Braj Kachru was born around 1932 in Kashmir. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir He is a scholar of different varieties of World English and of Kashmiri. International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects and also the movement towards an international standard Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state His work is in the field of English linguistics. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields
The circles of English
To better understand the use of English in different countries, Kachru conceived the idea of three concentric circles of the language.
The “inner circle” represents the traditional bases of English: the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Malta, anglophone Canada and South Africa, and some of Caribbean territories. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The total number of English speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the United States. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Next comes the “outer circle,” which includes countries where English is not an official language, but is important for historical reasons (e. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory g. the British Empire) and plays a part in the nation’s institutions. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. This circle includes India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa and Canada, etc. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is estimated to range from 150 million to 300 million.
Finally, the “expanding circle” encompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign language or lingua franca. A foreign language is a Language not spoken by the people of a certain place for example English is a foreign language in Japan. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely This includes much of the rest of the world's population: China, Russia, Japan, most of Europe, Korea, Egypt, Indonesia, etc. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The total in this expanding circle is the most difficult to estimate, especially because English may be employed for specific, limited purposes, usually business English. Business English is English especially related to International trade. The estimates of these users range from 100 million to one billion.
The inner circle (UK, USA,etc. ) is 'norm-providing'. That means that English language norms are developed in these countries - English is the first language there. Norms are sentences or sentence meanings with practical i e action-oriented (rather than descriptive explanatory or expressive import the most common of which A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth The outer circle (mainly New Commonwealth countries) is 'norm-developing'. The term New Commonwealth was commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s to refer to members of the Commonwealth of Nations that had joined in recent years The outer circle (much of the rest of the world) is 'norm-dependent', because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the inner circe.
Personal
He is the father of Shamit Kachru, a string theorist. Shamit Kachru is a string theorist who is a professor of physics at Stanford University and at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC String theory is a still-developing scientific approach to Theoretical physics, whose original building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects called strings
References
Among his works are The Alchemy of English (1986) and The Handbook of World Englishes (2006).
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