Breast milk usually refers to the milk produced by a human female which is usually fed to infants, toddlers, and young children by breastfeeding. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells Toddler is a common term for a young Child who is learning to walk or "toddle", generally considered to be the second stage of development after infancy CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat solid food and digest a wider variety of food. Breast milk is fed to the infant by a variety of methods: breastfeeding, baby bottle, cup and/or spoon, supplementation drip system, and nasogastric tube. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other A baby bottle is a Bottle with a Teat (also called a Nipple in the US) to drink directly from Nasogastric intubation is a medical process involving the insertion of a plastic tube ( nasogastric tube NG tube) through the Nose, past the Throat
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Production
Under the influence of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin, women produce milk after childbirth to feed the baby. Prolactin ( PRL) or Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) is a Peptide hormone primarily associated with Lactation. Oxytocin ( IPA: /ˌɔksɪˈtoʊsɪn/ (Greek "quick birth" is a Mammalian Hormone that also acts as a Neurotransmitter in the Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or The initial milk produced is often referred to as colostrum, which is high in the immunoglobulin IgA, which coats the gastrointestinal tract. Beestings redirects here or you may have wanted Bee sting or beasting. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily Immunoglobulin A ( IgA) is an Antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity This helps to protect the newborn until its own immune system is functioning properly along with creating a mild laxative effect, expelling meconium and helping to prevent the build up of bilirubin (a contributory factor in jaundice). Laxatives (or purgatives) are foods compounds or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool most often taken to treat Constipation. Meconium is the earliest Bilirubin (formerly referred to as hematoidin) is the yellow breakdown product of normal Heme Catabolism. Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes
There are many reasons a mother may not produce enough breast milk. Some of the most common are: improper latch, not nursing or pumping enough to meet supply, certain medications, birth control, illness, dehydration, or, rarely, a physical inability to produce. Lack of supply can be addressed by nursing or/and pumping more frequently. A breast pump is a mechanical device (powered manually or by electricity that extracts Milk from the Breasts of a female who is Lactating. The more the mother nurses her baby, or pumps, the more milk is produced. It is very helpful to nurse on demand - to nurse when the baby wants to nurse rather than on a schedule. If pumping; it is helpful to have an electric high grade pump so that all of the milk ducts are stimulated. Some mothers try to increase their milk supply in other ways - by taking the herb fenugreek, used for hundreds of years to increase supply ("Mother's Milk" teas contain fenugreek as well as other supply-increasing herbs); there are also prescription medications that can be used, such as Domperidone (off-label use) and Reglan. Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Domperidone (trade name Motilium or Motillium) is an Antidopaminergic drug, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, and used orally Metoclopramide ( INN) (ˌmɛtəˈkloʊprəmaɪd or /ˌmɛtəˈklɒprəmaɪd is a potent Dopamine receptor antagonist used for its Antiemetic and Prokinetic Increasers of milk supply are known as galactagogues. A galactagogue is a substance that induces Lactation. The most commonly cited galactagogues are herbal Fenugreek, Brewer's yeast, blessed thistle
Composition
The exact integrated properties of breast milk are not entirely understood, but the nutrient content after this period is relatively consistent and draws its ingredients from the mother's food supply. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment If that supply is found lacking, content is obtained from the mother's bodily stores. The exact composition of breast milk varies from day to day, depending on food consumption and environment, meaning that the ratio of water to fat fluctuates. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Foremilk, the milk released at the beginning of a feed, is watery, low in fat and high in carbohydrates relative to the creamier hindmilk which is released as the feed progresses. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most The breast can never be truly "emptied" since milk production is a continuous biological process.
Human milk contains 0. 8% to 0. 9% protein, 3% to 5% fat, 6. 9% to 7. 2% carbohydrates and 0. 2% ash (minerals). Carbohydrates are mainly lactose; several lactose-based oligosaccharides have been identified as minor components. Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. The principal proteins are casein homologous to bovine beta-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, IgA, lysozyme and serum albumin. See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. Lactalbumin is the albumin contained in Milk and obtained from Whey. Lactoferrin (LF also known as lactotransferrin (LTF Lysozyme is a family of Enzymes ( which damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing Hydrolysis of 14-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is the most abundant Plasma protein in humans and other Mammals Albumin is essential for maintaining Non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds, making up 25% of the milk's nitrogen, include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids and nucleotides. Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 Creatine is Nitrogenous Organic acid that occurs naturally in Vertebrates and helps to supply energy to Muscle and nerve cells Creatinine is a break-down product of Creatine phosphate in Muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group [1][2]
Mother's milk has been shown to supply a type of endocannabinoid (the natural neurotransmitters which marijuana simulates), 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol. Cannabinoids ( are a group of terpeno[[phenol]]ic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG is an Endocannabinoid, an endogenous Agonist of the CB1 receptor. [3]
Though now it is almost universally prescribed, in the 1950s the practice of breastfeeding went through a period where it was out of vogue and the use of infant formula was considered superior to breast milk. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other Infant formula is an artificial substitute for human Breast milk, designed for Infant consumption
However, today it is now recognized that there is no commercial formula that can equal breast milk. In addition to the appropriate amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat, breast milk also provides vitamins, minerals, digestive enzymes and hormones - all of the things that a growing infant will require. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Digestion enzymes are Enzymes that break down Polymeric Macromolecules into their smaller building blocks Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Breast milk also contains antibodies from the mother that may help the baby to resist infections.
Women who are breastfeeding should consult with their physician regarding substances that can be unwittingly passed to the infant via breast milk, such as alcohol, viruses (HIV or HTLV-1) or medications. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV is a Human, single-stranded RNA Retrovirus that causes T-cell Leukemia and T-cell Lymphoma
Most women who do not breastfeed use infant formula, but breast milk donated by volunteers to human milk banks can be obtained by prescription. Infant formula is an artificial substitute for human Breast milk, designed for Infant consumption [1] Cow's milk is recommended as a substitute, but only for children over one year old.
Comparison to other milks
All mammal species produce milk, but the composition of milk for each species varies widely and other kinds of milk are often very different from human breast milk. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands As a rule, the milk of mammals that nurse frequently (including human babies) is less rich, or more watery, than the milk of mammals whose young nurse less often.
Whole cow's milk does not contain sufficient vitamin E, iron, or essential fatty acids, which can make infants fed on cow's milk anemic. See also Tocopherol, Tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related Tocopherols and Tocotrienols which are fat-soluble Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative Whole cow's milk also contains excessive amounts of protein, sodium, and potassium which may put a strain on an infant's immature kidneys. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles In addition, the proteins and fats in whole cow's milk are more difficult for an infant to digest and absorb than the ones in breast milk. [4] Evaporated milk may be easier to digest due to the processing of the protein but is still nutritionally inadequate. Evaporated milk, also known as dehydrated milk is a Shelf-stable canned Milk product with about 60% of the water removed from fresh A significant minority of infants are allergic to one or more of the constituents of cow's milk, most often the high amounts of lactose (milk sugars) and agglutinin. A food allergy is an adverse immune response to a food protein These problems can also affect infant formulas derived from cow's milk.
Goat's milk does not contain agglutinin, which means that the fat globules in goat's milk do not cluster together like they do in cow's milk, which makes goat's milk easier for an infant to digest. Agglutinin is a protein found in Cow 's milk Because agglutinin clumps cow's milk requires Homogenization in order to remain smooth Goat's milk also does not contain many of the allergens found in cow's milk. However, like cow's milk, goat's milk is also unsuitable for infants as it also does not have appropriate concentrations of electrolytes and can cause intestinal irritation and anemia.
Human milk is noticeably thinner and sweeter than cow milk. Left in a cup, the cream will rise and form a thin layer.
Extraordinary consumption
In the ancient world, breast milk was sometimes consumed by fertility cults, and in other religious ceremonies.
Preliminary research indicates that breast milk can induce apoptosis in some types of cancer cells [5]. Adults with GI disorders and organ donation recipients can also benefit from the immunologic powers of human breast milk. More research is needed in these areas.
See also
References
- ^ Jenness R (Jul 1979). Lactation describes the secretion of Milk from the Mammary glands the process of providing that milk to the young and the period of time that a Mother The phenomenon of male Lactation in humans has become more common in recent years due to the use of Medications that stimulate a man's Mammary glands Though A breast pump is a mechanical device (powered manually or by electricity that extracts Milk from the Breasts of a female who is Lactating. A human milk bank is "a service which collects screens processes and dispenses by prescription human milk donated by nursing mothers who are not biologically Infant formula is an artificial substitute for human Breast milk, designed for Infant consumption "The composition of human milk". Seminars in Perinatology 3 (3): 225-239. PMID 392766.
- ^ Thorell L; Sjöberg LB, Hernell O (Dec 1996). "Nucleotides in human milk: sources and metabolism by the newborn infant. ". Pediatric Research 40 (6): 845-852. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8947961.
- ^ Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC. (April 2005). "Endocannabinoids and food intake: newborn suckling and appetite regulation in adulthood.". Experimental Biology and Medicine 230 (4): 225-234. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15792943.
- ^ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Cow's milk for infants and children
- ^ Hallgren O, Aits S, Brest P, Gustafsson L, Mossberg AK, Wullt B, Svanborg C (2008). "Apoptosis and tumor cell death in response to HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells. ". Adv Exp Med Biol. 606: 217-40. PMID 18183931.
External links
- Comparison of Human Milk and Formula
- La Leche League Human Milk Storage Information
- Children's Health Topics: Breastfeeding
- Infant nutrition information from Seattle's Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center
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