A brass instrument is a musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular resonator. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. A resonator is a device or system that exhibits Resonance or resonant behavior that is it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonance They are also called labrosones, literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments" (Baines, 1993).
There are two factors in changing the pitch on a valved brass instrument: pressing the valves to change the length of the tubing, and changing the player's lip aperture or "embouchure", which determines the frequency of the vibration into the instrument.
The view of most scholars (see organology) is that the term "brass instrument" should be defined by the way the sound is made, as above, and not by whether the instrument is actually made of brass. Organology (from Greek: - organon "instrument" and λόγος - logos "study" is the science of Musical instruments and Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Thus, as exceptional cases one finds brass instruments made of wood like the alphorn, the cornett, and the serpent, while some woodwind instruments are made of brass, like the saxophone. The alphorn or alpenhorn is a labrophone, consisting of a natural wooden horn of conical bore having a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece, used by mountain dwellers The cornett, cornetto or zink is an early wind instrument dating from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods A serpent is a bass Wind instrument, descended from the Cornett, and a distant ancestor of the Tuba, with a mouthpiece like a Brass Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind
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Families of brass instruments
Modern brass instruments generally come in one of two families:
- Valved brass instruments use a set of valves (typically 3 or 4 but as many as 7 or more in some cases) operated by the player's fingers that introduce additional tubing into the instrument, changing its overall length. This family includes all of the modern brass instruments except the trombone: the trumpet, horn (also called the French horn), euphonium, and tuba, as well as the cornet, flügelhorn, baritone horn, sousaphone, mellophone, and the old saxhorn. The euphonium is a conical-bore, Baritone -voiced Brass instrument. Mediatubaogg -->The tuba is the largest and lowest pitched Brass instrument. The cornet is a Brass instrument very similar to the Trumpet, distinguished by its conical bore, compact shape and mellower tone quality The flugelhorn (also spelled fluegelhorn or flügelhorn) is a Brass instrument resembling a Trumpet but with a wider conical bore The baritone horn, or simply baritone, is a member of the brass family of instruments The sousaphone is a wearable Tuba descended from the Hélicon, and designed in an ergonomically efficient way such that it fits around the body of the wearer and The mellophone is a Brass instrument that is typically used in place of the horn (sometimes called a French horn in Marching bands or Drum The saxhorn is a valved Brass instrument with a tapered bore and deep cup-shaped mouthpiece. As valved instruments are predominant among the brasses today, a more thorough discussion of their workings can be found below. The valves are usually piston valves, but can be rotary valves. Rotary valves are the norm for the horn and are also prevalent on the tuba. A rotary valve is a type of Valve in which the rotation of a passage or passages in a transverse plug regulates the flow of liquid or gas through the attached pipes Mediatubaogg -->The tuba is the largest and lowest pitched Brass instrument.
- Slide brass instruments use a slide to change the length of tubing. The main instruments in this category are the trombone family, though valve trombones are occasionally used, especially in jazz. The trombone is a Musical instrument in the brass family Like all brass instruments it is a lip-reed Aerophone: sound is produced when the player’s Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The trombone family's ancestor the sackbut and the folk instrument bazooka are also in the slide family. The Sackbut (var Sacbutt Sackbutt Sagbutt a Brass instrument from the Renaissance and Baroque Eras is the ancestor of the modern Trombone The bazooka is a rare novelty brasswind musical instrument which is several feet in length and incorporates telescopic tubing like the Trombone
There are two other families that have now become functionally obsolete for practical purposes, though instruments of both types are sometimes used for period-instrument performances of Baroque- or Classical-era pieces. The historically informed performance, period performance, or authentic performance movement is an approach by musicians and scholars to research and perform works
- Natural brass instruments, where the player can only play notes in the instrument's harmonic series, for example the bugle. See Harmonic series (mathematics for the (related mathematical concept "Bugler" redirects here For the tobacco brand see Bugler (tobacco. The trumpet was a natural brass instrument prior to about 1795, and the horn before about 1820. A natural trumpet is a valveless Brass instrument that is able to play the notes of the harmonic series. The natural horn is a musical instrument that is the ancestor of the modern-day horn, and is differentiated by its lack of valves Natural instruments are still played for some ceremonial functions, as well as period performances.
- Keyed or Fingered brass instruments used holes along the body of the instrument, which were covered by fingers or by finger-operated pads (keys) in a similar way to a woodwind instrument. Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut These included the cornett, serpent, ophicleide and keyed trumpet. The cornett, cornetto or zink is an early wind instrument dating from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods A serpent is a bass Wind instrument, descended from the Cornett, and a distant ancestor of the Tuba, with a mouthpiece like a Brass The ophicleide ( is a family of conical bore Brass keyed bugles History and playing It is reported to have been invented in 1817 and patented wwwthekeyedtrumpetcouk ---- The keyed trumpet is a Brass instrument that contrary to the traditional valved trumpet, uses keys They are more difficult to play than valved instruments.
Brass instruments may also be characterised by the geometry of the tubing, the bore. The bore of a Wind instrument is its interior chamber that defines a flow path through which air travels and is set into vibration to produce sounds Definition of bore is not clear cut, as with woodwind instruments, due to brass instruments' bell. Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut
- Cylindrical bore with approximately constant diameter tubing; cylindrical bore instruments have a bright projected tone. The trumpet, alto trombone and tenor trombone are cylindrical bore - the slide design of the trombone necessitates this. There are many different types of trombones. The most frequently encountered trombones today are the tenor and bass though as with other Renaissance instruments such as the Recorder
- Conical bore with constantly increasing diameter tubing; conical bore instruments have a mellow tone. The "British brass band" group of instruments fall into this category. A British-style brass band is a musical ensemble comprising a standardised range of brass and Percussion instruments. This includes the cornet, tenor horn (alto horn), French horn, baritone, euphonium and tuba.
Some other wind instruments
- Alphorn (wood)
- Conch (shell)
- Didgeridoo (wood, Australia)
- Natural horn
- Shofar (horn)
- Vladimirsky rozhok (wood, Russia)
- Wagner tuba
Valves
Valves are used to change the length of tubing of a brass instrument allowing the musician to change pitch. The alphorn or alpenhorn is a labrophone, consisting of a natural wooden horn of conical bore having a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece, used by mountain dwellers Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs A conch (pronounced in the USA as "konk" or "konch" ˈkɒŋk or /ˈkɒntʃ/ is one of a number of different Species The didgeridoo (also known as a didjeridu or didge) is a wind instrument of the Indigenous Australians of northern Australia. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The natural horn is a musical instrument that is the ancestor of the modern-day horn, and is differentiated by its lack of valves A shofar (שופר is a horn used for Jewish religious purposes A horn is a pointed projection of the Skin on the head of various Mammals consisting of a covering of horn ( Keratin and other Proteins The vladimirskiy rozhok (Владимирский Рожок is an ancient Russian Musical instrument made of Wood. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Wagner tuba is a comparatively rare Brass instrument that combines elements of both the horn and the Tuba. When pressed each valve changes the pitch by diverting the air stream through additional tubing, thus lengthening the instrument and lowering the harmonic series on which the instrument is vibrating. It is possible, although rare, for this behaviour to be reversed, i. e. , pressing the valve removes a length of tubing rather than adding one).
Valves are employed in combination to play different notes; a single standard had become almost universal. A particular combination of valves has an effect on pitch from any given harmonic, the effect may be seen below. This table is correct for almost any modern brass instrument.
| Valve combination | Effect on harmonic | Interval | Tuning problems |
|---|---|---|---|
| Second | 1/2 step | ||
| First | 1 step | ||
| First and second | 1 1/2 step | ||
| Third | 1 1/2 step | Flat | |
| Second and third | 2 steps | ||
| First and third | 2 1/2 steps | Perfect fourth | Sharp |
| First second and third | 3 steps | Tritone | Very sharp |
The tuning of brass instruments is not perfect, the mentioned tuning deficiencies are unavoidable; they are inherent in the construction of the instrument. The perfect fourth () is a Musical interval which spans four scale degrees The tritone ( Tri - or three and tone) is a Musical interval that spans three whole tones. Playing notes using certain combinations of valves requires "compensation" to adjust the tuning appropriately.
Valve tuning compensation
The additional tubing for each valve usually features a short tuning slide of its own for fine adjustment of the valve's tuning, except when it is too short to make this practicable. For the first and third valves this is often designed to be adjusted as the instrument is played, to account for the deficiencies in the valve system.
In most trumpets and cornets, the compensation must be provided by extending the third valve slide with the fourth finger, and the first valve slide with the left hand thumb, see "triggers and throws" below. This is used to lower the pitch of the 1-3 and 1-2-3 valve combinations. On the trumpet and cornet, these valve combinations correspond to low D, low C♯, low G, and low F♯, so chromatically, to stay in tune, one must use this method.
In instruments with a fourth valve, such as tubas, euphoniums, and piccolo trumpets, that valve lowers the pitch by a perfect fourth; this is used to compensate for the sharpness of the valve combinations 1-3 and 1-2-3 (4 replaces 1-3, 2-4 replaces 1-2-3). All three normal valves may be used in addition to the fourth to increase the instrument's range downwards by a perfect fourth, although with increasingly severe intonation problems. Intonation, in Music, is a musician's realization of pitch accuracy or the pitch accuracy of a musical instrument
When four-valved models without any kind of compensation play in the corresponding register, the sharpness becomes so severe that players must finger the note a half-step below the one they are trying to play. This eliminates the note a half-step above their open fundamental.
Manufacturers of low brass instruments may choose one or a combination of four basic approaches to compensate for the tuning difficulties, whose respective merits are subject to debate:
Compensation system
In the Compensation system, each of the first two (or three) valves has an additional set of tubing extending from the back of the valve. When the third (or fourth) valve is depressed in combination with another one, the air is routed through both the usual set of tubing plus the extra one, so that the pitch is lowered by an appropriate amount. This allows compensating instruments to play with accurate intonation in the octave below their open second partial, which is critical for tubas and euphoniums in much of their repertoire.
The compensating system was applied to French horns to serve a different purpose. It was used to allow a double horn in F and B flat to ease playing difficulties in the high register. In contrast to the system in use in tubas and euphoniums, the default 'side' of the horn is the longer F horn, with secondary lengths of tubing in coming into play when the first, second or third valves are pressed; pressing the thumb valve takes these secondary valve slides and the extra length of main tubing out of play to produce a shorter B-flat horn. A later "full double" design has completely separate valve section tubing for the two sides, and is considered superior, although rather heavier in weight.
Additional valves
Initially, compensated instruments tended to sound stuffy and blow less freely due to the air being doubled back through the main valves. In early designs, this led to sharp bends in the tubing and other obstructions of the air-flow. Some manufacturers therefore preferred adding more 'straight' valves instead, which for example could be pitched a little lower than the 2nd and 1st valves and were intended to be used instead of these in the respective valve combinations. While no longer featured in euphoniums for decades, professional tubas are still built like this, with five valves being the norm on CC- and BB♭-tubas and five or six valves on F-tubas.
Compensating double French horns can also suffer from the stuffiness resulting from the air being passed through the valve section twice, but as this really only affects the longer F side, a compensating double can be very useful for a 1st or 3rd horn player, who uses the F side less.
Additional sets of slides on each valve
Another approach was the addition of two sets of slides for different parts of the range. There used to be euphoniums and tubas built like this, but today, this approach has become highly exotic for all instruments - except French horns for which it is the norm, usually in a double, sometimes even triple configuration.
Trigger or Throw
Triggers or throws are sometimes provided on valved brass instruments allow manual, temporary, lengthening of the main tuning slide or a valve slide. These mechanisms are used to lower the pitch of notes that are naturally sharp in a specific register of the instrument, and are designed for speedy adjustment whilst playing.
A trigger is a mechanical lever that lengthens a slide when pressed in a contrary direction. Triggers are sprung in such a way to that they return the slide to its original position when released.
A throw is a simple metal grip for the player's finger or thumb, attached to a valve slide. The general term "throw" can be used to describe a u-hook, a saddle (u-shaped grips), or a ring (ring-shape grip) in which a player's finger or thumb rests. A player extends their finger or thumb to lengthen a slide, and retracts their finger to return the slide to its original position.
Some examples of instruments that utilize triggers or throws are:
Trumpet or Cornet
Triggers or throws are sometimes found on the first valve slide. They are operated by the player's thumb and are used to adjust the higher F, D and B♭.
Triggers or throws are often found on the third valve slide. They are operated by the player's fourth finger, and are used to adjust the lower D, C♯ A♭, G, and F♯. Trumpets typically use throws, whilst cornets may have a throw or trigger.
Euphoniums
A euphonium occasionally has a trigger on the tuning slide, to aid intonation on the F, F♯ and G.
Valve mechanism
The two major types of valves are rotary valves and piston valves. A rotary valve is a type of Valve in which the rotation of a passage or passages in a transverse plug regulates the flow of liquid or gas through the attached pipes A piston valve is a device used to control the motion of a Fluid along a tube or pipe by means of the Linear motion of a Piston within The first piston valve instruments were developed just after the start of the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Stölzel valve (invented by Heinrich Stölzel in 1814) was an early variety. Heinrich Stölzel ( 7 September 1777 &ndash 16 February 1844) was a German horn player who developed some of the first valves In the mid 19th century the Vienna valve was an improved design. However most professional musicians preferred rotary valves for quicker, more reliable action, until better designs of piston valves were mass manufactured towards the end of the 19th century. Since the early decades of the 20th century, piston valves have been the most common on brass instruments.
Sound production in brass instruments
Because the player of a brass instrument has direct control of the prime vibrator (the lips), brass instruments exploit the player's ability to select the harmonic at which the instrument's column of air will vibrate. In Acoustics and Telecommunication, the harmonic of a Wave is a component Frequency of the signal that is an Integer By making the instrument about twice as long as the equivalent woodwind instrument and starting with the second harmonic, players can get a good range of notes simply by varying the tension of their lips (see embouchure). The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the Mouthpiece of a Wind instrument. Brass players call each harmonic a "partial" because each loop of the vibrating air column only occupies part of the tubing (whereas at the fundamental, the loop occupies the entire length of tubing). A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a Wave that remains in a constant position
Most brass instruments are fitted with a removable mouthpiece. On Brass instruments the mouthpiece is the part of the instrument which is placed upon the player's Lips The purpose of the mouthpiece is a Resonator, which Different shapes, sizes and styles of mouthpiece may be used to suit different embouchures, or to more easily produce certain tonal characteristics. Trumpets, trombones, and tubas are characteristically fitted with a cupped mouthpiece, while horns are fitted with a conical mouthpiece. The trombone is a Musical instrument in the brass family Like all brass instruments it is a lip-reed Aerophone: sound is produced when the player’s Tubas is also the plural form of Tuba, a musical instrument Tubas ( طوباس, Tubâs) is a Palestinian
One interesting difference between a woodwind instrument and a brass instrument is that woodwind instruments are non-directional. Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut This means that the sound produced propagates in all directions with approximately equal volume. Brass instruments, on the other hand, are highly directional, with most of the sound produced traveling straight outward from the bell. This difference makes it significantly more difficult to record a brass instrument accurately. It also plays a major role in some performance situations, such as in marching bands.
Materials
Brass instruments are made of a lacquered or plated metal. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Traditionally the instruments are normally made of brass, polished and then lacquered to prevent corrosion. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties In a general sense lacquer is a clear or coloured Varnish, that dries by solvent evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard durable finish in any Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Some higher quality and higher cost instruments use gold or silver plating to prevent corrosion. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen A few specialty instruments are made from wood.
Alternatives to brass include other alloys containing significant amounts of copper or silver. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen These alloys are biostatic due to the oligodynamic effect, and thus suppress growth of molds, fungi or bacteria. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics limit the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacterial Protein production DNA replication or other aspects of The' oligodynamic effect' (Greek oligos = few dynamis = force was discovered in 1893 by the Swiss KW Nägeli as a toxic effect of metal-ions on living cells WikipediaManual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English --> Molds (or A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Brass instruments constructed from stainless steel or aluminum have good sound quality but are rapidly colonized by microorganisms and become unpleasant to play. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 WikipediaNaming
Most higher quality instruments are designed to prevent or reduce galvanic corrosion between any steel in the valves and springs, and the brass of the tubing. Galvanic corrosion is an Electrochemical process in which one Metal Corrodes preferentially when in electrical contact with a different type of metal This may take the form of desiccant design, to keep the valves dry, sacrificial zincs, replaceable valve cores and springs, plastic insulating washers, or nonconductive or noble materials for the valve cores and springs. A sacrificial anode, or sacrificial rod, is a metallic Anode used in Cathodic protection where it is intended to be dissolved to protect other metallic Some instruments use several such features.
Didactics
Children may start to learn a brass instrument as soon as all their permanent teeth have arrived, usually at age 11. Permanent teeth are the second set of Teeth formed in humans There are thirty-two permanent teeth consisting of six Maxillary and six mandibular It is possible to start earlier, but while the teeth are still changing the embouchure will need occasional adjustment, and pressure on the lips and teeth may have undesirable effects.
Ensembles
Brass instruments are one of the major classical instrument families and are played across a range of ensembles.
Orchestras include a varying number of brass instruments depending on music style and era, typically:
- Classical symphony orchestra:
-
- two to five trumpets
- two to eight french horns
- two tenor trombones
- one bass trombone
- one tuba
- Baroque orchestras may include valveless trumpets or bugles, or trumpets/cornets playing these parts. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music There are many different types of trombones. The most frequently encountered trombones today are the tenor and bass though as with other Renaissance instruments such as the Recorder There are many different types of trombones. The most frequently encountered trombones today are the tenor and bass though as with other Renaissance instruments such as the Recorder Mediatubaogg -->The tuba is the largest and lowest pitched Brass instrument. Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750.
- Romantic and modern orchestras may include larger numbers of brass including more exotic instruments. Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910
British brass bands are made entirely up of brass, mostly conical bore instruments. A British-style brass band is a musical ensemble comprising a standardised range of brass and Percussion instruments. Typical membership is:
- one soprano cornet
- five to ten cornets
- one flugelhorn
- three to five tenor horns (alto horns)
- two to three tenor trombones
- one bass trombone
- two baritones
- two euphoniums
- two E♭ tubas
- two B♭ tubas
quintets are common small brass ensembles, a quintet typically contains:
- two trumpets
- one french horn
- one trombone
- one tuba
Big Bands and other jazz bands commonly contain cylindrical bore brass instruments
- A Big band typically includes:
-
- three to five trumpets
- three to five tenor trombones
- Smaller jazz ensembles may include a single trumpet or trombone soloist. The cornet is a Brass instrument very similar to the Trumpet, distinguished by its conical bore, compact shape and mellower tone quality The flugelhorn (also spelled fluegelhorn or flügelhorn) is a Brass instrument resembling a Trumpet but with a wider conical bore Althorn redirects here For the village in Essex see Althorne. There are many different types of trombones. The most frequently encountered trombones today are the tenor and bass though as with other Renaissance instruments such as the Recorder The baritone horn, or simply baritone, is a member of the brass family of instruments The euphonium is a conical-bore, Baritone -voiced Brass instrument. Mediatubaogg -->The tuba is the largest and lowest pitched Brass instrument. Mediatubaogg -->The tuba is the largest and lowest pitched Brass instrument. A brass quintet is a five-piece musical ensemble composed of Brass instruments The most common instrumentation is two Trumpets or Cornets one French A big band is a type of Musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late
Concert bands have similar brass instrumentation to an orchestra, typically:
- two to four trumpets or cornets
- two to three tenor trombones (and occasionally an additional bass trombone)
- one baritone or euphonium
- one tuba
Single brass instruments are also often used to accompany other instruments or ensembles such as an organ, or a choir. A concert band, also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers
See also
- 20th century brass instrumentalists
- Brass band
- Bandstand
- Concert band
- Drum and bugle corps (modern)
- Marching band
- Military band
- Pitch of brass instruments
- Symphony orchestra
References
- Baines, Anthony (1993). 20th century brass instrumentalists include Trumpet (see also List of trumpeters and List of jazz trumpeters. A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section A bandstand is a circular or semicircular structure set in a Park, Garden, or Pier, designed to accommodate Musical bands performing outdoor A concert band, also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble For the Military unit see Corps of Drums A drum and bugle corps or drum corps is a musical marching unit (similar to a A marching band is in the broadest terms a group of performers that consist of instrumental Musicians and sometimes dance teams / color guard who generally perform A military band is a group of personnel that perform musical duties for military functions usually The following is a comparison table of the pitch of the common brass instruments in descending order of pitch An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well
External links
- Brass Instruments Information on individual Brass Instruments
- The traditional manufacture of brass instruments, a 1991 video (Real Player format) featuring maker Robert Barclay; from the web site of the Canadian Museum of Civilization.
- The Orchestra: A User's Manual - Brass
- Brass-Forum.co.uk UK based brass discussion forum.
- Brassmusic.Ru — Russian Brass Community
- Acoustics of Brass Instruments from Music Acoustics at the University of New South Wales
- Early Valve designs, John Ericson
- 3-Valve and 4-Valve Compensating Systems, David Werden
- Brass Instrument, Article
Dictionary
brass instrument
-noun
- (music) A musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a mouth piece (or tubular resonator).
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