Flavie Quebec) is a Canadian politician Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Baie-Comeau Québec ( 2006 city population 22554 UA population 10178 CA population 29808 is a town Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Milica "Mila" Mulroney (born July 13, 1953 in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia) is the wife of the 18th Benedict Martin Paul "Ben" Mulroney (born March 9, 1976 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Television host. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval St Francis Xavier University is a University located in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who is employed at usually a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically someone The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian After retiring from politics, Mulroney resumed his earlier career as a lawyer and business consultant. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person
Background
Martin Brian Mulroney was born in Baie-Comeau, Quebec, an isolated lumber town in eastern Quebec. Baie-Comeau Québec ( 2006 city population 22554 UA population 10178 CA population 29808 is a town He is the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Benedict and Irene (O'Shea) Mulroney. Irish Canadians are immigrants and descendants of immigrants who origninated in Ireland. Benedict Mulroney was a paper mill electrician. The family had six children who survived infancy. Since there was no English Catholic high school in Baie-Comeau, Mulroney completed his high school education at a Roman Catholic boarding school in Chatham, New Brunswick operated by St. Thomas University (in 2001, St. Chatham is a Canadian urban neighbourhood in the city of Miramichi, New Brunswick. Schools with the name St Thomas University: St Thomas University (New Brunswick St Thomas University named its newest academic building in his honour). Money was very tight in the family. Ben Mulroney worked extra shifts and ran a repair business on the side to earn extra money to fund his children's educations. Ben Mulroney encouraged his oldest son to go to university (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
Mulroney would frequently tell stories about newspaper publisher Robert R. McCormick, whose company had founded Baie Comeau. Robert Rutherford McCormick ( July 30, 1880 &ndash April 1, 1955) was a Chicago newspaper baron and owner of the Chicago Mulroney would sing Irish songs for McCormick,[2] and the publisher would slip him $50[3] . He grew up speaking English and French fluently. [4]
Family
On May 26, 1973, he married Mila Pivnički, the daughter of a Serbian doctor, Dimitrije Mita Pivnički, from Sarajevo [1]. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Milica "Mila" Mulroney (born July 13, 1953 in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia) is the wife of the 18th Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with The Mulroneys have four children: Caroline, Benedict (or Ben), Mark, and Nicolas. Benedict Martin Paul "Ben" Mulroney (born March 9, 1976 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Television host. Ben is currently a CTV media personality and the host of Canadian Idol. Canadian Idol is a Reality television show on the Canadian television network CTV, based on the popular British show
In 1991, Frank magazine ran a satirical ad for a contest inviting young Tories to "deflower Caroline Mulroney", the then-Prime Minister's youngest child. Frank is a bi-weekly Canadian scandal or Satirical magazine inspired by and often compared to the British Private Eye. The magazine took the position that they were simply commenting on Mulroney's perceived habit of using his daughter as a prop. Many groups and commentators joined Mulroney in denouncing the ad as an incitement to rape, although it did not advocate using force to accomplish the act.
On September 16, 2000, Caroline married Andrew Lapham, the son of Harper's editor Lewis H. Lapham. Harper's Magazine (also Harper's) is a monthly general-interest Magazine of literature politics culture finance and the arts Lewis Lapham (ˈluːɪs ˈlæpəm (born January 8, 1935) was the editor'e of the American monthly Harper's Magazine Among the 400 guests were many dignitaries and business leaders, including former US President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush, Queen Noor of Jordan, Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia and his Greek-born wife Katherine, Dino Goulandris, Galen Weston and Ontario Lieutenant-Governor Hilary Weston, former talk show host Kathie Lee Gifford, and media magnate Ted Rogers. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8 1925 is the wife of the 41st President of the United States, George H Family and early life Noor was born Lisa Najeeb Halaby. She is the daughter of Najeeb Halaby, a former CEO of Pan-American World Airways Willard Gordon Galen Weston, OC, OOnt (born October 29, 1940) is a Canadian businessman alumnus of the prestigious Upper Canada Hilary M Weston ( née Frayne, CM, OOnt (born January 12 1942 Dublin Ireland was the 26th Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, serving Kathie Lee Gifford (born Kathryn Lee Epstein; August 16 1953 is an American Television hostess Singer, actress, noted for her For other uses see Edward Rogers (disambiguation. Edward Samuel "Ted" Rogers Jr She is currently associate director of the Stern School of Business at New York University, having graduated there with a law degree. New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. [2] [3]
Mulroney is the grandfather of Lewis H. Lapham III, and twins Pierce Lapham and Elizabeth Theodora Lapham.
University
Mulroney had not been involved in politics at any level prior to entering St. Francis Xavier University in the fall of 1955 as a 16-year-old freshman. St Francis Xavier University is a University located in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada. That changed when he was recruited to the campus Progressive Conservative group by Lowell Murray and others, early in his first year. Lowell Murray, PC (born 26 September 1936) in New Waterford, Nova Scotia, Canada is a Senator and long time Murray would become a close friend, mentor, and adviser who was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1979. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Other important, lasting friendships made there by Mulroney included Gerald Doucet, Fred Doucet, Sam Wakim, and Patrick MacAdam. Gerald Doucet is a former politician from Nova Scotia, and also worked as a Lobbyist. Jean Alfred "Fred" Doucet (born 1939 is a Canadian Lobbyist, Educator, university administrator and political aide Sam Wakim (born 13 February 1937 in Saint John New Brunswick) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the Canadian House of Commons Mulroney enthusiastically embraced political organization, and assisted the local PC candidate in his successful 1956 Nova Scotia provincial election campaign; the PCs, led provincially by Robert Stanfield, swept to a surprise victory (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
Mulroney became a youth delegate and attended the 1956 leadership convention in Ottawa. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. While initially undecided, Mulroney was captivated by John Diefenbaker's powerful oratory and easy approachability. Mulroney joined the "Youth for Diefenbaker" committee which was led by Ted Rogers, a future scion of Canadian business. For other uses see Edward Rogers (disambiguation. Edward Samuel "Ted" Rogers Jr Mulroney struck an early friendship with Diefenbaker, who won the leadership, and received telephone calls from Diefenbaker. [4]
Mulroney won several public speaking contests at St. Francis Xavier, was a star member of the school's debating team, and never lost an interuniversity debate. Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. He was also very active in campus politics, serving with distinction in several Model Parliaments, and was campus prime minister in a grandiose Maritimes-wide Model Parliament in 1958 (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). A Model Parliament (also referred to as a Mock Parliament) is a simulation of the parliamentary proceedings of a Legislature or The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
Mulroney also assisted with the 1958 national election campaign at the local level in Nova Scotia; this led to the biggest majority in Canadian history (The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
After graduating from St. Francis Xavier in 1959, Mulroney at first pursued a law degree from Dalhousie Law School in Halifax. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The Dalhousie Law School, part of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada was established in 1883, making it the See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital It was around this time that Mulroney also cultivated friendships with the Tory premier of Nova Scotia, Robert Stanfield, and his chief adviser Dalton Camp. Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia Dalton Kingsley Camp, PC, OC, MSc, LLD ( September 11, 1920 &ndash March 18, 2002) was a Canadian Mulroney significantly assisted with Stanfield's successful 1960 re-election campaign, in the role of an advance man. Mulroney neglected his studies, then fell seriously ill during the winter term, was hospitalized, and, despite getting extensions for several courses because of his illness, flunked out of Dalhousie his first year (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques He then applied to Université Laval in Quebec City, and restarted first-year law there the next year. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province
In Quebec City, Mulroney befriended future Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr, and frequented the provincial legislature, making connections with politicians, aides, and journalists. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the First minister for the Francis Daniel Johnson Sr, PC ( April 9, 1915 &ndash September 26, 1968) was a Quebec politician and Premier of At Laval, Mulroney built a network of friends that would play a prominent role in Canadian politics for years to come,[5] including Lucien Bouchard, Bernard Roy, Michel Cogger, Michael Meighen, Jean Bazin, and Peter White. Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician. Michel Benoit Cogger (born March 21, 1939) is a Quebec businessman lawyer and former Canadian Senator. Michael Arthur Meighen, QC (born March 25 1939) is a Canadian senator, lawyer and cultural patron Jean Bazin (born January 31, 1940) is a Canadian lawyer and former senator. During this time, Mulroney was still involved in the Conservative youth wing and was acquainted with the President of the Student Federation, Joe Clark. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman
Mulroney secured a plum temporary appointment in Ottawa during the summer of 1962, as the executive assistant to Alvin Hamilton, minister of agriculture. Alvin Hamilton, PC ( March 30, 1912 &ndash June 29, 2004) was a Canadian politician Then a federal election was called, and Prime Minister Diefenbaker appointed Hamilton as the acting prime minister for the rest of the campaign. Hamilton took Mulroney with him on the campaign trail, where the young organizer gained valuable experience (The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991, pp. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques 129-135).
Builds reputation, gains publicity
After graduating from Laval in 1964, Mulroney joined the Montreal law firm now known as Ogilvy Renault, which at the time was the largest law firm in the Commonwealth of Nations. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Ogilvy Renault LLP is a major Canadian Law firm with 450 members in offices in Montreal Ottawa Quebec Toronto and London England Mulroney twice failed his bar exams, but the firm kept him due to his charming personality (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques After ultimately passing his bar exams, Mulroney was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1965, and became a labour lawyer, which was then a new and exciting field of law in Quebec. Mulroney's superb political skills of conciliation and negotiation, with opponents often polarized and at odds, proved ideal for this field. He was noted for ending several strikes along the Montreal waterfront where he met fellow lawyer W. David Angus, who would later become a valuable fundraiser for his campaigns. W David Angus, QC (born July 21, 1937) is a Canadian Senator.
It was in 1966 that Dalton Camp, who was by then President of the Progressive Conservative Party, ran for re-election in what was widely believed to be a referendum on Diefenbaker's leadership. Dalton Kingsley Camp, PC, OC, MSc, LLD ( September 11, 1920 &ndash March 18, 2002) was a Canadian Diefenbaker had reached his 70th birthday in 1965. Mulroney joined with most of his generation in supporting Camp and opposing Diefenbaker, but due to his past friendship with Diefenbaker, he attempted to stay out of the spotlight. With Camp's narrow victory, Diefenbaker called for a 1967 leadership convention in Toronto. The first Progressive Conservative Party of Canada Leadership convention was held in 1927 when the party was called the Conservative Party. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Mulroney joined with Joe Clark and others in supporting former Justice minister E. Davie Fulton. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman Edmund Davie Fulton PC, OC, LLB, LLD, QC ( March 10, 1916 &ndash May 22, 2000) was Once Fulton dropped off the ballot, Mulroney helped in swinging most of his organization over to Robert Stanfield, who won. Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia Mulroney, then 28, would soon become a chief adviser to the new leader in Quebec.
Mulroney's professional reputation was further enhanced when he ended a strike that was considered impossible to resolve at the Montreal newspaper La Presse. In doing so, Mulroney became friends with the paper's owner, Canadian business mogul Paul Desmarais. Paul Desmarais Sr, PC, CC, BComm, LLD (born January 4, 1927, in Sudbury, Ontario) is a After his initial difficulties, Mulroney's reputation in his firm steadily increased, and he was made a partner in 1971 (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
Mulroney's big break would come during the Cliche Commission in 1974,[6] which was set up by Quebec premier Robert Bourassa to investigate the situation at James Bay, Canada's largest hydroelectric project. Robert Bourassa GOQ ( July 14, 1933 &ndash October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada James Bay (Baie James is a large body of water on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Violence and dirty tactics had broken out as part of a union accreditation struggle. To ensure the commission was non-partisan, Bourassa, the Liberal premier, placed Robert Cliche, a former leader of the provincial New Democratic Party in charge. Robert Cliche ( April 12 1921 — September 15 1978) was a Canadian Judge, Lawyer and politician who served Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots Cliche asked Mulroney, a Progressive Conservative and a former student of his, to join the commission. Mulroney would ask Lucien Bouchard to join as counsel. Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician. The committee's unravellings, which showed Mafia infiltration of the unions, made Mulroney well-known in Quebec, as the hearings were extensively covered in the media. The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century [6] The Cliche Commission's report was largely adopted by the Bourassa government. A notable incident included the revelation that the controversy may have involved the office of the Premier of Quebec. Although Bouchard favoured calling in Robert Bourassa as a witness, Mulroney refused, deeming it a violation of 'executive privilege' (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques Mulroney and Bourassa would later cultivate a friendship that would turn out to be extremely beneficial when Mulroney ran for re-election in 1988.
Loses first leadership race, 1975-76
Stanfield lost the 1974 election to Pierre Trudeau. The Canadian federal election of 1974 was held on July 8, 1974 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 30th Parliament Following his third consecutive loss, Stanfield decided to resign the leadership. Mulroney, despite never having run for elected office, was encouraged to run in the leadership race to replace Stanfield, and entered the contest. Mulroney and provincial rival Claude Wagner were both seen as potentially able to appeal to Quebec, which had supported the federal Liberals for decades. Claude Wagner PC, QC, BA, BPh, BCI ( April 4, 1925 - July 11, 1979) was a Judge Ironically, it had been Mulroney who had played the lead role in recruiting Wagner to the PC party a few years earlier, and the two wound up as rivals for Quebec delegates, most of whom were snared by Wagner, who even blocked Mulroney from becoming a voting delegate (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques In the leadership race, Mulroney would spend an estimated $500,000, at that time an incredible sum, far more than the other candidates. He earned the nickname 'Cadillac candidate'. At the 1976 leadership convention, Mulroney placed second on the first ballot behind Wagner. The 1976 leadership convention of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was held in Ottawa on February 22 1976, to elect a leader to replace However, his expensive campaign, slick image, lack of parliamentary experience, and vague policy positions did not endear him to many delegates, and he was unable to build upon his base support, being overtaken by eventual winner Joe Clark on the second ballot. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman Mulroney was the only one of the eleven leadership candidates who did not provide full financial disclosure on his campaign expenses, and his campaign finished deeply in debt (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques Following the convention, Mulroney turned down the offer of a shadow cabinet portfolio in Clark's caucus. The first Progressive Conservative Party of Canada Leadership convention was held in 1927 when the party was called the Conservative Party.
Successful business executive
Mulroney took the job of Executive Vice President of the Iron Ore Company of Canada, a joint subsidiary of three major U. Iron Ore Company of Canada (often abbreviated to IOC) is a Canadian -based producer of Iron ore. S. steel corporations. Mulroney earned a lucrative salary, well into the six-figure range. In 1977, he was appointed company President. He instituted improved labour relations, drawing upon his labour law experience, and, with commodity prices on the rise, company profits soared during the next several years. Mulroney in 1983 successfully negotiated the closing of the Schefferville mine, winning a generous settlement for the affected workers. Schefferville is a town in the Canadian province of Quebec. Schefferville is in the heart of the Innu territory in northern Quebec less than 2 km from [7] Under his leadership, the company was sold off to foreign interests. In the wake of his loss in the 1976 leadership race, Mulroney battled alcohol abuse and depression for several years; he credits his loyal wife Mila with helping him recover from that dark period. In 1979, he completely quit drinking. During his IOC term, he made liberal use of the company's executive jet, frequently flying business associates and friends on fishing trips (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques Mulroney also maintained and expanded his extensive political networking among business leaders and conservatives across the country. As his business reputation grew, he was invited onto several corporate boards. He turned down an offer to run in a Quebec by-election as a federal Liberal.
Party leader
By late 1982, Joe Clark's leadership of the Progressive Conservatives was being questioned in many party circles and among many Tory members of Parliament, despite his solid national lead over Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in opinion polls, which stretched to 19 per cent in summer 1982. Clark's reputation as a leader had taken a beating when, as Prime Minister, he carelessly lost a non-confidence motion over his minority government's budget in December 1979, leading to the fall of his government; the PCs subsequently lost the federal election held two months later when Trudeau rescinded his announced retirement, and returned to lead the Liberals to a majority. Many Tories were also annoyed with Clark over his slowness in dispensing patronage appointments after he became prime minister in June, 1979.
Mulroney, in spite of publicly endorsing Clark, organized behind the scenes to defeat Clark at the party's leadership review. Clark's key Quebec organizer Rodrigue Pageau was in fact a double agent, working for Mulroney, undermining Clark's support (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques When Clark received an endorsement by only 66. 9 per cent of delegates at the party convention in January 1983 in Winnipeg, Clark resigned and ran to regain his post at the 1983 leadership convention. Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population The 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership convention was held on June 11 1983 in Ottawa, Ontario to elect a leader of the Progressive Mulroney, despite still not being a member of Parliament, ran against him again, and he campaigned more shrewdly than he had done seven years before. Mulroney had been criticized in 1976 for lacking policy depth and substance. He addressed that weakness by making several major speeches across the country in the early 1980s, and collected them into a book, Where I Stand, published in 1983 (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques Mulroney also avoided most of the flash of his earlier campaign, for which he had been criticized. Mulroney was elected party leader on June 11, 1983, beating Clark on the fourth ballot. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) He attracted broad support from the many factions of the party and especially from representatives of his native Quebec. Two months later, Mulroney entered Parliament as the MP for Central Nova in Nova Scotia, winning a by-election in what was then considered a safe Tory seat after Elmer MacKay stood down in his favour. Central Nova (Nova-Centre is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant Elmer MacIntosh MacKay, PC, QC (born August 5 1936) is a retired Canadian politician This is standard practice in most parliamentary systems.
Mulroney had realized from a young age that when Canadian federal elections were called, the Tories needed to perform much better in Quebec, in order to form a majority government. Throughout his political career, he worked steadily toward that goal; his fluent bilingualism in English and French, with Quebec roots in both cultures, gave him two trumps which eventually proved decisive (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
Because of health problems shortly after becoming party leader, Mulroney quit smoking in 1983.
By the start of 1984, the Tories had taken a substantial lead in opinion polling, as Mulroney quickly learned the parliamentary ropes in the House of Commons. It was almost taken for granted that Trudeau would be heavily defeated by Mulroney in the general election due no later than 1985. Trudeau announced his retirement in February, and the Liberal Party chose John Turner, previously the Minister of Finance under Trudeau in the 1970s, as its new leader. John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian Lawyer and Politician The Liberals then surged in the polls, to take a lead, after trailing by more than 20 percentage points. Only four days after being sworn in as Prime Minister, Turner called a general election for September. The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 33rd Parliament In doing so, he had to postpone a planned Canadian summer visit by Queen Elizabeth II, who makes it her policy to not travel abroad during foreign election campaigns. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II But the Liberal election campaign machinery was in disarray, leading to a weak campaign (The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists, by John Sawatsky, 1987). John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
The campaign is best remembered for Mulroney's attacks of a raft of Liberal patronage appointments. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization In his final days in office, Trudeau had controversially appointed a flurry of Senators, judges, and executives on various governmental and crown corporation boards, widely seen as a way to offer "plum jobs" to loyal members of the Liberal Party. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general In the Commonwealth realms a Crown corporation is a State-controlled company or enterprise Upon assuming office, Turner, who had been out of politics for nine years while he earned a lucrative salary as a Toronto lawyer, showed that his political instincts had diminished. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Turner had been under pressure to cancel the appointments, but chose not to, and instead proceeded to appoint several more Liberals to prominent political offices, per a signed, legal agreement with Trudeau. [8]
Ironically, Turner had planned to attack Mulroney over the patronage machine that the latter had set up in anticipation of victory. In a televised leaders' debate, Turner launched what appeared to be the start of a blistering attack on Mulroney by comparing his patronage machine to that of the old Union Nationale in Quebec. Origin The party started as a loose coalition of legislators the Action libérale nationale (a group dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec) and the However, Mulroney successfully turned the tables by pointing to the recent raft of Liberal patronage appointments. [9] He demanded that Turner apologize to the country for making "these horrible appointments. " Turner replied that "I had no option" except to let the appointments stand. Mulroney famously responded:
- "You had an option, sir. "You had an option sir" (sometimes remembered as You had a choice sir) was a phrase used by Brian Mulroney against John Turner during the English-language You could have said, 'I am not going to do it. This is wrong for Canada, and I am not going to ask Canadians to pay the price. ' You had an option, sir--to say 'no'--and you chose to say 'yes' to the old attitudes and the old stories of the Liberal Party. "[9]
Turner froze and wilted under this withering riposte from Mulroney. [9] He could repeat only, "I had no option. " A visibly angry Mulroney called this "an avowal of failure" and told Turner, "You had an option, sir. You could have done better. " The exchange led most papers the next day, with most of them paraphrasing Mulroney's counterattack as "You had an option, sir--you could have said 'no. '" Many observers believe that at this point, Mulroney assured himself of becoming prime minister,[9] as the exchange made Turner look weak, indecisive, and a carbon copy of Trudeau.
In September, Mulroney and the Tories won the largest majority government in Canadian history. They took 211 seats, three more than their previous record in 1958. The Canadian federal election of 1958 was the 24th general election in Canada's history The Liberals won only 40 seats, their worst performance ever. At the time, it was also the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level in Canada. The Conservatives won just over half of the popular vote (compared to 53. 4% in 1958) and led in every province, emerging as a national party for the first time since 1958. Especially important was the Tories' performance in Mulroney's home province, Quebec. They won 58 seats out of a possible 75 (up from only one seat in 1980) after winning the most seats in that province only once since 1896. The Canadian federal election of 1896 was held on June 23, 1896 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 8th Parliament Mulroney himself yielded Central Nova back to MacKay to run in the eastern Quebec riding of Manicouagan, which included Baie-Comeau. Manicouagan is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1968
In 1984, the Canadian Press named Mulroney "Newsmaker of the Year" for the second straight year, making him only the second prime minister to have received the honour both before becoming prime minister and when prime minister (the other being Lester Pearson). The Canadian Press (often abbreviated as CP) is Canada 's national News agency established in 1917 as a vehicle to permit Canadian newspapers of the day The Canadian Newsmaker of the Year is an award voted every year since 1946 by the Canadian Press.
Prime Minister
First term
The first Conservative majority government in 26 years – and only the second in 49 years – was considered by many to be a breath of fresh air at first, but growing pains soon surfaced. Many of his ministers had little government experience, resulting in conflicts of interest and embarrassing scandals. Many Tories expected patronage appointments due to the long time out of government. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization [10] Indeed, Mulroney made a number of unscripted gaffes regarding patronage, including the reference to Ambassador Bryce Mackasey as "there's no whore like an old whore". Bryce Stuart Mackasey PC ( August 25, 1921 &ndash September 5, 1999) was a Canadian Member of Parliament, [11] The new Prime Minister's handlers were concerned by his seeming unpredictability and rumours of drinking.
On paper, Mulroney entered office in a very formidable position. No other party crossed the fifty-seat mark, and he could have theoretically taken Canada in any direction he wanted. His position was far more precarious than his parliamentary majority would suggest. His support was based on a "grand coalition" of socially conservative populists from the West, Quebec nationalists, and fiscal conservatives from Ontario and the Maritimes. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world
Not surprisingly, such diverse interests became difficult for Mulroney to juggle. He attempted to appeal to the Western provinces, whose earlier support had been critical to his electoral success, by cancelling the National Energy Program and including a large number of Westerners in his Cabinet (including Clark as minister of external affairs). The National Energy Program ( NEP) was an energy policy of the Government of Canada. However, he was not completely successful, even aside from economic and constitutional policy. For example, he moved CF-18 servicing from Manitoba to Quebec in 1986, even though the Manitoba bid was lower and the company was better rated,[12] and received death threats for exerting pressure on Manitoba over French language rights. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America [13]
One of Mulroney's main priorities, at least publicly, was to rein in the deficit, which was running into the billions of dollars. A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in However, the country's debt increased substantially through his term. Debt is that which is owed usually referencing Assets owed but the term can cover other obligations His attempts to cut spending limited his ability to deliver on many promises. Also impeding his progress was the Liberal controlled Senate, led by Allan MacEachen, which took on a very assertive role in legislation, forcing the government to compromise some points. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Allan Joseph MacEachen, PC (born July 6 1921 is a retired Canadian politician a many-time Cabinet minister a retired Senator one of Canada 's elder statesmen
A major undertaking by Mulroney's government was an attempt to resolve the divisive issue of national unity. Quebec was the only province that did not sign the new Canadian constitution negotiated by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1982, and Mulroney wanted to include Quebec in a new agreement with the rest of Canada. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions In 1987, he negotiated the Meech Lake Accord with the provincial premiers, a package of constitutional amendments designed to satisfy Quebec's demand for recognition as a "distinct society" within Canada, and to devolve some powers to the provinces. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial In Canada, a premier is the Head of government of a province or territory. Distinct society (in French la société distincte) is a political expression especially used during a Constitutional debate in Canada, in the second half
Another priority of Mulroney's was the privatization of many of Canada's crown corporations. In the Commonwealth realms a Crown corporation is a State-controlled company or enterprise In 1984, the Government of Canada held 61 different crown corporations. [14] It sold off 23 of them. Air Canada was completely privatized by 1989, although the Air Canada Public Participation Act continued to make certain requirements of the airline. Petro-Canada would later be privatized. Petro-Canada () is a Canadian oil and gas firm Its headquarters are in the Petro-Canada Centre in Calgary, Alberta
The Air India Flight 182 bombing which originated in Montreal happened during Mulroney's first term. Air India Flight 182 was an Air India operating on the Montreal - London - Delhi route This was considered to be the largest terrorist act before September 11, 2001, with the majority of the 329 victims being Canadian citizens. Mulroney sent a letter of condolence to then Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, which sparked an uproar in Canada since he did not call families of the actual victims to offer condolences. Rajiv Gandhi राजीव गांधी (raːdʒiːv gaːnd̪ʰiː born in Bombay, (20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991 the elder son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi replied that he should be the one providing condolences to Mulroney, given that the majority of victims were Canadian or lived in Canada. Many Indo-Canadians considered this to be a racist act because they felt Mulroney did not consider them to be true Canadian citizens as they were not of Anglo descent. Furthermore, there were several warnings from the Indian government to the Mulroney government about terrorist threats towards Air India flights. Questions remain as to why these warnings were not taken more seriously and whether the events leading to the bombing could have been prevented. [15] [16] [17] A public inquiry into the Air India bombing is currently underway to answer some of these questions.
Mulroney's government actively opposed the apartheid regime in South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Mulroney met with many opposition leaders throughout his ministry. His position put him at odds with the American and British governments, but also won him respect elsewhere. Also, external affairs minister Joe Clark was the first foreign affairs minister to land in previously-isolated Ethiopia to lead the Western response to the 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia; Clark landed in Addis Ababa so quickly he had not even seen the initial CBC report that had created the initial and strong public reaction. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia were two famines that occurred simultaneously in Ethiopia, of which the northern is the most prominent Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic Canada's response was overwhelming and led the US and Britain to follow suit almost immediately — an unprecedented situation in foreign affairs at that time, since Ethiopia had a Marxist regime and had previously been isolated by Western governments. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
The government took a strong stand against the U. S. intervention in Nicaragua under Reagan, and accepted refugees from El Salvador, Guatemala, and other countries with regimes supported directly by the Reagan administration. The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a socialist Nicaraguan Political party. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest
Near the end of his first term, Mulroney closed a dark chapter in Canadian history with a formal apology and $300 million compensation package for the families of the 22,000 Japanese Canadians who had been stripped of their property and interned during the Second World War.
During his tenure as prime minister, Brian Mulroney's close relationship with U.S. President Ronald Reagan helped result in both a landmark treaty on acid rain and the ratification of a free-trade treaty with the United States under which all tariffs between the two countries would be eliminated by 1998. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Free Trade Agreement ( FTA) was a Trade agreement signed by Canada and the United States on October 4th 1988.
Critics noted that Mulroney had originally professed opposition to free trade during the 1983 leadership campaign. [18] This agreement was controversial, and the Senate demanded an election before proceeding on voting, although Mulroney planned on calling an election before the treaty had been signed. The free trade was the central issue of the 1988 election, with the Liberals and NDP opposing it. The Canadian federal election of 1988 was held November 21, 1988, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 34th Parliament With the Liberals gaining the initial momentum, a successful counterattack by Allan Gregg resulted in the PCs being re-elected with a solid but reduced majority and 43% of the popular vote. Allan Gregg (born January 14 1952) is a Canadian pollster, political advisor and pundit Mulroney thus became the only Conservative to lead his party to two consecutive majority governments in peacetime during the 20th century. In this election, Mulroney was elected as the MP for Charlevoix, which included Baie-Comeau after redistribution of the electoral boundaries. Charlevoix was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1867 to 1917 and from
On the day of election, 1988-11-21 Mulroney made a controversial order in council which allowed the establishment of the AMEX Bank of Canada (owned by the American Express Company). AMEX Bank of Canada is a unit of American Express Canada (AMEX Canada and is owned by American Express of the United States
Second term
Mulroney's second term would be marked by an economic recession. He proposed the introduction of a national sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax (GST), in 1989. A sales tax is a Consumption tax charged at the Point of purchase for certain goods and services The Canadian Goods and Services Tax ( GST) ( French:) is a multi-level Value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991 When it was introduced in 1991, it replaced the Manufacturers' Sales Tax (MST) that had previously been applied at the wholesale level on goods manufactured in Canada. A bitter Senate battle ensued, and many polls showed that as many as 80% of Canadians were opposed to the tax. Mulroney would have to use Section 26 (the Deadlock Clause), a little known Constitutional provision, allowing him in an emergency situation to ask the Queen to appoint 8 new Senators. Although the government argued that the tax was not a tax increase, but a tax shift, the highly visible nature of the tax was extremely unpopular, and many resented Mulroney's use of an "emergency" clause in the constitution.
The Meech Lake Accord would also meet its doom in 1990. It was not ratified by the provincial governments of Manitoba and Newfoundland before the June ratification deadline. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation This failure sparked a revival of Quebec separatism,[19] and led to another round of meetings in Charlottetown in 1991 and 1992. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some Charlottetown (ˈʃɑrlɪtaʊn (2006 population 32174 is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, making it the seat These negotiations culminated in the Charlottetown Accord, which outlined extensive changes to the constitution, including recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. The Charlottetown Accord was a package of constitutional amendments proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. However, the agreement was overwhelmingly defeated in a national referendum in October 1992. Many blamed the GST battle and Mulroney's unpopularity for the fall of the Accord.
In 1990 Mulroney nominated Ray Hnatyshyn, an MP from Saskatoon and a former Cabinet minister, to be Governor General (1990-1995). Ramon John Hnatyshyn PC CC CMM CD QC FRHSC (''hc'' (commonly known as Ray Hnatyshyn, anglicized Saskatoon is a city located in central Saskatchewan, Canada, on the South Saskatchewan River, with a The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative
The worldwide recession of the early 1990s further exacerbated the government's financial situation. A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U His inability to improve the government's finances, as well as his use of tax increases to deal with it was a major factor in alienating the western conservative portion of his power base. Canada also suffered from the "Made in Canada Recession", in which the Bank of Canada experimented with a zero inflation policy. For the defunct commercial bank see Bank of Canada (commercial. The zero interest rate policy (ZIRP is a Keynesian Macroeconomics scheme for economies exhibiting slow growth with a very low Interest rate, such as contemporary With Mulroney's permission, the Bank of Canada raised interest rates, exacerbating the hardship experienced by Canadians. For the defunct commercial bank see Bank of Canada (commercial. The Bank of Canada was the only central bank in the industrialized world to attempt to reach zero inflation and the experiment was an abject failure, which saw many ordinary people lose their jobs. For the defunct commercial bank see Bank of Canada (commercial. The zero interest rate policy (ZIRP is a Keynesian Macroeconomics scheme for economies exhibiting slow growth with a very low Interest rate, such as contemporary Annual budget deficits ballooned to record levels, reaching $42 billion in his last year of office; this sent the national debt towards dangerous standards, further weakening the Canadian dollar and damaging Canada's international credit ratings.
Mulroney supported the United Nations coalition during the 1991 Gulf War and when the UN authorized full use of force in the operation, Canada sent a CF18 squadron with support personnel and a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war as well as a company of The Royal Canadian Regiment to safeguard these ground elements. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Royal Canadian Regiment ( The RCR) is an Infantry Regiment of the Canadian Forces. In August he sent the destroyers HMCS Terra Nova and HMCS Athabaskan to enforce the trade blockade against Iraq. Operation FRICTION Terra Nova was selected in August 1990 for deployment with Operation FRICTION the CF contribution to Operation DESERT STORM (the Gulf Several Canadian naval units have been named HMCS Athabaskan. The supply ship HMCS Protecteur was also sent to aid the gathering coalition forces. Departments Protecteur class ships differ from other Canadian warships in that they have a Liquid Cargo Department When the air war began, Canada's planes were integrated into the coalition force and provided air cover and attacked ground targets. This was the first time since the fighting on Cyprus in 1974 that Canadian forces participated directly in combat operations. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía
For the Canadian Forces, the Mulroney years began with hope but ended with disappointment. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Most members of the CF welcomed the return to distinctive uniforms for the three services, replacing the single green uniform worn since unification (1967-70). A White Paper proposed boosting the CF's combat capability, which had, according to Canadian Defence Quarterly, declined so badly that Canada would have been unable to send a brigade to the Gulf War had it desired to. The CF in this period did undergo a much-needed modernization of a range of equipment from trucks to a new family of small arms. Many proposed reforms, however, failed to occur, and according to historian J.L. Granatstein, Mulroney "raised the military's hopes repeatedly, but failed to deliver. Jack Lawrence Granatstein OC, FRSC (born 1939 is a Canadian Historian who specializes in political and Military history. " In 1984, he had promised to increase the military budget and the regular force to 92,000 troops, but the budget was cut and the troop level fell to below 80,000 by 1993. This was, however, in step with other NATO countries after the end of the Cold War [4]. The Cold War period of 1985 to 1991 began with the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leader and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 The Mulroney government would undertake a defence policy review, publishing a new statement in late 1991, but political considerations meant that no comprehensive policy for the post-Cold War era was arrived at before the government's defeat in 1993. According to Granatstein, this meant that Canada was not able to live up to its post-Cold War military commitments.
The decline of cod stocks in Atlantic Canada led the Mulroney government to impose a moratorium on the cod fishery there, putting an end to a large portion of the Newfoundland fishing industry, and causing serious economic hardship. Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety The government instituted various programmes designed to mitigate these effects but still became deeply unpopular in the Atlantic provinces.
The environment was a key focus of Mulroney's government, as Canada became the first industrialized country to ratify both the biodiversity convention and the climate change convention agreed to at the UN Conference on the Environment. His government added significant new national parks (Bruce Peninsula, South Moresby and Grasslands), and passed the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and Canadian Environmental Protection Act. The Bruce Peninsula is a Peninsula in Ontario, Canada that lies between Georgian Bay and the main basin of Lake Huron. The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA is an initiative passed by the Government of Canada in 1992 The Canadian Environmental Protection Act of 1999 is "An Act respecting pollution prevention and the protection of the environment and human health in order to contribute
Retirement
Widespread public resentment of the Goods and Services Tax, an economic slump, the dilapidation of his political coalition, and his lack of results regarding the Quebec situation caused Mulroney's popularity to decline considerably during his second term. The Canadian Goods and Services Tax ( GST) ( French:) is a multi-level Value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991 An ominous sign was a 1989 by-election in the Alberta riding of Beaver River. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Beaver River (electoral district ---> Beaver River was a federal electoral In this election, called when Tory MP John Dahmer died, Reform Party candidate Deborah Grey won by a hefty 4,200 votes after finishing fourth in the general election just five months earlier. The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 Deborah Cleland Grey, OC, sometimes called Deb Grey (born July 1, 1952) is a prominent former Canadian Member of Parliament This turned out to be the first sign that Mulroney's grand coalition was coming apart at the seams; the PCs had dominated Alberta's federal politics since the 1968 election. The Canadian federal election of 1968 was held on June 25, 1968, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 28th Parliament Another sign came after the failure of Meech Lake, when Bouchard and several other Tories broke with the party to form the Bloc Québécois, a pro-sovereigntist party. The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some
Mulroney entered 1993 facing a statutory general election. The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons By this time, his approval ratings had dipped into the teens, and were at 11% in a 1992 Gallup poll, making him one of the most unpopular prime ministers since opinion polling began in Canada in the 1940s. The Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public Opinion polls in the United States and more than 140 countries around the world [20] When Mulroney announced he was stepping aside as leader of the party, his standing was 21% in the latest Gallup Poll in February 1993. [21] The consensus was that Mulroney would be heavily defeated by Jean Chrétien and the Liberals if he led the Tories into the next election--ironically, the same situation that led to Trudeau's departure from the scene nine years earlier. Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime He announced his retirement from politics in February and was replaced as Prime Minister by Defence Minister Kim Campbell in June. The Minister of National Defence (Ministre de la Défense nationale is a Minister of the Crown; the Canadian Politician within the Cabinet of Canada Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada
In his waning days in office, Mulroney made several decisions that hampered the Tory campaign later that year. He took a lavish international "farewell" tour[22] mostly at taxpayers' expense, without transacting any official business. Also, by the time he handed power to Campbell, there were only two-and-a-half months left in the Tories' five-year mandate. Mulroney also did not immediately vacate 24 Sussex Drive after Campbell was sworn in as Prime Minister--as their new private residence in Montreal was still undergoing renovations, Brian and Mila Mulroney did not move out of 24 Sussex until their new home was ready. 24 Sussex Drive (also called Gorffwysfa) is the Official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada. Instead, Campbell took up residence at Harrington Lake, the Prime Minister's official summer retreat. The Harrington Lake estate is both the name of the official country retreat of the Prime Minister of Canada and of the land which surrounds it
In her memoirs, Time and Chance, and in her response in the National Post to The Secret Mulroney Tapes, Campbell complained that Mulroney left her with almost no time to salvage the Progressive Conservatives' tattered reputation once the bounce from the leadership convention wore off. The National Post is a Canadian English-language national Newspaper based in Don Mills, Ontario, a district of The Secret Mulroney Tapes Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister is a controversial Biography of former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Campbell went as far as to claim that Mulroney knew the Tories would be defeated regardless of who led them into the election, and wanted a "scapegoat who would bear the burden of his unpopularity" rather than a true successor.
The 1993 election was an unmitigated disaster for the Tories. The oldest party in Canada was reduced from a majority to two seats in the worst defeat ever suffered for a governing party at the federal level. The 149-seat loss far exceeded the 95-seat loss the Liberals suffered in 1984. As an example of the antipathy toward Mulroney, his former riding fell to the Bloc by a lopsided margin; the Tory candidate finished a distant third, with only 6,800 votes--just a few votes shy of losing his electoral deposit. [23]
Airbus/Schreiber affair
In 1997, Mulroney settled a libel lawsuit he had brought against the Government of Canada two years previously. The Airbus affair refers to allegations of secret commissions paid to members of the Government of Canada during the term of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney In law a lawsuit is a civil action brought before a Court in which the party commencing the action the Plaintiff, seeks a legal or equitable remedy The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. Mulroney received an apology and a $2. 1 million reimbursement for legal and public relations costs. At issue were allegations that Mulroney had accepted bribes in the "Airbus affair" concerning government contracts. The Airbus affair refers to allegations of secret commissions paid to members of the Government of Canada during the term of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney The government said the charges could not be substantiated. The principal Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) investigator on the case resigned a year later. The government later dropped the investigation entirely.
But a key fact was unknown in 1997. Mulroney had accepted at least $225,000 in cash from Karlheinz Schreiber, a German-Canadian businessman who had been a middle man for Airbus and other companies. Karlheinz Schreiber (born March 25, 1934 in Petersdorf (Thüringen) a German -born Canadian citizen who is a Lobbyist, The cash changed hands in three meetings in hotels in Montreal and New York. The payments occurred over an 18-month period, beginning in 1993 when Mulroney had stepped down as Prime Minister but was still a member of Parliament. In 2007, Mulroney stated that he had kept the cash in a New York safety deposit box (and not carried it undeclared across the US-Canada border) and in a safe in his Montreal home.
Schreiber had at his disposal $20 million from Airbus for the payment of secret commissions. CBC Television reported on February 8, 2006[24] that the money Schreiber paid to Mulroney originated in a Swiss bank account code-named "Frankfurt". CBC Television is a Canadian English language Television network. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Schreiber used the same account to pay the secret Airbus commissions. Schreiber transferred $500,000 from "Frankfurt" to an account in Zürich code-named "Britan" on July 26, 1993 and used these funds to make the three cash payments to Mulroney in 1993 and 1994. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)
Five years after the payments began, Mulroney and Schreiber met again in a suite at the Hotel Savoy in Zurich, Switzerland. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Schreiber claims Mulroney tried to extract a promise: Schreiber would never reveal the payments. Schreiber also claims Mulroney's attorneys later tried to induce him into perjury by asking that he sign an affidavit falsely stating that he had never paid any money to Mulroney. Perjury, also known as forswearing, is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under Oath or Affirmation in a An affidavit is a formal sworn statement of fact, signed by the declarant (who is called the affiant or deponent) and witnessed (as to the veracity of the Mulroney denies the charge. He also denies Schreiber's claim that the payments totaled $300,000.
Testifying before the House of Commons Ethics Committee on December 13, 2007, Mulroney said the cash payments were for lobbying foreign leaders to buy armored vehicles from Thyssen industries, a company Schreiber represented. Mulroney said Schreiber had paid him as a consultant for this task only. Mulroney said he never had a written contract, made written reports, or issued receipts for the cash payments. Mulroney said he had destroyed records related to the transactions and received the payments in cash at Schreiber's insistence. Mulroney denied any legal wrong doing. He admitted to errors in judgment and apologized for any appearance of impropriety. Mulroney described the affair as "a near death experience" and said his family had suffered greatly.
For many years, Mulroney had not acknowledged receiving money from Schreiber. The payments were not disclosed in Mulroney's 1995 lawsuit against the Government of Canada. Mulroney had testified under oath that he "never had any dealings" with Schreiber, knew him only "peripherally" and they had a cup of coffee "once or twice". In his 2004 book A Secret Trial, former law professor William Kaplan describes Mulroney's testimony as evasive, incomplete and misleading. William Kaplan (born Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 24 1957 is a Canadian Lawyer and writer
In his testimony, Schreiber made allegations that imply ". . . a Canadian party leader subverted and deposed by foreign interests, of federal contracts being used to funnel money back to those interests, of bid-rigging and kickbacks. " (Andrew Coyne in Maclean's magazine, January 14, 2008, p. Andrew Coyne is the national editor for Maclean's, a weekly national Newsmagazine in Canada. Maclean's is a Canadian weekly News magazine, reporting on Canadian issues such as politics pop culture and current events 27).
Mulroney and Schreiber question each other's truthfulness and credibility. In his testimony to the Canadian House of Commons Ethics Committee on December 13, 2007, Mulroney pointed out contradictory statements Schreiber has made over the years, including statements made under oath. The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and Mulroney also stated that the work he had performed for his arms-trading business associate Schreiber was out-of-country, rather than lobbying his own Canadian government - such as lobbying the late President Boris Yeltsin that Russia buy arms yet to be made in Canada. Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Schreiber had been incarcerated in Canada following his 1999 arrest on a German warrant for tax evasion, and is currently released on bail. Mulroney did not declare the income or pay taxes on it until years later, when Schreiber had come under criminal investigation in Germany. Erik Neilsen, former Deputy Prime Minister for Mulroney, has stated disbelief in Mulroney's account and credibility [25]
Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper had called a public inquiry in November, 2007, and appointed David Lloyd Johnston as a special adviser, to study the matter and prepare terms of reference for the inquiry - although Johnston had once reported directly to Mulroney during his term as prime minister. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC David Lloyd Johnston CC (born June 28, 1941) is a Canadian academic and author Johnston reported to Harper on January 11, 2008 that he had found 16 significant questions which required further examination. Harper accepted the report, and stated that a limited public inquiry process would begin once the House of Commons Ethics Committee finished its work (The Globe and Mail, January 11, 2008, p. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities A1).
Schreiber is fighting extradition to Germany, where he is at the center of a bribery scandal that helped bring down a government and damaged the legacy of former Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born 3 April 1930 is a German conservative politician and statesman He appeared before the House of Commons Ethics Committee three times in late November and early December 2007, and again in February 2008, and will likely be called upon to testify at the future limited public inquiry. A public inquiry is an official Review of events or actions ordered by a country's state's or province's government Mulroney appeared before the Ethics Committee on December 13, 2007. Six weeks later, his lawyers submitted a letter to Paul Szabo, the Ethics Committee chairman, indicating that their client would not appear again before the committee because of his "unfair" treatment on December 13. Paul John Mark Szabo (born May 10, 1948 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian Politician. [26] On February 26, 2008, two days before that scheduled appearance, CTV News reported that Mr. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common CTV News is the News division of the CTV Television Network in Canada, and the name of the local and regional newscasts on the network's Owned-and-operated Mulroney's lawyer had reiterated Mulroney's refusal to reappear before the Committee. [27]
After politics
Since leaving office, Mulroney has served as an international business consultant. He currently sits on the board of directors of multiple corporations, including Barrick Gold, Quebecor Inc. and Archer Daniels Midland. The following is a list of people on multiple governing boards. Barrick Gold Corporation () is the largest pure Gold mining company in the world with its headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada Quebecor Inc ( is a Canadian communications company based in Montreal, Quebec. The Archer Daniels Midland Company ( is a conglomerate based in Decatur Illinois. As well as chairman of the board at Quebecor World, he is a director of Barrick Gold Corp. (Toronto), TrizecHahn Corp. (Toronto), Archer Daniels Midland Co. (Decatur, Illinois), Cendant Corp. (New York), AOL Latin America, Inc. (New York) and Cognicase Inc. (Montreal). He is a senior coulsellor to Hicks, Muse, Tate and Furst, a global private equity fund in Dallas, chairman of Forbes Global (New York). He is also chairman of various international advisory boards and councils for many international companies, including Barrick Gold, Hicks, Power Corp. (Montreal), Bombardier (Montreal), the China International Trust and Investment Corp. (Beijing), J. P. Morgan Chase and Co. (New York), Violy, Byorum and Partners (New York), VS&A Communications Partners (New York), Independant Newspapers (Dublin) and General Enterprise Management Services Limited (British Virgin Islands). [28]
He remains a partner with the law firm Ogilvy Renault. Ogilvy Renault LLP is a major Canadian Law firm with 450 members in offices in Montreal Ottawa Quebec Toronto and London England His experiences as prime minister, such as trying to reconcile the western provinces and Quebec and his close relationship with former President George H.W. Bush, have served him well. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993
In 1998, Mulroney was accorded Canada's highest civilian honour when he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin
In January 2004, Mulroney delivered a keynote speech in Washington, D.C. celebrating the tenth anniversary of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The 40th President of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, died on June 5 2004 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Yasuhiro Nakasone (中曽根 康弘 Nakasone Yasuhiro, born May 27 1918 is a Japanese Politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D In June 2004, Mulroney presented an eulogy for former U. S. President Ronald Reagan during the latter's state funeral. The 40th President of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, died on June 5 2004 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade Mulroney and former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher were the first foreign dignitaries to eulogize at a funeral for an American president. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Two years later, at the request of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Mulroney traveled to Washington, DC along with Michael Wilson, Canada's ambassador to the United States, as Canada's representatives at the state funeral of former president Gerald Ford. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Gerald Ford died on December 26, 2006 at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, at 645 p
In February 2005, Mulroney was diagnosed with a lesion on one of his lungs. In his youth, Mulroney had been a heavy smoker. He underwent successful surgery and was recovered well enough to tape a speech for the Conservative Party of Canada's 2005 Policy Convention in Montreal in March, though he could not attend in person. The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Though his surgery was initially reported to have gone on without incident, he later developed pancreatitis and he remained in hospital for several weeks. Pancreatitis is the Inflammation of the Pancreas. See also Acute pancreatitis and Chronic pancreatitis for more details It was not until April 19 that his son, Ben Mulroney, announced he was recovering and would soon be released. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Benedict Martin Paul "Ben" Mulroney (born March 9, 1976 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Television host.
On September 12, 2005, veteran writer and former Mulroney confidant Peter C. Newman released The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Peter Charles Newman, CC, CD, MComm, LLD (born May 10 1929) is a Canadian Journalist. The Secret Mulroney Tapes Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister is a controversial Biography of former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Based in large part on unguarded remarks from the former prime minister which Newman had taped with Mulroney's knowledge, the book set off national controversy. Newman had been given unfettered access to Mulroney for a thorough biography. Newman claims Mulroney did not honour an agreement to allow him access to confidential papers. [29] After the falling out, Mulroney began work on his autobiography, without Newman's help. Mulroney himself has declared that he showed poor judgement in making such unguarded statements, but he says that he will have to live with it.
This led Mulroney to respond at the annual Press Gallery Dinner which is noted for comedic moments, in Ottawa, 22 October 2005. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The former Prime Minister appeared on tape and very formally acknowledged the various dignitaries and audience groups before delivering the shortest speech of the night: "Peter Newman: Go fuck yourself. Thank you. Good night. "
Thirteen years after leaving office, Mulroney was named the 'greenest' Prime Minister in Canadian history by a 12-member panel at an event organized by Corporate Knights magazine. Corporate Knights Inc was established in 2002 and is an independent Canadian-based media company in Toronto. [30]
On June 15, 2007, the University of Western Ontario awarded Brian Mulroney an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LLD). Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The University of Western Ontario (known as Western, as well as UWO or Western Ontario) is a public research University located in London [31]
Legacy
Mulroney's legacy is complicated and even emotional. Mulroney makes the case that his once radical policies on the economy and free trade were not reversed by subsequent governments, and regards this as vindication. [32] His Deputy Prime Minister Don Mazankowski said that his greatest accomplishment will be seen as, "Dragging Canada kicking and screaming into the 21st century. Donald Frank Mazankowski, PC, OC, AOE (born July 27, 1935, in Viking Alberta) was a Canadian politician who " Mulroney's legacy in Canada is associated mostly with the 1988 Free Trade Agreement[33] and the Goods and Services Tax (GST). The Canadian Goods and Services Tax ( GST) ( French:) is a multi-level Value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991
Although the Tories were re-elected in 1988 campaigning on free trade, they won with only 43% of the popular vote, compared to 56% of the vote which went to the Liberals and the New Democratic Party who campaigned mostly against the agreement. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots However, when the Liberals under Jean Chrétien came to office in 1993 promising to re-negotiate key parts of the agreement, they continued the deal with only slight changes, and signed the North American Free Trade Agreement which expanded the free trade area to include Mexico. Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Environmentalists, social activists, nationalists, labour leaders and members of the cultural community continue to complain today of alleged injustices Canada faces due to free trade.
The visibility of the GST proved to be very unpopular. The GST was created to help eliminate the ever growing deficit and to replace the hidden Manufacturer's sales tax, which Mulroney argued was hurting business. Mulroney's usage of a rare Constitutional clause to push the tax through,[34] prices not falling very much with the MST removed, and the "in your face" nature of the tax would infuriate politicians and the public. The succeeding Liberal government of Jean Chrétien campaigned in 1993 on a promise to remove the GST but never did so once in office, prompting two of their members Sheila Copps and John Nunziata to resign or be expelled in protest. Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Sheila Maureen Copps, PC (born November 27, 1952) is a Canadian Journalist and former Politician. John Nunziata (born January 4, 1955) is a Canadian politician Current Prime Minister Harper has lowered the GST to 6% in 2006 and pledged in late 2007 to reduce it further to 5%. Mulroney's supporters argue that the GST helped the subsequent government eliminate the deficit, and that the visible nature of the tax kept politicians more accountable.
At the international level, Mulroney was one of Canada's most influential prime ministers. His emphasis on strong personal relationships with other leaders made him a successful advocate in fighting apartheid within the Commonwealth and beginning the process of mobilizing international efforts to combat global warming. Chrétien, who attacked Mulroney for this, became good friends with Bush's successor Bill Clinton. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Near the end of his tenure, Chrétien received some criticism as some of his subordinates made personal attacks against George W. Bush. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.
Mulroney's intense unpopularity at the time of his resignation led many Conservative politicians to distance themselves from him for some years. His government had flirted with 10% approval ratings in the early 1990s, when Mulroney's arrogance, honesty, and intentions were frequently questioned in the media, by Canadians in general and by his political colleagues. [35] . During the 1993 election, the Progressive Conservative Party was reduced to just two seats, which was seen as partially due to a backlash against Mulroney, as well as due to the fracturing of his "Grand Coalition".
Social conservatives found fault with Mulroney's government in a variety of areas. These include Mulroney's opposition to capital punishment[13] and an attempted compromise on abortion. Abortion in Canada is not limited by the law While some non-legal obstacles exist Canada is one of only a few nations with no legal restrictions on Abortion [36] Fiscal conservatives likewise didn't appreciate his tax increases and his failure to curtail expansion of "big government" programs and political patronage. Big government (sometimes capitalized as Big Government) is a Pejorative term generally used by political conservatives, Laissez-faire Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization While Mulroney's views on these issues helped him to be electable across Canada, the Canadian right wing would fracture during Mulroney's tenure.
In the 1993 election, nearly all of the Tories' Western support transferred into Reform, which replaced the PCs as the major right-wing force in Canada. The Tories only won two seats west of Quebec in the next decade and recovered only upon reunification the elements that had split from the party in the late 1980s. The Canadian right was not reunited until they merged with Reform's successor, the Canadian Alliance, in December 2003 to form the new Conservative Party of Canada. The Canadian Alliance (in French Alliance Canadienne) formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (or in French Alliance réformiste-conservateur The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative Mulroney played an influential role by supporting the merger at a time when former PC leaders Joe Clark, Jean Charest and Kim Campbell either opposed it or expressed ambivalence. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman John James Charest PC MNA (known as Jean Charest) ʒɑ̃ ʃɑʀe (born June 24, 1958) is a Canadian Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada
Historians Norman Hillmer and J.L. Granatstein ranked Mulroney eighth among Canada's prime ministers in their 1999 book Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders. Professor Norman Hillmer (born George Norman Hillmer is a leading Canadian Historian and is among the leading scholars on Canada-US relations Jack Lawrence Granatstein OC, FRSC (born 1939 is a Canadian Historian who specializes in political and Military history.
Memoir
Mulroney's Memoirs: 1939-1993 was released on September 10, 2007. Memoirs 1939-1993 is a Memoir written by the former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Mulroney offers an ad hominem critique of his late political rival Pierre Trudeau for avoiding military service in the Second World War, and favourably references sources that describe the young Trudeau as holding anti-Semitic views. An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem ( Latin: "argument to the man" "argument against the man" World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility [37] Tom Axworthy, a prominent Liberal strategist, responded that Trudeau should be judged on his mature views, rather than "ridiculous" beliefs that he briefly entertained in his youth. Thomas Sidney Axworthy OC (born May 23, 1947, in Winnipeg Manitoba) is a Canadian civil servant political strategist writer and Historian and former MP and Trudeau biographer John R. English has also noted that Trudeau's youthful views must be considered in the context of their age, saying "I don't think it does any good to do this kind of historical ransacking to try to destroy reputations". John Richard English, CM PhD FRSC (born January 26, 1945) is a Canadian academic who has also been very active in Canadian public life [38][39] The name Karlheinz Schreiber, Mulroney's business associate, does not appear in the long memoir (The Globe and Mail, December 10, 2007). Karlheinz Schreiber (born March 25, 1934 in Petersdorf (Thüringen) a German -born Canadian citizen who is a Lobbyist, The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities
Honours
According to Canadian protocol, as a former Prime Minister, he is styled "The Right Honourable" for life. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain
- Companion of the Order of Canada
- GC of the National Order of Quebec
- Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Kniaz Yaroslav the Wise (Ukraine) [5]
Supreme Court appointments
Mulroney chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:
- Gerard La Forest (January 16, 1985 – September 30, 1997)
- Claire L'Heureux-Dubé (April 15, 1987 – July 1, 2002)
- John Sopinka (May 24, 1988 – November 24, 1997)
- Charles Gonthier (February 1, 1989 – August 1, 2003)
- Peter Cory (February 1, 1989 – June 1, 1999)
- Beverly McLachlin (March 30, 1989 – present)
- Antonio Lamer (as Chief Justice, (July 1, 1990 – January 6, 2000; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister Trudeau, March 28, 1980)
- William Stevenson (September 17, 1990 – June 5, 1992)
- Frank Iacobucci (January 7, 1991 – June 30, 2004)
- John C. Major (November 13, 1992 – December 25, 2005)
Notable cabinet ministers
See also
- Shamrock Summit
- Airbus affair
- Ben Mulroney - son of the Prime Minister and television personality
Further reading
- Winners, Losers, by Patrick Brown (journalist), Rae Murphy, and Robert Chodos, 1976. The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Gérard Vincent La Forest (born April 1, 1926) was a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada from January 16, 1985 Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Claire L'Heureux-Dubé (born September 7, 1927) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Canada from 1987 to 2002 Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. John Sopinka QC ( March 19 1933 - November 24 1997) was a Canadian lawyer and Puisne justice on the Supreme Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Charles Doherty Gonthier, CC, BA, BCL ( August 1, 1928) was a Puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Canada from Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Peter deCarteret Cory, CC, QC, BA, LLB, LLD (born October 25, 1925) was a Puisne judge of the Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Beverley McLachlin PC (born September 7, 1943) is the Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold that position Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Joseph Antonio Charles Lamer, PC, CC, CD (July 8 1933 &ndash November 24 2007 was a Canadian lawyer jurist and Chief Justice "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. A Puisne Justice or Puisne Judge (pronounced puny, and derived from the obsolete French puisné, modern French puîné, "junior" is Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) William Alexander Stevenson (born May 7, 1934) was a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Frank Iacobucci, CC (born January 29 1937) was a Puisne Justice on the Supreme Court of Canada from 1991 to 2004 when he retired from Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " John Charles Major CC (born February 20 1931) is a Canadian Jurist and was a Puisne justice on the Supreme Court Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman Arthur Jacob "Jake" Epp, PC (born September 1 1939 is an executive and former Canadian politician Barbara Jean McDougall, PC, OC, (born November 12, 1937, Toronto, Ontario) is a former Canadian Politician Michael Holcombe Wilson PC OC (born November 4, 1937) is a Canadian diplomat politician and business leader John Carnell Crosbie PC OC QC ONL (born January 30, 1931) is a retired provincial and federal Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada John James Charest PC MNA (known as Jean Charest) ʒɑ̃ ʃɑʀe (born June 24, 1958) is a Canadian Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician. Bernard Valcourt, PC (born February 18 1952 in St-Quentin, New Brunswick) is a Canadian Politician and Erik Hersholt Nielsen, DFC, QC, PC ( February 24 1924 &ndash September 4, 2008) was a Canadian Donald Frank Mazankowski, PC, OC, AOE (born July 27, 1935, in Viking Alberta) was a Canadian politician who Henry Perrin Beatty, PC (born June 1, 1950) is a corporate executive and former Canadian politician The Shamrock Summit was a name given to the 1985 meeting between Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U The Airbus affair refers to allegations of secret commissions paid to members of the Government of Canada during the term of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney Benedict Martin Paul "Ben" Mulroney (born March 9, 1976 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Television host. Patrick Brown is a Canadian journalist based in and living in Beijing China.
- Where I Stand, by Brian Mulroney, 1983.
- Discipline of Power: the Conservative Interlude and the Liberal Restoration, by Jeffrey Simpson, Macmillan of Canada, 1984, ISBN 0920510248. Jeffrey Carl Simpson (born 1949 in New York City New York) is an influential Canadian journalist
- Brian Mulroney: The Boy from Baie Comeau, by Nick Auf der Maur, Rae Murphy, and Robert Chodos, 1984. Nick Auf der Maur ( April 10 1942 – April 7, 1998) was a journalist politician and "man about town" boulevardier in Montreal
- Mulroney: The Making of the Prime Minister, by L. Ian MacDonald, 1984. L Ian MacDonald (born Montreal, 1947 is a Canadian writer broadcaster and diplomat
- The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists, by John Sawatsky, 1987. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
- Prime Ministers of Canada, by Jim Lotz, 1987.
- Selling Out: Four Years of the Mulroney Government, by Eric Hamovitch, Rae Murphy, and Robert Chodos, 1988.
- Friends in high places: politics and patronage in the Mulroney government, by Claire Hoy, 1989.
- Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques
- Right Honourable Men: the Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, by Michael Bliss, 1994. Professor Michael Bliss CM, PhD, FRSC (born 1941 is a conservative Canadian historian and public intellectual considered
- On the Take: Crime, Corruption and Greed in the Mulroney Years, by Stevie Cameron, 1994. Stevie Cameron (born 1943 in Barrie Ontario) is a Canadian investigative journalist and author
- The Prime Ministers of Canada, by Gordon Donaldson (journalist), 1997. Gordon Donaldson (1926-2001 was a Scottish - Canadian author and journalist
- Presumed Guilty: Brian Mulroney, the Airbus Affair, and the Government of Canada, by William Kaplan, 1998. William Kaplan (born Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 24 1957 is a Canadian Lawyer and writer
- Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders, by Norman Hillmer and J.L. Granatstein, 1999. Professor Norman Hillmer (born George Norman Hillmer is a leading Canadian Historian and is among the leading scholars on Canada-US relations Jack Lawrence Granatstein OC, FRSC (born 1939 is a Canadian Historian who specializes in political and Military history.
- The Last Amigo: Karlheinz Schreiber and the Anatomy of a Scandal, by Stevie Cameron and Harvey Cashore, 1999. Stevie Cameron (born 1943 in Barrie Ontario) is a Canadian investigative journalist and author
- Egotists and Autocrats: The Prime Ministers of Canada, by George Bowering, 1999. George Harry Bowering (born December 1, 1935) is a prolific Canadian Novelist, Poet, Historian, and Biographer
- Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present, by Will Ferguson, 1999. Will Ferguson (born William Stener Ferguson on October 12 1964 is a Canadian writer and novelist who is best known for his humorous observations on Canadian history
- A Secret Trial: Brian Mulroney, Stevie Cameron, and the Public Trust, by William Kaplan, 2004. William Kaplan (born Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 24 1957 is a Canadian Lawyer and writer
- The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister, by Peter C. Newman, 2005. Peter Charles Newman, CC, CD, MComm, LLD (born May 10 1929) is a Canadian Journalist.
References
- ^ Parliament of Canada
- ^ Peter C. Newman, The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister. Peter Charles Newman, CC, CD, MComm, LLD (born May 10 1929) is a Canadian Journalist. The Secret Mulroney Tapes Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister is a controversial Biography of former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Random House Canada, 2005, p. 54.
- ^ Gordon Donaldson, The Prime Ministers of Canada, (Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997), p. Gordon Donaldson (1926-2001 was a Scottish - Canadian author and journalist 309.
- ^ a b Donaldson, p. 310.
- ^ H. Graham Rawlinson and J.L. Granatstein, The Canadian 100: The 100 Most Influential Canadians of the 20th century, Toronto: McArthur & Company, 1997, pp. Jack Lawrence Granatstein OC, FRSC (born 1939 is a Canadian Historian who specializes in political and Military history. 19-20.
- ^ a b Jim Lotz, Prime Ministers of Canada, Bison Books, 1987, p. 144.
- ^ Private life after public loss - Television - CBC Archives
- ^ Donaldson, p. 320; Newman, p. 71.
- ^ a b c d Newman, pp. 71-72.
- ^ Newman, p. 91, quoting "Mulroney's friend Arthur Campeau. "
- ^ Hamovitch, Eric, Rae Murphy, Robert Chodos. Selling Out: Four Years of the Mulroney Government, 1988. Page 115.
- ^ Newman, p. 116.
- ^ a b Newman, p. 427.
- ^ Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Ammunition Production
- ^ canada.com story
- ^ ctv story
- ^ CBC website November 7, 2007
- ^ Donaldson, p. 334.
- ^ Rawlinson and Graham, p. 22.
- ^ Russell Ash, The Top 10 of Everything 2000, Montreal: The Reader's Digest Association (Canada) Ltd. , 1999, p. 80.
- ^ University of Waterloo http://newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca/news.php?id=61,
- ^ Donaldson, p. 349.
- ^ 1993 Canadian Federal Election Results (Detail)
- ^ New questions raised over Mulroney's ties with German businessman
- ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071215.wmulroney15/BNStory/National/home
- ^ Probe 'Unfair': Mulroney
- ^ CTV.ca | Mulroney won't appear before committee: lawyer
- ^ Mulroney-Harper alliance bad news for Canada's workers
- ^ Newman, p. 50.
- ^ CTV.ca | Mulroney praised for his green record as PM
- ^ The University of Western Ontario
- ^ Newman, p. 361.
- ^ Donaldson, p. 334.
- ^ Donaldson, p. 344.
- ^ Donaldson, p. 327.
- ^ Donaldson, p. 356.
- ^ National Post: Repairing Trudeau's mistakes
- ^ Reuters: Mulroney lashes Trudeau, calls him a coward
- ^ Canadian Press: Liberals defend Trudeau from attack by 'sad' embittered Mulroney
External links
- Order of Canada Citation
- Political Biography from the Library of Parliament
- The 'Greenest' PM in History
- Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
- http://mulroneymediaroom.com/, Brian Mulroney's personal site for releasing documents and statements about his public activity.
- CBC Digital Archives – From Cheers to Jeers: The Mulroney Years
| 24th Ministry - Government of Brian Mulroney | ||
| Cabinet Posts (1) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| John Turner | Prime Minister of Canada (1984 – 1993) |
Kim Campbell |
| Preceded by Erik Nielsen |
Leader of the Opposition 1983 – 1984 |
Succeeded by John Turner |
| Progressive Conservative Leaders 1983 – 1993 |
Succeeded by Kim Campbell |
|
| Parliament of Canada | ||
| Preceded by Elmer M. MacKay |
Member of Parliament for Central Nova 1983 – 1984 |
Succeeded by Elmer M. MacKay |
| Preceded by André Maltais |
Member of Parliament for Manicouagan 1984 – 1988 |
Succeeded by Charles Langlois |
| Preceded by Charles Hamelin |
Member of Parliament for Charlevoix 1988 – 1993 |
Succeeded by Gérard Asselin |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Amintore Fanfani |
Chair of the G8 1988 |
Succeeded by François Mitterrand |
| Preceded by John Turner |
Canadian order of precedence as of 2007 |
Succeeded by Kim Campbell |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mulroney, Martin Brian |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Mulroney, Brian |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 18th Prime Minister of Canada (1984–1993) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 20, 1939 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Baie-Comeau, Quebec |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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