Breakout
Developer(s)	Atari Inc.
Publisher(s)	Atari Inc.
Designer(s)	Nolan Bushnell (conception), Steve Bristow (conception), Steve Wozniak (prototype)
Platform(s)	Arcade
Release date	1976
Genre(s)	Arcade
Mode(s)	Up to 2 players, alternating turns
Input methods	Rotary controller; 1 button
Cabinet	Upright and cocktail
Display	Horizontal orientation, Raster, medium resolution

Breakout is an arcade game developed by Atari Inc. and introduced on May 13, 1976. An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in businesses such as Restaurants Pubs Video arcades and Family Entertainment Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. Events In October Warner Communications acquires Atari from Nolan Bushnell for $28 million USD. It was conceptualized by Nolan Bushnell and Steve Bristow, and influenced by the 1972 arcade game Pong. Nolan K Bushnell (born February 5, 1943) is an American electrical Engineer and Entrepreneur who founded both Atari Inc Events Pong is a first generation Video game released originally as a Coin -operated Arcade game by Atari Inc The game was ported to video game consoles and upgraded to video games such as Super Breakout. In addition, Breakout was the basis and inspiration for books, video games, and the Apple II personal computer.

In the game, a layer of bricks lines the top third of the screen. A ball travels across the screen, bouncing off the top and side walls of the screen. When a brick is hit, the ball bounces away and the brick is destroyed. The player loses a turn when the ball touches the bottom of the screen. To prevent this from happening, the player has a movable paddle to bounce the ball upward and back into play.

The arcade cabinet uses a black and white monitor. An arcade cabinet, also known as an arcade machine or coin-op, is the housing within which an Arcade game 's Hardware resides A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video However, the monitor has strips of colored cellophane placed over it so that the bricks appear to be in color. Cellophane is a thin transparent sheet made of regenerated Cellulose.

Contents 1 History and development 2 Gameplay 3 Re-releases 3.1 Ports 3.2 Super Breakout 3.2.1 Other platforms 3.3 Breakout 2000 3.4 IBM PC and PlayStation 3.5 Unofficial variations 4 Influences 4.1 Apple II 4.2 Pilgrim in the Microworld 4.3 Super Breakout story 4.4 Other games 5 References 6 References 7 External links

History and development

Breakout, a discrete logic (non-microprocessor) game, was conceptualized by Nolan Bushnell and Steve Bristow, after the latter had "rejoined" Atari after the merge of Atari subsidiary Kee Games. A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated Nolan K Bushnell (born February 5, 1943) is an American electrical Engineer and Entrepreneur who founded both Atari Inc Kee Games was an Arcade game manufacturer that released games from 1973 to 1978

They had an idea to turn Pong into a single player game, where the player would use a ball to deplete a wall of bricks without missing the ball on its rebound. Pong is a first generation Video game released originally as a Coin -operated Arcade game by Atari Inc Bushnell was certain the game would be popular, and the two partnered to produce a concept. Al Alcorn was assigned as the project manager, and began development with Cyan Engineering in 1975. Allan Alcorn is a pioneering engineer and computer scientist. The same year, Alcorn assigned Steve Jobs to design a prototype. Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24 1955 is the Co-founder, Chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc and former CEO of Pixar Animation Jobs was offered USD$750, with an extra $100 each time a chip was eliminated from the prospected design. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Jobs promised to complete a prototype within four days.

Jobs noticed his friend Steve Wozniak—employee of Hewlett-Packard—was capable of producing designs with a small number of chips, and invited him to work on the hardware design with the prospect of splitting the $750 wage. Wozniak had no sketches and instead interpreted the game from its description. To save parts, he had "tricky little designs" difficult to understand for most engineers. Near the end of development, Wozniak considered moving the high score to the screen's top, but Jobs claimed Bushnell wanted it at the bottom; Wozniak unaware of any truth to his claims. The high score of a Video game, Arcade game, or Computer game is usually the highest logged point value The original deadline was met after Wozniak didn't sleep for four days straight. In the end 50 chips were removed from Jobs' original design. This equated to a $5000 USD bonus, which Jobs kept secret from Wozniak, instead only paying him $375. Though Wozniak was never annoyed at Steve over this action. ^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}

Atari was unable to use Steve Wozniak's design. By designing the board with as few chips as possible, he also cut down the amount of TTL (transistor-transistor logic) chips to 42. Transistor–transistor logic ( TTL) is a class of Digital circuits built from Bipolar junction transistors (BJT and Resistors It is called This made the design difficult to manufacture — it was too compact and complicated to be feasible with Atari's manufacturing methods. However, Wozniak claims Atari could not understand the design, and speculates "maybe some engineer there was trying to make some kind of modification to it". Atari ended up designing their own version for production, which contained about 100 TTL chips. Wozniak found the gameplay to be the same as his original creation, and couldn't find any differences. ^{[7][8][2][3][4][5]}

Gameplay

Breakout begins with eight rows of bricks, with each two rows a different color. The color order from the bottom up is yellow, green, orange and red. Using a single ball, the player must knock down as many bricks as possible by using the walls and/or the paddle below to ricochet the ball against the bricks and eliminate them. If the player's paddle misses the ball's rebound, he or she loses a turn. The player has three turns to try to clear two screens of bricks. Yellow bricks earn one point each, green bricks earn three points, orange bricks earn five points and the top-level red bricks score seven points each. To add to the challenge, the paddle shrinks to one-half its size after the ball has broken through the red row and hit the upper wall. In addition, ball speed increases at specific intervals: after four hits, after twelve hits, and after making contact with the orange and red rows.

The maximum score that one player can achieve is 896, by eliminating two screens of bricks of 448 points each. Once the second screen of bricks is destroyed, the ball in play harmlessly bounces off empty walls until the player finally relinquishes the game, as no additional screens are provided. However, a secret way to score beyond the 896 maximum is to play the game in two-player mode. If Player One completes the first screen on his or her third and last ball, then immediately and deliberately allows the ball to "drain," Player One's second screen is transferred to Player Two as a third screen, allowing Player Two to score a maximum of 1344 points if he or she is adept enough to keep the third ball in play that long. Once the third screen is eliminated, the game is over.

Re-releases

Ports

The original arcade version of Breakout has been officially ported to several systems, such as Video Pinball, the Atari 5200 (included in Super Breakout), which was presented as planet Striae's galactic game event and the Atari 2600, where the game is actually showing the storyline of a prisoner that's trying to escape. See also Software portability In Computer science, porting is the process of adapting software so that an executable program can be created Video Pinball is a Dedicated console released 1977 as another Atari Inc The Atari 5200 SuperSystem, or simply the Atari 5200, is a Video game console that was introduced in 1982 by Atari Inc The Atari 2600 is a Video game console released in October 1977

The Atari 2600 port was programmed by Brad Stewart. The Atari 2600 is a Video game console released in October 1977 Shinedown is an American Hard rock band from Jacksonville Florida formed in 2001 by Brad Stewart, Jasin Todd, and Barry Stewart had been working on a backup project for the Atari 2600, which was eventually canceled. Consequently, Brad and Ian Shepherd were both available to program Breakout for the Atari 2600. They decided to compete in the original version of Breakout for the programming rights. In the end, Brad won. In development, he didn't receive help of the original designers (and was unaware who they were), and felt that there were few obstacles to overcome. Difficulties arose with the Television Interface Adapter. The Television Interface Adapter ( TIA) is the custom chip that is the heart of the Atari 2600 game console and was created by Jay Miner of Amiga The game was published in 1978 and was conceptually the same, but with a few key differences. First, there were only six rows of bricks. Second, the player is given five turns to clear two walls instead of three. One notable addition was the Breakthru variant, where the ball does not bounce off of the bricks, but continues through them until it hits the wall. Atari had this term trademarked and used it as a sister term to Breakout in order to describe gameplay, especially in look-alike games and remakes. Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual

Super Breakout

The success of the game resulted in the development of Super Breakout a couple of years later. While ostensibly very similar to Breakout – the layout, sound, and general behaviour of the game is identical – Super Breakout is a microprocessor based game instead of discrete logic, programmed using an early M6502 chip. A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit Microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology in 1975 Super Breakout is thus able to be emulated in MAME and is also featured in a number of different Atari compilation packs. MAME is an Emulator application designed to recreate the Hardware of Arcade game systems in Software, with the intent of preserving gaming The original Breakout has not been featured, since there is no processor in Breakout — the game would have been more "simulated" than emulated.

In Super Breakout, there are three different and more advanced game types from which the player can choose:

• Double gives the player control of two bats at the same time—one placed above the other—and two balls. Losing a life occurs only when both balls go out of play, and points are doubled while the player is able to juggle both balls without losing either.
• Cavity retains the single bat and ball of Breakout, but two other balls are enclosed on the other side of the wall, which the player must free before they, too, can be used to destroy additional bricks. Points are increased for this, but triple points are available if the player can keep all three balls in play.
• Progressive also has the single bat and ball, but as the ball hits the paddle, the entire wall gradually advances downwards step by step, gaining in speed the longer the ball lasts in play. This is by far the most interesting of the three variants, and adds a whole new level of skill and urgency in breaking through the lower bricks to reach the higher-scoring ones above before the wall overwhelms the player.

Other platforms

Glu Mobile released a licensed cellular phone version of Super Breakout that includes the original game as well as updated gameplay, skins, and modes. Glu Mobile is a leading global publisher of mobile games Its portfolio of top-rated games includes original titles Super K ^[9]

Breakout 2000

There was also a reinvented Breakout 2000 game for the Atari Jaguar game console. The Atari Jaguar is a Video game console, released by Atari Corporation in. Breakout 2000 was a 3-D version of the arcade classic. Designed for one or two players. The object of the game remained the same but in a 3D playfield. There were a total of ten different Phases to survive, each consisting of five playfields. Each playfield was more difficult to clear than prior one, and each Phase added even more difficulty and features.

The game featured good and bad power-ups somewhat similar to Arkanoid. Arkanoid is an Arcade game developed by Taito in 1986 It is based upon Atari 's Breakout games of the 1970s There were unbreakable bricks, multi-hit bricks and stacked bricks. Ball movement was limited to the lower level of stacked bricks so breaking a lower brick would allow the stacked bricks to fall into the now vacated location. The game also featured a 2 player mode that allowed two people (or a person and the computer) to compete head to head. In this mode a player's ball could loop around to the other player's playfield and break the opponent's bricks. A 2X bonus was awarded for breaking your opponent's bricks.

IBM PC and PlayStation

Breakout was once again updated for the IBM PC and also for the PlayStation. The PlayStation (abbreviated PS, PSone, PS1, or informally as PSX) is a 32-bit fifth generation Video game console The PlayStation (abbreviated PS, PSone, PS1, or informally as PSX) is a 32-bit fifth generation Video game console This version featured an ongoing storyline. In it, the character of Bouncer must rescue Daisy and his friends from the evil Batnix. With advice of Coach Steel, he travels different lands to rescue his friends:

• Tutorial: Bouncer must break out of Batnix's prison to rescue his friends. After that, he must escape a wolf.
• Egypt: Against a backdrop of Egyptian desert sits a giant pyramid, its secrets hidden from view. Only total destruction will unlock all its treasures. Beneath the pyramid are secret tombs through which Bouncer must battle in order to reach the Mummy's Lair, where a final battle will rescue his first friend.
• Farm: Bouncer must use his Breakout skills to defeat sheep, chickens, and ducks to rescue his second friend. After that, he must outrun another wolf.
• Castle: A giant Dragon carries a captive into a majestic, towering medieval castle surrounded by a deep moat. Bouncer must first defeat the knight guards on the drawbridge before he can enter the castle. Once Bouncer has completed several different challenges, he must climb the castle tower to the Dragon’s nest and do battle with the Dragon to save another one of his friends.
• Factory: Batnix has devised an evil robot henchman to guard his captives in his diabolical factory. A series of devious, puzzle-like levels must be negotiated before Bouncer battles the deranged robot to complete his mission.
• Space: Bouncer launches a rocket into space in order to chase the evil Batnix and rescue Daisy. Bouncer must use his Breakout skills to deflect killer asteroids.

Unofficial variations

Many unofficial variations of Breakout were created for home computer platforms such as Apple II Plus, TRS-80 and PC. The Apple II Plus was the second model of the Apple II series of Personal computers produced by Apple Computer Inc TRS-80 was Tandy Corporation 's desktop Microcomputer model line sold through Tandy's Radio Shack stores in the late 1970s and early A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated A version of the game called "Little Brick Out" was included on the DOS 3. 2 System Master disk for the Apple II.

Influences

See also: Breakout clones

Apple II

Breakout directly influenced Steve Wozniak's design for the Apple II computer — "A lot of features of the Apple II went in because I had designed Breakout for Atari. A Breakout clone (also known as a Breakout I had designed it in hardware. I wanted to write it in software now. "^[10] This included his design of color graphics circuitry and the now infamous beep and click sound circuitry. It also directly influenced his design of Integer BASIC (which he referred to as "Game Basic"), with his Integer BASIC version of Breakout being the first "proof of concept" application running on the prototype Apple II. Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, was the BASIC interpreter of the Apple I and original Apple II computers His desire to play Breakout on his new computer also led to the addition of a paddle interface, and ultimately the bundling of paddle controllers and a cassette tape containing the code for Breakout for the Apple II's commercial release.

Pilgrim in the Microworld

Pilgrim in the Microworld is an autobiography by David Sudnow detailing his obsession with Breakout. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Sudnow describes studying the game's mechanics, visiting the manufacturer in Silicon Valley, interviewing the programmers, and reading many books dedicated to Breakout. For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley. ^[11]

Super Breakout story

For Kid Stuff Records, John Braden recorded a 7-in 33 1/3 RPM record telling the story of Super Breakout. Kid Stuff Records was a Record label of the 1980s devoted to Children's music. John Braden ( April 18 1949 - May 22 2004) a native of Little Rock Arkansas, was a writer producer and director of Motion This science fiction story dealt with NASA astronaut Captain John Stewart Chang returning from a routine mission transporting titanium ore from Io to space station New California. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Io (ˈaɪoʊ, or as Greek He encounters a rainbow barrier, presumably a force of nature, that seems to have no end on either side. He has three lobbing missiles of white light that he can bounce off the hull of his shuttle, and they prove able to break through the layers of the force field. With his life support systems failing, what follows is a test of endurance turned game as he strives to break through the barrier in space.

Other games

• Arcade remakes include Atari's own Super Breakout and Taito's Arkanoid as well as Namco's Quester. The is a Japanese developer of Video game software and arcade hardware wholly-owned by RPG publisher Square Enix. Arkanoid is an Arcade game developed by Taito in 1986 It is based upon Atari 's Breakout games of the 1970s is an amusement company based in Japan, best known overseas for Video games development Quester (クエスター is an Arcade game that was released by Namco in 1987 only in Japan.
• Handheld devices have had variants included with them as well. The most notable are those designed for rotary control, such as the iPod and the BlackBerry's Brick Breaker. iPod is a popular brand of Portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Inc The BlackBerry is a Wireless Handheld device introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager The iriver got Brickmania on the RockBox OS. iriver (formerly iRiver) is a brand and division of ReignCom, manufacturer of Digital audio players and other portable Rockbox is a Free software replacement for the Firmware held on various forms of Digital audio players (DAPs An earlier handheld variant was Nintendo's Alleyway, released in 1989 for the original Game Boy system.
• Microvision The earliest handheld device with swapable cartridges, ca 1979, shipped with Block Buster, a simplistic Breakout clone. The Microvision was the very first hand-held game console using interchangeable cartridges
• An updated version called Bebop was made in the 90s.
• Later versions of Turbo Pascal included Breakout, with source code, as an example of the Object Pascal language. Turbo Pascal is a complete software development system that includes a Compiler and an Integrated Development Environment (IDE for the Pascal programming language Object Pascal refers to a branch of object oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary Programming language of CodeGear Delphi
• Currently Sega's newest mini-game on SONIC the Hedgehog (2006) is based on Breakout.
• A version of Breakout exists in the Williams pinball machine Star Trek: The Next Generation as an Easter Egg. Because of fear of litigation the code to enter to play or even the existence of the easter egg was denied by the games' designer Steve Richie and the company.

References

References

• Breakout at MobyGames
• The Dot Eaters entry on the development of Breakout

External links

• Super Breakout Officially licensed Shockwave version. MobyGames is a Website devoted to cataloging computer and video games, both past and present
• Uber Breakout Gravity based variation

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