Citizendia

Western Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Art
Name
Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger
BirthTel Aviv, Israel
School/traditionPainting, Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Art
Main interestsPsychoanalysis, Art, Feminist theory, Aesthetics, Human Rights, Ethics, The Maternal
Notable ideasMatrixial gaze, Matrixial trans-subjectivity
Influenced byFreud, Lacan, Levinas, Lyotard, Guattari, Varela

Bracha L. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Contemporary art can be defined variously as art produced at this present point in time or art produced since World War II. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Contemporary art can be defined variously as art produced at this present point in time or art produced since World War II. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Feminist theory is the extension of Feminism into theoretical or philosophical, ground Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist Francisco Javier Varela García ( Sept 7, 1946 &ndash May 28, 2001) was a Chilean biologist, philosopher and neuroscientist Ettinger (also known as Bracha Ettinger, Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Hebrew: ברכה אטינגר, ברכה ליכטנברג-אטינגר) is an international artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst.

Ettinger is based in Paris and Tel Aviv and working mainly in Europe in art as well as academic fields.

Born in 1951[1] in Tel Aviv, she received her M. A. in Clinical Psychology from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1976. Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of Psychology for the purpose of understanding preventing The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is She then moved to London and studied, trained and worked between 1976 and 1979 at the London Centre for Psychotherapy, the Tavistock Clinic and the Philadelphia Association with R. D. Laing. See Tavistock Institute for the independent charity focussing on group relations The Philadelphia Association is a UK "charity concerned with the understanding and relief of mental suffering Ronald David Laing ( 7 October 1927 – 23 August 1989 was a Scottish Psychiatrist who wrote extensively on Mental illness She returned to Israel in 1979 and worked at Shalvata Hospital. Ettinger then decided to dedicate herself to painting and moved to Paris, where she lived and worked from 1981 to 2003. She received a D. E. A. in Psychoanalysis from the University of Paris VII in 1987, and a Ph. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Paris Diderot University ( also known as Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot) is a University in Paris, France. D. in Aesthetics of Art from the University of Paris VIII in 1996. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called The University of Paris VIII or University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis (french Université de Vincennes à Saint-Denis) was founded in 1969 as a direct

Her paintings eventually aroused the interest of different curators in French museums, and she had One-person exhibitions at the Pompidou Centre in 1987 and at the Museum of Calais in 1988. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement In 1995 she had a One-person exhibition at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, and in 1996 she participated in the Contemporary art section of "Face à l'Histoire. The Israel Museum Jerusalem (מוזיאון ישראל ירושלים Muze'on Yisrael Yerushalayim) was founded in 1965 as Israel 's National museum. Contemporary art can be defined variously as art produced at this present point in time or art produced since World War II. 1933-1996" exhibition in the Pompidou Centre. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement [2] In 2000 she had a Retrospective at the Centre for Fine Arts (The Palais des Beaux Arts) in Brussels, and in 2001 a Solo exhibition at the Drawing Center in New York. The Paleis voor Schone Kunsten ( Dutch) or Palais des Beaux-Arts ( French) is cultural venue in Brussels, Belgium. The Drawing Center is a SoHo museum and the only nonprofit exhibition space in the U New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous [3] In parallel to working as artist Bracha Ettinger continued to train as psychoanalyst with Françoise Dolto, Piera Auglanier, Pierre Fedida and Jacques-Alain Miller, and has become one of the most influential contemporary French feminists. Françoise Dolto (1908–1988 was a French doctor and Psychoanalyst, famous for her research on babies and Childhood. Jacques-Alain Miller is a prominent French Lacanian Psychoanalyst. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate [4][5],[6],[7] Around 1988 Ettinger began her Conversation and Photography project. Her personal art notebooks[8][9] have become source for theoretical articulations, and her art has inspired art historians (among them the distinguished art historian Griselda Pollock) and philosophers (like Jean-François Lyotard and Christine Buci-Glucksmann) who dedicated a number of essays to her painting. Griselda Pollock (born 1949) is a prominent art historian and cultural analyst and a world-renowned scholar of international post-colonial feminist studies in the Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary

Even though she was still based mainly in Paris, Ettinger who is also of British nationality was Visiting Professor (1997-1998) and then Research Professor (1999-2004) in Psychoanalysis and Aesthetics at the School of Fine Art, History of Art and Cultural Studies at the University of Leeds. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior The University of Leeds is a major teaching and research University in Leeds, West Yorkshire; one of the largest in the United Kingdom with Since 2001 she has also been Visiting Professor in Psychoanalysis and Aesthetics at the AHRC Centre for Cultural Analysis, Theory and History (now CentreCATH. [10]) Bracha L. Ettinger has partly returned to Israel in 2003, keeping studios in both Paris and Tel Aviv ever since, and became a lecturer at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem until 2006. Bezalel Academy of Art and Design is Israel 's national school of art. Ettinger is activist against the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories.

Ettinger is considered now to be a prominent figure among both the French painters' and the Israeli art's scenes. The following is a chronological list of French artists working in visual or plastic media (plus for some artists of the 20th century Performance art) The culture of Israel was in development long before the foundation of the State of Israel in 1948 and is a combination of secular life and religious heritage Ettinger's art was recently analysed at length in the book Women Artists at the Millennium[11] and in Griselda Pollock's Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum. [12]

Some of her specific academic fields of endeavor are Feminist psychoanalysis, Art, Philosophy of Aesthetics, Philosophy of Ethics, the Gaze, Sexual Difference and Gender studies, Jacques Lacan, the feminine, early (including pre-birth) psychic impressions, pre-maternal and maternal subjectivity. Feminist theory is the extension of Feminism into theoretical or philosophical, ground Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life In analysing Visual culture, the concept of The Gaze (also gaze and Le regard in French describes how the viewer gazes upon Gender studies is a field of Interdisciplinary study which analyzes the phenomenon of Gender. Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst

Contents

Artist

Bracha Ettinger Eurydice Series View from Exhibition Pompidou Centre Paris 1997
Bracha Ettinger Eurydice Series View from Exhibition Pompidou Centre Paris 1997

Until 1992, Bracha Ettinger's principal artwork consisted of drawing and mixed media on paper as well as Notebooks (Art books). Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement Since 1992, apart from continual Notebooks' work, most of her artwork consists of mixed media and oil paintings, with the series "Matrix - Family Album", "Autistwork" and "Eurydice". Her paintings, photos, drawings and notebooks have been exhibited extensively in major museums of contemporary art across the world, such as Pompidou Centre and the Stedelijk Museum. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (lit City Museum Amsterdam) is a Museum for Modern art in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The art historian and cultural analyst Griselda Pollock has dedicated since the beginning of the 1990s a continuous research to Ettinger's painting and drawing, from the perspectives of Art history, Modern and Postmodern art, Jewish History after the Shoah, Psychoanalytic theory and Feminism.

Group exhibitions

Among the venues Ettinger presented in:

Solo exhibitions

Ettinger's One-person exhibitions and Duo exhibitions (Selection):

Psychoanalyst

Bracha L. Ettinger is a regarded theoretician, working at the intersection of human subjectivity, feminine sexuality, psychoanalysis, art and aesthetics. She is a senior clinical psychologist, and a practicing psychoanalyst. Her artistic practice and her articulation, since 1985, of what has become known as the matrixial theory of trans-subjectivity have transformed contemporary debates in contemporary art, psychoanalysis, women studies and cultural studies. Bracha L. Ettinger is member of the Tel Aviv Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis (TAICP), the New Lacanian School (NLS) and the World Association of Psychoanalysis (AMP / WAP). [13] For Ettinger, the Freudian attitude to psychoanalysis is crucial as it emphasizes the phantasmatic value of materials that arise during regression. She claims that in a similar way to which, when seduction is assigned to the paternal figure during regression it is recognized in most cases as a result of the therapeutic process itself and is worked-trough accordingly: without therapist's father-blaming and without a resulting father-hate, therapists must likewise realize that during regression phantasmatic maternal "not-enoughness" appears and must also be recognized as the result of the process itself and be worked-through without mother-hating that she considers as contributing to a "psychotization" of the subject and a block to the passage from rage to sorrow and compassion. To be able to recognize the phantasmatic status of the psychic material arizing during therapy, the Lacanian concepts of Symbolic, Imaginary and Real are useful to her. The idea of a corpo-Real is a part of her symboliseation of a new feminine psychic zone (the matrixial, the womb as time space of psychic encounter-event), in both male and female subjects, and of the feminine-matrixial sexual difference. Thus, even if Ettinger critics the Freudian and Lacanian analysis of the feminine she considers herself as post or neo Freudian and Lacanian, who elaborates the feminine in continuity to these psychoanalysts.

Psychoanalytic theory

Major concepts

Ettinger is the initiator of the Matrixial Trans-subjectivity theory (or simply "The Matrixial")[14] and the author of the concepts: subjectivity as encounter, matrixial gaze, matrixial time, matrixial space, co-poiesis, borderlinking, borderspacing, co-emergence in differentiating and differenciating, transconnectivity, matrixial com-passion, primary compassion, compassionate hospitality, wit(h)nessing, co-fading, severality, matrixial transformational potentiality, archaic m/Other, fascinance, encounter-event, besideness, primal Mother-phantasies of Not-enoughness, Devouring and Abandonment, empathy within compassion, empathy without compassion, seduction into life, and metramorphosis. In analysing Visual culture, the concept of The Gaze (also gaze and Le regard in French describes how the viewer gazes upon Ettinger, a Freudian scholar, follows the late Lacan, Levinas, "Object-relations" theory and Deleuze-Guattari and also critiques them, reformulating subject and feminine difference. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist

The early theory: from 1985 through the 1990s

Ettinger had suggested that pre-natal impressions trans-connected to the phantasmatic and traumatic real of the pregnant becoming-mother form the primary phase and position of the human psyche. "I" and "non-I", without rejection and without symbiotic fusion, conjointly inscribe memory traces that are dispersed asymmetrically but in a trans-subjective mode. Trans-subjective mental and affective unconscious "strings", connecting the prenatal emerging subject to the archaic m/Other, open unconscious routes ("feminine" in both males and females) that enable subjectivizing processes all throughout life whenever a new matrixial encounter-event takes place. The matrixial encounter-event forms specific aesthetical and ethical accesses to the Other. This allows new understanding of trans-generational transmission, trauma and artistic processes. Ettinger formulates the woman(girl)-to-woman(mother) difference as the first sexual difference for females to be viewed first of all according to the matrixial parameters. According to Ettinger, in parallel but also before expressions of abjection (Julia Kristeva) or rejection (Freud on Narcissism) of the other, primary compassion and fascinance (which are unconscious psychic affective accesses to the other, and which join reattunement and differentiating-in-jointness by borderlinking) occur. Julia Kristeva (Юлия Кръстева (born 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian - French Philosopher, Literary critic, Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded The combination of fascinance ad primary compassion doesn't enter the economy of attraction and rejection; it has particular forms of eros and of resistance that can inspire the political sphere and reach action and speech without entering any political institutional organization. The infant's primary compassion is a proto-ethical psychological means that joins the aesthetical fascinance and creates a feel-knowing that functions at best within maternal (and also parental) compassionate hospitality. Ettinger calls for the recognition of the matrixial dimension in the transferential relationships in psychoanalysis that entails besideness to archaic parental figures rather than their exclusion, and sees in the trans-subjectivity a distinct dimension, different from, and supplementary to "inter-subjectivity" and "self" psychology. Her most prominent and comprehensive book regarding this theory is "The Matrixial Borderspace" (reprint of essays from 1994-1999) published in French in 1999[15] and in English in 2006,[16] but her most recent concepts are mainly elaborated in the different essays printed in 2005-2006. [17]

The theory in the 2000s

Her more recent theoretical work centers around the spiritual in art and ethics, and, in the domain of psychoanalysis, around the question of same-sex difference (the primary feminine difference is the difference opened between woman (girl) and woman (m/Other), and the idea that three kinds of phantasy (that she names Mother-phantasies) should be recognized, when they appear in a state of regression aroused by therapy itself, as primal: Mother-phantasies of Not-enoughness, Devouring and Abandonment. Their misrecognition in psychoanalysis (and analytical therapy) leads to catastrophic blows to the matrixial daughter-mother tissue and hurts the maternal potentiality of the daughter herself, in the sense that attacking the "non-I" is always also attacking the "I" that dwells inside an "I"-and-"non-I" trans-subjective feminine tissue. Contributing to Self psychoanalysis after Heinz Kohut, Ettinger also articulated the difference between "empathy without compassion" and "empathy within compassion", claiming that the analyst's empathy without compassion harms the matrixial psychic tissue of the analysand while empathy within compassion leads to creativity and to the broadening of the ethical horizon. Heinz Kohut May 3 1913 &ndash October 8 1981 is best known for his development of Self Psychology, a school of thought Ettinger explains how by empathy (toward the patient's complaints) without compassion (toward the patient's surrounding past and present family figures) the therapist "produces" the patient's real mother as a "ready-made monster-mother" figure, that serves to absorb complaints of all kinds, and thus, a dangerous split is created between the "good" mother figure (the therapist) and a "bad" mother figure (the real mother). This split is destructive in both internal and external terms, since the I and non-I are transconnected, and the split hate turns into a self-hate in the woman/daughter web. A conception where "non-I" is thus trans-connected to the "I", has deep ethical implications[18] as well as far-reaching sociological and political implications that have been further developed by Griselda Pollock in order to rethink Modern and Postmodern art and History.

Other Activities

Robert Doisneau photographed by Ettinger in his studio in Montrouge, 1992
Robert Doisneau photographed by Ettinger in his studio in Montrouge[19], 1992

Since 2005 Ettinger is an activist member in Physicians for Human Rights (PHR-Israel). Robert Doisneau ( April 14 1912 - April 1 1994) was a French Photographer noted for his frank and often humorous depictions Physicians for Human Rights ( PHR) is an international Non-governmental organization, headquartered in Cambridge Massachusetts, that promotes health by Dr. Ettinger contributes to the organization as a clinical psychologist, attending Palestinian patients in needed areas in the Palestinian occupied territories. [20]

Bracha Ettinger is also famous for her portraits' photography, taken in the context of conversation projects. A portrait is a painting, photograph, Sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant Some of her portraits, like those of Jean-Francois Lyotard, Joyce McDougall, Edmond Jabès, Emmanuel Lévinas, Robert Doisneau and Yeshayahu Leibowitz appear in several official publications and collections. Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary Edmond Jabès ( Cairo, 1912 &ndash Paris, January 2 1991 was a Jewish writer and poet and one of the best known literary figures to write in French after Robert Doisneau ( April 14 1912 - April 1 1994) was a French Photographer noted for his frank and often humorous depictions Yeshayahu Leibowitz (ישעיהו ליבוביץ1903–1994 was an Israeli Philosopher and Scientist known for his outspoken often controversial opinions

Publications

Ettinger is author of several books and more than eighty psychoanalytical essays elaborating different aesthetical, ethical,psychoanalytical and artistic aspects of the matrixial. She is co-author of volumes of conversation with Emmanuel Levinas, Edmond Jabès, Craigie Horsfield, Felix Guattari and Christian Boltanski. Edmond Jabès ( Cairo, 1912 &ndash Paris, January 2 1991 was a Jewish writer and poet and one of the best known literary figures to write in French after Craigie Horsfield (born 1949 in Cambridge) is an English artist and photographer who was a Turner Prize nominee Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist Christian Boltanski (born September 6, 1944) is a French photographer sculptor self-proclaimed painter and installation artist Her book Regard et Espace-de-Bord Matrixiels (essays 1994-1999) appeared in French in 1999 (La lettre volée), and has been published in English as The Matrixial Borderspace (2006, University of Minnesota Press, edited by Brian Massumi and forwarded by Judith Butler and Griselda Pollock). Brian Massumi is a philosopher writer and political theorist His work focuses on perception affect and the virtual Judith Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American Post-structuralist philosopher who has contributed to the fields of Feminism Griselda Pollock (born 1949) is a prominent art historian and cultural analyst and a world-renowned scholar of international post-colonial feminist studies in the [3] Ettinger is one of the leading intellectuals associated with contemporary French feminism and feminist psychoanalytical thought alongside Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Julia Kristeva (Юлия Кръстева (born 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian - French Philosopher, Literary critic, Luce Irigaray (born 1932 Belgium) is a French feminist, Philosopher, Linguist, psychoanalytic and cultural theorist [21],[22],[23],[24] The journal Theory Culture & Society dedicated an issue to her work [TC&S, Vol. 21, n. 1] in 2004.

Recent Publications

Selected Publications

Bibliography - Selected publications on Ettinger's work

Conversations

References

  1. ^ Library of Congress Name Authority File
  2. ^ Face à l'Histoire. 1933-1996. Paris: Flammarion and Centre George Pompidou, 1996. ISBN 2-85850-898-4
  3. ^ Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger: Eurydice Series. Edited by Catherine de Zegher and Brian Massumi. Drawing Papers, n. 24. NY: The Drawing Center, 2001. With texts by Judith Butler, Bracha Ettinger, Adrien Rifkin and the editors, and including a conversation between the Bracha Ettinger and Creigie Horsfield.
  4. ^ Couze Venn, in: Theory, Culture and Society. Vol. 21 (1), 2004.
  5. ^ Vanda Zajko and Miriam Leonard (ed. s), Laughing with Medusa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927438-X
  6. ^ Humm, Maggie, Modernist Women and Visual Cultures. Rutgers University Press, 2003. ISBN: 0813532663
  7. ^ Humm, Maggie, Feminism and Film. Indiana University press, 1997. ISBN: 0253333342
  8. ^ Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Matrix. Halal(a) - Lapsus. Notes on Painting. Oxford: MOMA, 1993. ISBN 0-905836-81-2
  9. ^ Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger: Artworking 1985-1999, with a reprint of Notes on Painting. Ludion: Ghent-Amsterdam, and Brussels: Palais des Beaux-Arts, 2000. ISBN 90-5544-283-6
  10. ^ AHRC Centre for Cultural Analysis, Theory and History. AHRC B.Ettinger page.
  11. ^ Women Artists at the Millennium, 2006, Edited by Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher. ISBN 0-262-01226-X, ISBN 978-0-262-01226-3. The MIT press book page.
  12. ^ Pollock, Griselda, Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum. Taylor and Francis, ISBN 0415413745.
  13. ^ World Association of Psychoanalysis
  14. ^ Bracha L. Ettinger, "Matrixial Trans-subjectivity" in: Problematizing Global Knowledge. Theory, Culture and Society, Volum 23, Numbers 2-3, 2006. ISSN 0263-2764
  15. ^ Regard et Espace-de-bord matrixiels. La lettre volee. ISBN 2-87317-102-2.
  16. ^ The Matrixial Borderspace, University of Minnesota Press 2006, edited by Brian Massumi and forwarded by Judith Butler and Griselda Pollock. Brian Massumi is a philosopher writer and political theorist His work focuses on perception affect and the virtual Judith Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American Post-structuralist philosopher who has contributed to the fields of Feminism ISBN 0-8166-3587-0 Upress relevant page.
  17. ^ Mainly: "From Proto-ethical Compassion to Responsibility", "Fascinance" and "Com-passionate Co-response-ability, Initiation in Jointness, and the link x of Matrixial Virtuality". All published in 2006 - see list of recent publications.
  18. ^ Bracha L. Ettinger, "From Proto-ethical Compassion to Responsibility: Besideness, and the three Primal Mother-Phantasies of Not-enoughness, Devouring and Abandonment". In: Athena: Philosophical Studies. Vol. 2 (Vilnius: Versus). 2006. 100-135. ISSN 1822-5047.
  19. ^ Rosi Huhn (Interview), Bracha L. Ettinger (Portraits of R. Doineau) and the Parisian Photographs of Robert Doisneau, "Promenades dans les passage de Paris avec Robert Doisneau. Robert Doisneau ( April 14 1912 - April 1 1994) was a French Photographer noted for his frank and often humorous depictions " In: Passages d'après Walter Benjamin / Passagen Nach Walter benjamin. Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist [Ed. V. Malsey, U. Rasch, P. Rautmann, N. Schalz]. Verlag Herman Schmidt, Mainz, 1992. ISBN 3-87439-250-3.
  20. ^ YouTube - המרפאה הניידת של רופאים לזכויות אדם
  21. ^ Humm, Maggie, Modernist Women and Visual Cultures. Rutgers University Press, 2003. ISBN 0813532663
  22. ^ Humm, Maggie, Feminism and Film. Indiana University press, 1997. ISBN 0253333342
  23. ^ Vanda Zajko and Miriam Leonard (eds. ), Laughing with Medusa. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN0-19-927438-X
  24. ^ Griselda Pollock, Inscriptions in the feminine. In: Insdie the Visible edited by Catherine de Zegher. MIT Press, 1996.

See also

External links

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