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For other meanings of these words, see boxing (disambiguation) or boxer.
Boxing

A rendered boxing bout featuring Ricardo Domínguez (left, throwing a left uppercut) versus Rafael Ortiz. The uppercut (sometimes also referred to as the upper) is a punch used in Boxing that usually aims at the opponent's chin
Also known as English Boxing, American Boxing, Western Boxing
Focus Striking
Country of origin Ancient Greece
Creator Zeus,greek god
Parenthood Possibly Pankration
Famous practitioners Muhammed Ali,Jack Dempsey,James J. Braddock, Sugar Ray Robinson, Jake LaMotta,Joe Louis,Rocky Marciano,Gabriel Elorde, Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, Lennox Lewis, George Foreman, Joe Frazier, Sugar Ray Leonard, Marvelous Marvin Hagler, Thomas Hearns, Roberto Duran, Julio César Chávez, Roy Jones, Jr., Bernard Hopkins, Sugar Shane Mosley, Oscar de la Hoya, Joe Calzaghe, Floyd Mayweather, Jr., Kostya Tszyu, Tito Trinidad, Ricky Hatton, Manny Pacquiao, Arturo Gatti. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Pankration (Παγκράτιο(ν Pagkratio(n,) is a Martial arts sport introduced to the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and Biography Early life Cassius Clay Jr was born on January 17 1942 Jack "Manassa Mauler" Dempsey ( June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world James Walter Braddock ( June 7, 1905 &ndash November 29, 1974) was an American heavyweight boxing champion. Sugar Ray Robinson' (born Walker Smith Jr, May 3 1921 – April 12 1989 was a professional boxer Giacobe LaMotta (born July 10, 1921) better known as Jake LaMotta, nicknamed " The Bronx Bull " and " The Raging Bull Joseph Louis Barrow ( May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981) better known as Joe Louis, was a heavyweight boxing champion. Rocky Marciano ( September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was the heavyweight champion of the world Gabriel "Flash" Elorde ( March 25, 1935 – January 2, 1985) is widely considered as one of the greatest Filipino Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is a professional boxer from the United States and a multiple world champion in both the Cruiserweight Lennox Claudius Lewis CM, CBE (born September 2 1965) is a retired British/ Canadian professional boxer. George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is an American two-time World Heavyweight Boxing Champion For the Major League Baseball player and manager see Joe Frazier (baseball. Ray Charles Leonard (born May 17, 1956) is a retired American professional boxer. Marvelous Marvin Hagler (born Marvin Nathaniel Hagler, in Newark, New Jersey, May 23, 1954) is a former American Thomas Hearns (born October 18, 1958, in Memphis, raised in Detroit) is an American 8-time world champion professional Roberto Durán (born June 16 1951 is a retired professional boxer from Panama, widely regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all-time Julio César Chávez González (born July 12, 1962 in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora) is a retired Mexican professional boxer Roy Jones Jr (born January 16, 1969) is an American boxer Jones was named "Fighter of the Decade" for the 1990s by the Boxing Writers Association Bernard "The Executioner" Hopkins (born January 15, 1965, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American boxer "Sugar" Shane Mosley (born September 7, 1971) is a boxer from Pomona California. Oscar de la Hoya (ˈɒskər dɛlə ˈhɔɪə (born February 4 1973 &mdash nicknamed "The Golden Boy" &mdash is an Mexican American boxer Joseph William Calzaghe CBE (born 23 March 1972 in Hammersmith, London, England) is a Welsh Boxer. Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr (born Floyd Joy Sinclair on February 24 1977) is a former American professional boxer who has a record Konstantin Borisovich "Kostya" Tszyu (Константин (Костя Борисович Цзю ˈkɔstə ˈzʉː in Australian English) (born September Félix 'Tito' Trinidad Jr (born January 10 1973 is a Puerto Rican professional boxer considered as one of the best boxers in that archipelago's history Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao (born December 17, 1978) simply known as Manny Pacquiao is a Filipino professional boxer. Arturo "Thunder" Gatti (born April 15, 1972) is an Italian-Canadian former professional boxer.
Olympic Sport Since 688 B. C.

Boxing (sometimes known as pugilism, Anglais boxing, Fistfighting, or English boxing) is a combat sport in which two participants (generally) of similar weight fight each other with their fists. A combat sport (also known as a combative sport) is a competitive Contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of engagement typically In mathematics Two has many properties in Mathematics. An Integer is called Even if it is divisible by 2 The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979. Boxing today is conducted in a regulated way, typically in a series of one to three-minute intervals called rounds. Victory is achieved if the opponent is knocked down and unable to get up before the referee counts to ten seconds (a Knockout, or KO) or if the opponent is deemed too injured to continue (a Technical Knockout, or TKO). The referee in the sport of Boxing is the individual charged with enforcing the rules of the ring during a boxing match The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units Injury or bodily injury is Damage or Harm caused to the Structure or function of the Body caused by an outside agent or If there is no stoppage of the fight before an agreed number of rounds, a winner is determined either by the referee's decision or by judges' scorecards.

Although fighting with fists comes naturally to people, the ancient Greeks were the first to make a sport of it, by giving rules and staging tournaments with professionals. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The birth hour of boxing as a sport may mark its allowance as an Olympic game as early as 688 BC. The Ancient Olympic Games, originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of Athletic Modern boxing evolved in Europe, particularly Great Britain. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

In some countries with their own fighting sports, the sport is referred to as "English Boxing" (e. g. in France to contrast with French boxing). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Savate (pronounced savat also known as boxe française, French boxing, French Kickboxing or French Footfighting There are numerous different forms of boxing practiced across the world.

Contents

Early history

Minoan youths boxing, Knossos fresco. Earliest documented use of 'gloves'.
Minoan youths boxing, Knossos fresco. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. Knossos (alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός kno̞ˈso̞s also known as the Knossos Palace is the largest Earliest documented use of 'gloves'.

Fist fighting is depicted in Sumerian relief carvings in the 3rd millennium BC,[1] while an ancient Egyptian relief at Thebes shows fist fighters and spectators (1350 BC). The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Thebes may refer to one of the following places Thebes Greece, Boeotia Prefecture Ancient Thebes (Boeotia (gmy 𐀳𐀣 [1] Both depictions show bare-fisted contests. [1]. In 1927 Dr E. A. Speiser an Archaeologist discovered a stone tablet in Baghdad Iraq depicting two men getting ready for a prize fight, the tablet is believed to be 7,000 years old. Ephraim Avigdor Speiser ( January 24, 1902 &ndash June 15, 1965) was a Polish -born American Assyriologist. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. [2]. Fist fighting or Boxing is also described in several ancient Indian texts such as the Vedas, the ramayana, and the mahabarata. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki As well as excavations done in Mohenjadaro and Harappa. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest [3]. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with a kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete (c. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the 1500 BC). [1]

Ancient Greek boxing

Boxer of Quirinal resting after contest (Bronze sculpture, 3rd century BC)
Boxer of Quirinal resting after contest (Bronze sculpture, 3rd century BC)
Detail of leather straps
Detail of leather straps
The right boxer signals giving up by raising his finger high (ca. 500 BC)
The right boxer signals giving up by raising his finger high (ca. The bronze Boxer of Quirinal, also known as the Terme Boxer, is a Hellenistic Greek sculpture from the first century B 500 BC)
Main article: Ancient Greek Boxing

The ancient Greeks, and later the Romans, called boxing pugilism (a term now often used for boxing). Ancient Greek boxing dates back to at least the eighth century BC ( Homer's Iliad) and was practiced in a variety of social contexts in different Greek city-states The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions This is a list of topics related to ancient Rome that aims to include aspects of both the ancient Roman Republic and Roman Empire. The Greeks were the first to give rules to the sport: while clinching was strictly forbidden, there were, unlike modern boxing, no weight classes. Fights were not separated into rounds and had no time limit, ending at a knockout, or at a fighter abandoning the fight, or sometimes at the death of one of the fighters. [1] Although gloves were used in practice,[1] in competition fighters wrapped their hands in strips of hardened leather which protected the fist and caused unpleasant injuries for the opponent. [1]

Homer's Iliad (ca. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient 675 BC) contains the first detailed account of a box fight (Book XXIII). [4] According to the Iliad, Mycenaean warriors included boxing among their competitions honoring the fallen, though it is possible that the Homeric epics reflect later Greek culture. Another Greek legend holds that the heroic ruler Theseus, said to have lived around the 9th century BC, invented a form of boxing in which two men sat face to face and beat each other with their fists until one of them was killed. For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered In time, the boxers began to fight while standing and wearing gloves (with spikes) and wrappings on their arms below the elbows, although otherwise they competed naked.

Boxing was first accepted as an Olympic sport in 688 BC, being called Pygme or Pygmachia. The Ancient Olympic Games, originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of Athletic Participants trained on punching bags (called a korykos). A punching bag is a sturdy bag designed to be repeatedly punched, for use in Physical exercise or stress relief in order to improve one of three areas Fighters wore leather straps (called himantes) over their hands, wrists, and sometimes breast, to protect them from injury. The straps left their fingers free. Legend had it that the Spartans were the first to box as a way to prepare for sword and shield fighting.

Ancient Roman boxing

In ancient Rome, there were two forms of boxing. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The athletic form of boxing was adopted from the Greeks and remained popular throughout the Roman world. The other form of boxing was gladiatorial. Fighters were usually criminals and slaves who hoped to become champions and gain their freedom; however, free men also fought. Eventually, fist fighting became so popular that even aristocrats started fighting, but the practice was eventually banned by Caesar Augustus. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was A fight between the agile Dares and the towering Entellus is described at length in the Roman national epic Aeneid (1st century BC). For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in [5]

In 393 A. D. , the Olympics were banned by the Christian emperor Theodosius, and in 500 A. D. , boxing was banned altogether by Theodoric the Great as being an insult to God because it disfigures the face, the image of God. Theodoric the Great (454 – August 30, 526) known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (471-526 ruler of However, this edict had little effect outside the major cities of the Eastern Empire. [6] By this time Western Europe was no longer part of the Roman Empire. Boxing remained popular in Europe throughout the Middle Ages and beyond. It should be noted that wrestling, fencing and racing (both chariot and foot) were never banned by the late Romans, as they did not cause disfigurement.

Modern boxing

London Prize Ring rules (1743)

Main article: London Prize Ring rules
The beginnings of the modern right cross demonstrated in Edmund Price's The Science of Self Defense: A Treatise on Sparring and Wrestling, 1867
The beginnings of the modern right cross demonstrated in Edmund Price's The Science of Self Defense: A Treatise on Sparring and Wrestling, 1867

Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Roman Empire. The London Prize Ring rules was a list of 29 rules drafted by Britain's Jack Broughton in 1743 governing the conduct of prizefighting/ Bare-knuckle boxing for over The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 18th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland See also Bare-knuckle for other uses Bare-knuckle boxing (also known as bare-knuckle, prizefighting, or fisticuffs The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719. James Figg (c 1695 – 7 December 1734) was a British bare-knuckle boxer. [7] This is also the time when the word "boxing" first came to be used.

Early fighting had no written rules. There were no weight divisions or round limits, and no referee. In general, it was very chaotic. The first boxing rules, called the London Prize Ring rules, were introduced by heavyweight champion Jack Broughton in 1743 to protect fighters in the ring where deaths sometimes occurred. The London Prize Ring rules was a list of 29 rules drafted by Britain's Jack Broughton in 1743 governing the conduct of prizefighting/ Bare-knuckle boxing for over John "Jack" Broughton, (c 1703 &ndash January 8 1789) was an English bare-knuckle fighter [8] Under these rules, if a man went down and could not continue after a count of 30 seconds, the fight was over. Hitting a downed fighter and grasping below the waist were prohibited. Broughton also invented and encouraged the use of "mufflers", a form of padded gloves, which were used in training and exhibitions. The first 'boxing paper' was published in the late 18th century by successful Birmingham boxer 'William Futrell' who remained undefeated until his one hour and seventeen minute fight at Smitham Bottom, Croydon, on July 9, 1788 against a much younger "Gentleman" John Jackson which was attended by the Prince of Wales. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom

Although bare-knuckle fighting was in almost every aspect far more brutal than modern boxing, it did allow the fighters a single advantage not enjoyed by today's boxers: The London Prize Rules permitted the fighter to drop to one knee to begin a 30-second count at any time. Thus a fighter realizing he was in trouble had an opportunity to recover. Intentionally going down in modern boxing will cause the recovering fighter to lose points in the scoring system.

In 1838, the London Prize Ring rules were expanded in detail. See also Sports clubs established before 1850, 1850 in sports and the List of 'years in sports', and the History of sport article Later revised in 1853, they stipulated the following:[9]

Through the late nineteenth century, boxing or prizefighting was primarily a sport of dubious legitimacy. Outlawed in England and much of the United States, prizefights were often held at gambling venues and broken up by police. Brawling and wrestling tactics continued, and riots at prizefights were common occurrences. Still, throughout this period, there arose some notable bare knuckle champions who developed fairly sophisticated fighting tactics.

Marquess of Queensberry rules (1867)

In 1867, the Marquess of Queensberry rules were drafted by John Chambers for amateur championships held at Lillie Bridge in London for Lightweights, Middleweights and Heavyweights. The Marquess of Queensberry rules are a code of generally accepted rules in the sport of Boxing. John Graham Chambers ( 12 February, 1843 – 4 March, 1883) was a major figure in developing the rules of boxing and in UK athletics generally The Lillie Bridge Grounds was a Sports ground in London, England near to present day Stamford Bridge, opened around 1867. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. LightWeight is a developer of Video games with Samurai themes such as the Bushido Blade series and the Kengo Middleweight is a division or weight class, in Boxing. Early boxing history is less than exact but the middleweight designation seems to have begun in the 1840s Heavyweight is a division or weight class, in Boxing. Fighters who weigh over 200 pounds (14 st 4 lb/91 kg are considered heavyweights by the major professional The rules were published under the patronage of the Marquess of Queensberry, whose name has always been associated with them. John Sholto Douglas 9th Marquess of Queensberry GCVO ( 20 July 1844 &ndash 31 January 1900) was a Scottish nobleman remembered

There were twelve rules in all, and they specified that fights should be "a fair stand-up boxing match" in a 24-foot-square ring. Rounds were three minutes long with one minute rest intervals between rounds. Each fighter was given a ten-second count if he was knocked down and wrestling was banned.

The introduction of gloves of "fair-size" also changed the nature of the bouts. An average pair of boxing gloves resembles a bloated pair of mittens and are laced up around the wrists. Gloves protected fighters from both facial and hand injuries, their considerable size and weight making knock-out victories more difficult to achieve. [10] The gloves could also be used to block an opponent's blows. As a result of their introduction, bouts became longer and more strategic with greater importance attached to defensive maneuvers such as slipping, bobbing, countering and angling. Because less defensive emphasis was placed on the use of the forearms and more on the gloves, the classical forearms outwards, torso leaning back stance of the bare knuckle boxer was modified to more modern stance in which the torso is tilted forward and the hands are held closer to the face.

The English case of R v. Coney in 1882 found that a bare-knuckle fight was an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, despite the consent of the participants. R v Coney (1882 8 QBD 534 is an English case in which the Court for Crown Cases Reserved found that a Bare-knuckle fight was an Assault See also Bare-knuckle for other uses Bare-knuckle boxing (also known as bare-knuckle, prizefighting, or fisticuffs Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (often abbreviated to Assault O A consensual crime is a Public order crime that involves more than one participant all of whom give their consent as willing participants in an activity that is unlawful This marked the end of widespread public bare-knuckle contests in England.

The first world heavyweight champion under the Queensberry Rules was "Gentleman Jim" Corbett, who defeated John L. Sullivan in 1892 at the Pelican Athletic Club in New Orleans. James John "Gentleman Jim" Corbett ( September 1, 1866 in San Francisco California – February 18, 1933 in Bayside John Lawrence Sullivan (October 15 1858 &ndash February 2 1918 was recognized as the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing from February 7 1882 to 1892 and New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana [11]

Throughout the early twentieth century, boxing struggled to achieve legitimacy, through the influence of promoters like Tex Rickard and the popularity of great champions from John L. George Lewis "Tex" Rickard ( January 2, 1870 – January 6, 1929) was an American Boxing Sullivan to Jack Dempsey. Jack "Manassa Mauler" Dempsey ( June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world Shortly after this era, boxing commissions and other sanctioning bodies were established to regulate the sport and establish universally recognized champions.

Further information: Professional boxing

Rules

The Marquess of Queensbury rules have been the general rules governing modern boxing since their publication in 1867. Professional boxing, or prizefighting, emerged in the early twentieth century as Boxing gradually attained legitimacy and became a regulated sanctioned sport The Marquess of Queensberry rules are a code of generally accepted rules in the sport of Boxing.

A boxing match typically consists of a predetermined number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 25 rounds. A minute is typically spent between each round with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving advice and attention from their coach and staff. The fight is controlled by a referee who works within the ring to judge and control the conduct of the fighters, rule on their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. Up to three judges are typically present at ringside to score the bout and assign points to the boxers, based on punches that connect, defense and knockdowns. Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where his or her coach, as well as one or more "seconds" may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds. Each boxer enters into the ring from their assigned corners at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to their corner at the signaled end of each round.

A bout in which the predetermined number of rounds passes is decided by the judges. The fighter with the higher score at the end of the fight is ruled the winner. With three judges, unanimous and split decisions are possible, as are draws. A boxer may win the bout before a decision is reached through a knockout. If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the ring with any part of their body other than the feet, the referee begins counting until the fighter returns to his or her feet and can continue. Should the referee count to ten, then the knocked-down boxer is ruled "knocked out" (whether he or she is unconscious or not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner by knockout (KO). A "technical knockout" (TKO) is possible as well, and is ruled by the referee, fight doctor, or a fighter's corner if a fighter is unable to safely continue to fight, based upon injuries or being judged unable to effectively defend themselves. Many jurisdictions and sanctioning agencies also have a "three-knockdown rule", in which three knockdowns result in a TKO. A TKO is considered a knockout in a fighter's record. A "standing eight" count rule may also be in effect, in which the referee counts no higher than eight to a boxer who regains his or her footing after a knockdown, allowing the referee time to assess if the boxer is able to continue.

In general, boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, spitting or wrestling. The boxer's shorts are raised so the opponent is not allowed to hit to the groin area. They also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or hitting with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a closed fist (including hitting with the elbow, shoulder or forearm, as well as with open gloves, the wrist, the inside, back or side of the hand). They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, back of the neck or head (called a "rabbit-punch") or the kidneys. They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while punching, or ducking below the belt of their opponent. If a "clinch," a defensive move in which a boxer wraps his or her opponents arms and holds on to create a pause, is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again (alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to "punch out" of the clinch). When a boxer is knocked-down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the nearest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue.

Violations of these rules may be ruled "fouls" by the referee, who may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality of the foul. An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes the boxer who committed it to be disqualified. A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue. Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout may lead to a "no decision" result, or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds (typically four or more, or at least three in a four-round fight) have passed.

Professional vs. amateur boxing

Throughout the 17th through 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prizes, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result. The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908. In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts. Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics. For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.

Amateur boxing

Headgear is mandatory in amateur boxing
Headgear is mandatory in amateur boxing
Main article: Amateur boxing

Amateur boxing may be found at the collegiate level, at the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games, and in many other venues sanctioned by amateur boxing associations. Headgear is a padded safety device worn during some activities in Martial arts Boxing Headgear is used in Amateur and Olympic Boxing. Amateur boxing is practiced at the collegiate level at the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games, and in many other venues sponsored by amateur Boxing associations The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. Amateur boxing has a point scoring system that measures the number of clean blows landed rather than physical damage. Bouts consist of four rounds of two minutes in the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, and three rounds of two minutes in a national ABA (Amateur Boxing Association) bout, each with a one-minute interval between rounds.

Competitors wear protective headgear and gloves with a white strip across the knuckle. A punch is considered a scoring punch only when the boxers connect with the white portion of the gloves. Each punch that lands on the head or torso is awarded a point. A referee monitors the fight to ensure that competitors use only legal blows (a belt worn over the torso represents the lower limit of punches - any boxer repeatedly landing "low blows" (below the belt) is disqualified). Mainly used in combat sports such as Boxing and Kickboxing, the term below the belt is referred to all the area of the body that lies as the term indicates Referees also ensure that the boxers don't use holding tactics to prevent the opponent from swinging (if this occurs, the referee separates the opponents and orders them to continue boxing. Repeated holding can result in a boxer being penalized, or ultimately, disqualified). Referees will stop the bout if a boxer is seriously injured, if one boxer is significantly dominating the other or if the score is severely imbalanced. [12] Amateur bouts which end this way may be noted as "RSC" (referee stopped contest) with notations for an outclassed opponent (RSCO), outscored opponent (RSCOS), injury (RSCI) or head injury (RSCH).

Professional boxing

Main article: Professional boxing

Professional bouts are usually much longer than amateur bouts, typically ranging from ten to twelve rounds, though four round fights are common for less experienced fighters or club fighters, there are some two [12] and three rounds professional bouts [13], especially in Australia. Professional boxing, or prizefighting, emerged in the early twentieth century as Boxing gradually attained legitimacy and became a regulated sanctioned sport Through the early twentieth century, it was common for fights to have unlimited rounds, ending only when one fighter quit, benefiting high-energy fighters like Jack Dempsey. Jack "Manassa Mauler" Dempsey ( June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world Fifteen rounds remained the internationally recognized limit for championship fights for most of the twentieth century, until the late 1980s, when championship bouts were shortened to twelve rounds to improve safety.

Headgear is not permitted in professional bouts, and boxers are generally allowed to take much more punishment before a fight is halted. At any time, however, the referee may stop the contest if he believes that one participant cannot defend himself due to injury. In that case, the other participant is awarded a technical knockout win. A technical knockout would also be awarded if a fighter lands a punch that opens a cut on the opponent, and the opponent is later deemed not fit to continue by a doctor because of the cut. For this reason, fighters often employ cutmen, whose job is to treat cuts between rounds so that the boxer is able to continue despite the cut. A cutman is a person responsible for preventing and treating physical damage to a fighter during the breaks between rounds of a Full contact match such as a Boxing If a boxer simply quits fighting, or if his corner stops the fight, then the winning boxer is also awarded a technical knockout victory. In contrast with amateur boxing, professional male boxers have to be bare chested. [13]

Boxing style terminology

In boxing, no two fighters' styles are identical. A boxer's style is evolved as he applies what he has been taught or picked up in practice, and performs it in such a way as to suit himself. Nonetheless, many terms are used which broadly describe a boxer's style. Note that a boxer is not necessarily limited to being described by one of these terms. A fighter may be at both in-fighting and out-fighting, a good example of this being Bernard Hopkins. Bernard "The Executioner" Hopkins (born January 15, 1965, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American boxer

Boxer/Out-fighter

Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali

A classic "boxer" (also known as an "out-fighter") seeks to maintain distance between himself and his opponent, fighting with faster, longer range punches, most notably the jab, gradually wearing his opponent down. Biography Early life Cassius Clay Jr was born on January 17 1942 Due to this reliance on weaker punches, out-fighters tend to win by point decisions rather than by knockout, though some out-fighters (such as Lennox Lewis) have notable knockout records. Lennox Claudius Lewis CM, CBE (born September 2 1965) is a retired British/ Canadian professional boxer. They are often regarded as the best boxing strategists due to their ability to control the pace of the fight and lead their opponent, methodically wearing him down and exhibiting more skill and finesse than a brawler.

Notable boxers include Gentleman Jim Corbett, Jim Driscoll,Benny Leonard, Gene Tunney, Tommy Loughran, Maxie Rosenbloom, Billy Conn, Willie Pep, Muhammad Ali, Nicolino Locche, Eusebio Pedroza, Pernell Whitaker, and Floyd Mayweather, Jr.

Boxer/Puncher

A boxer-puncher is an out-fighter who is known for having very powerful punches, often with the ability to knock opponents out with a single shot. James John "Gentleman Jim" Corbett ( September 1, 1866 in San Francisco California – February 18, 1933 in Bayside James "Jim" Driscoll ( December 15, 1880 &ndash January 30, 1925) was a Welsh boxer who learned his trade Benny Leonard ( April 17, 1896 &mdash April 18, 1947) born Benjamin Leiner was an American boxer and one of the greatest James Joseph "Gene" Tunney ( May 25 1897 – November 7 1978) was the heavyweight boxing champion from 1926-1928 who defeated Tommy Loughran (born November 29, 1902, Philadelphia PA &ndash died July 7, 1982, Altoona PA) was the Light Max Everitt Rosenbloom, known as Slapsie Maxie (born September 6, 1903, in Harlem, New York City – died March 6, William David Conn ( October 8, 1917 – May 29, 1993) better known in the Boxing world as Billy Conn, was a Light-Heavyweight Guglielmo Papaleo ( September 19 1922 - November 23 2006) was an American boxer who was better known as Willie Biography Early life Cassius Clay Jr was born on January 17 1942 Nicolino Locche ( September 2, 1939 &ndash September 7, 2005) was an Argentine boxer from Tunuyán Eusebio Pedroza (born 1953) is a native of Panama who holds two records in Boxing: His 19 defenses as world Featherweight champion are a record Pernell Whitaker (born January 2, 1964) nicknamed "Sweet Pea" is a retired professional boxer, who is considered among the greatest of all-time Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr (born Floyd Joy Sinclair on February 24 1977) is a former American professional boxer who has a record Their movement and tactics are similar to that of an out-fighter, but instead of winning by decision, they tend to wear their opponents down using combinations and then moving in to score the knockout. For a boxer to be effective using this style, he must be well rounded.

Notable boxer-punchers include Joe Gans, Sam Langford, Joe Louis, Sugar Ray Robinson, Ike Williams, Eder Jofre, José Napoles, Alexis Arguello, Sugar Ray Leonard, Thomas Hearns, Lennox Lewis, Roy Jones Jr., Erik Morales

Brawler/Slugger

A brawler is a fighter who generally lacks finesse and footwork in the ring, but makes up for it through sheer punching power. Joe Gans ( November 25, 1874 - August 10, 1910) was born Joseph Gaines in Baltimore, Maryland. Sam Langford ( March 4, 1883 - January 12, 1956) was an African Canadian boxing standout of the early part of the 20th century Joseph Louis Barrow ( May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981) better known as Joe Louis, was a heavyweight boxing champion. Sugar Ray Robinson' (born Walker Smith Jr, May 3 1921 – April 12 1989 was a professional boxer Ike Williams may refer to Ike Williams (boxer Ike Williams (basketballer Éder Jofre (born March 26, 1936) is a Brazilian former boxer, whom many consider to be the greatest Bantamweight fighter of all José Ángel Nápoles, nicknamed Mantequilla ("Butter" (born April 13, 1940) is a Cuban former world Welterweight Boxing Pro career "The Explosive Thin Man" suffered an unavenged first round TKO loss in his 1968 professional debut but then won 36 of his next 38 bouts which then led him to Ray Charles Leonard (born May 17, 1956) is a retired American professional boxer. Thomas Hearns (born October 18, 1958, in Memphis, raised in Detroit) is an American 8-time world champion professional Lennox Claudius Lewis CM, CBE (born September 2 1965) is a retired British/ Canadian professional boxer. Roy Jones Jr (born January 16, 1969) is an American boxer Jones was named "Fighter of the Decade" for the 1990s by the Boxing Writers Association Érik Isaac Morales Elvira (born September 1, 1976 in Tijuana, Mexico) is a retired Mexican professional boxer. Many brawlers tend to lack mobility, preferring a less mobile, more stable platform and so have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their feet. They may also have a tendency to ignore combination punching in favour of throwing slower, more powerful single punches (such as hooks and uppercuts). Their slowness and predictable punching pattern (single punches with obvious leads) often leaves them open to counter punches, so successful brawlers must be able to absorb substantial amounts of punishment.

Notable brawlers include John L. Sullivan, Jim Jeffries, Terry McGovern, Stanley Ketchel, Jimmy Wilde, Max Baer, Rocky Graziano, Sonny Liston, George Foreman, Ruben Olivares, Wilfredo Gomez, Nigel Benn, Manny Pacquiao,and Rocky Marciano. John Lawrence Sullivan (October 15 1858 &ndash February 2 1918 was recognized as the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing from February 7 1882 to 1892 and Jim Jeffries may refer to James J Jeffries, world heavyweight boxing champion Jim Jeffries, Australian comedian Terry McGovern can refer to more than one person Terry McGovern (boxer Terry McGovern (actor Stanislaw Kiecal, ( September 14, 1886 &ndash October 15, 1910) better known in the Boxing World as Stanley Ketchel Jimmy Wilde ( 15 May 1892 &ndash 10 March 1969) was a former Welsh world Boxing champion Max Baer may refer to Max Baer (judge (born 1947 Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice Max Baer (boxer (1909&ndash1959 boxer Rocky Graziano, born Thomas Rocco Barbella in New York City ( 1 January, 1919 – May 22, 1990) was an American Charles L "Sonny" Liston (May 8 1932?–January 5 1971 was a professional boxer who became world heavyweight champion in 1962 by knocking out Floyd George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is an American two-time World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Rubén Olivares (born January 14, 1947) is a former boxer of Mexican nationality Wilfredo Gómez (born October 29, 1956) is a former boxer and three time world champion Nigel Benn (born January 22, 1964) is an English former boxer who held world titles at both Middleweight and Super middleweight Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao (born December 17, 1978) simply known as Manny Pacquiao is a Filipino professional boxer. Rocky Marciano ( September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was the heavyweight champion of the world

In-fighter (swarmers)

In-fighters or swarmers attempt to stay close to an opponent, throwing intense flurries and combinations of hooks and uppercuts. A hook is a punch in Boxing. It is performed by turning the core muscles and back thereby swinging the arm which is bent at an angle near or at 90 degrees A successful in-fighter often needs a good "chin" because this usually involves being hit with many jabs before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective. In Boxing, Kickboxing and Mixed martial arts, a chin refers to a boxer's ability to tolerate physical trauma to the face without being knocked out A jab is one of the four main punches used in boxing Several variations of the jab exist but every jab shares these characteristics while in a boxing stance, the lead A fighter who operates best at close range is generally shorter and has less reach than his opponents and thus is most effective at a distance where the longer arms of his opponents make punching awkward. However, several fighters tall for their division have been relatively adept at in-fighting as well as out-fighting. Flurries due to a sheer lack of skill and technique occur when a fighter allows the bout to become emotional. When a fighter is angry, he will often make mistakes and commit to wildly thrown punches in order to end the fight quickly. Many short in-fighters utilize their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches. Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter. Some in-fighters have been known for being notoriously hard to hit, with examples including Mike Tyson, Joe Frazier, Sonny Liston, and Rocky Marciano. For the Major League Baseball player and manager see Joe Frazier (baseball. Charles L "Sonny" Liston (May 8 1932?–January 5 1971 was a professional boxer who became world heavyweight champion in 1962 by knocking out Floyd Rocky Marciano ( September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was the heavyweight champion of the world

Notable in-fighters include Battling Nelson, Harry Greb, Rocky Marciano, Joe Frazier, Henry Armstrong, Jake La Motta, Carmen Basilio, Masahiko Harada, Khaosai Galaxy, Arturo Gatti, Ricky Hatton

Style matchups

There is a generally accepted rule of thumb about the success each of these boxing styles has against the others. Oscar Mathæus Nielsen, also known as Oscar "Battling" Nelson, ( June 5, 1882 - February 7, 1954) was a boxer who held Harry Greb (born Edward Henry Greb on June 6, 1894 in Pittsburgh to Pius and Annie Greb died October 22, 1926) was Rocky Marciano ( September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was the heavyweight champion of the world For the Major League Baseball player and manager see Joe Frazier (baseball. Henry Jackson Jr ( December 12, 1912 - October 22, 1988) was a world Boxing champion who fought under the name Henry Armstrong Giacobe LaMotta (born July 10, 1921) better known as Jake LaMotta, nicknamed " The Bronx Bull " and " The Raging Bull Carmine Basilio, born April 2 1927 in Canastota New York, better known in the Boxing World as Carmen Basilio, is a former is a Japanese Ski jumper. He is best remembered for a meltdown at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer and his subsequent redemption at the 1998 Khaosai Galaxy ( Thai: เขาทราย แกแล็คซี่ real name Sura Saenkham) (born May 15, 1959) was one of the sport of Arturo "Thunder" Gatti (born April 15, 1972) is an Italian-Canadian former professional boxer. In general, an in-fighter has an advantage over a boxer, a boxer has an advantage over a puncher, and a puncher has an advantage over an in-fighter. Naturally, many other factors, such as the skill level and training of the combatants, determine the outcome of a fight, but the widely held belief in this relationship among the styles is embodied in the cliché amongst boxing fans and writers that "styles make fights. "

Punchers tend to overcome swarmers or in-fighters because, in trying to get close to the slugger, the in-fighter will invariably have to walk straight into the guns of the much harder-hitting puncher, so, unless the former has a very good chin and the latter's stamina is poor, the brawler's superior power will carry the day. A famous example of this type of match-up advantage would be George Foreman's knockout victory over Joe Frazier.

Although in-fighters struggle against heavy punchers, they typically enjoy more success against out-fighters or boxers. Out-fighters prefer a slower fight, with some distance between themselves and the opponent. The in-fighter tries to close that gap and unleash furious flurries. On the inside, the out-fighter loses a lot of his combat effectiveness, because he cannot throw the hard punches. The in-fighter is generally successful in this case, due to his intensity in advancing on his opponent and his good agility, which makes him difficult to evade. For example, the swarming Joe Frazier, though easily dominated by the slugger George Foreman, was able to create many more problems for the boxer Muhammad Ali in their three fights than Foreman could. Joe Louis, after retirement, admitted that he hated being crowded, and that a swarmer like Rocky Marciano would have caused him style problems even in his prime. Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano, Jack Dempsey, Gene Tunney and Ali are considered to be in the same group as the greatest heavyweight fighters ever.

The boxer or out-fighter tends to be most successful against a brawler, whose slow speed (both hand and foot) and poor technique makes him an easy target to hit for the faster out-fighter. The out-fighter's main concern is to stay alert, as the brawler only needs to land one good punch to finish the fight. If the out-fighter can avoid those power punches, he can often wear the brawler down with fast jabs, tiring him out. If he is successful enough, he may even apply extra pressure in the later rounds in an attempt to achieve a knockout. Most classic boxers, such as Muhammad Ali and Lennox Lewis, enjoyed their best successes against sluggers.

Equipment

Since boxing involves forceful, repetitive punching, precautions must be taken to prevent damage to bones in the hand. Most trainers do not allow boxers to train and spar without hand/wrist wraps and boxing gloves. A hand wrap is a strip of cloth used by boxers (and participants in other Combat sports) to protect the Hand and Wrist against injuries Boxing gloves are Gloves that fighters wear or use on their hands to cushion the impact during Boxing matches Hand wraps are used to secure the bones in the hand, and the gloves are used to protect the hands from blunt injury, allowing boxers to throw punches with more force than if they did not utilize them. Gloves have been required in competition since the late nineteenth century, though modern boxing gloves are much heavier than those worn by early twentieth-century fighters. Prior to a bout, both boxers agree upon the weight of gloves to be used in the bout, with the understanding that lighter gloves allow heavy punchers to inflict more damage. The brand of gloves can also affect the impact of punches, so this too is usually stipulated before a bout.

Boxers practice their skills on two basic types of punching bags. A small, tear-drop-shaped "speed bag" is used to hone reflexes and repetitive punching skills, while a large cylindrical "heavy bag", filled with sand or a synthetic substitute, is used to practice power punching and body blows. In addition to these distinctive pieces of equipment, boxers also utilize more general use training equipment to build strength, speed, and agility. Common training equipment includes free weights, rowing machines, jump rope, and medicine balls. A jump rope, skipping rope, or skip rope is the primary tool used in the Game of skipping played by Children and many Young adults

Headgear, required in amateur boxing and used by professionals when sparring, protects against cuts, scrapes, and swelling. It does not protect very well against concussions, since it does not sufficiently protect the brain from the jarring that occurs when the head is struck with great force. Also, most boxers aim for the chin on opponents, and the chin is usually not padded. Thus, a power punch or even a well-placed jab to the chin can inflict serious damage, even when headgear is worn.

Technique

Stance

The modern boxing stance differs substantially from the typical boxing stances of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The modern stance has a more upright vertical armed guard, as opposed to more horizontally held, knuckles facing the guard as seen among early 20th century hookers such as Jack Johnson.

Upright stance

Semi-crouch

Full crouch

In a fully upright stance, the boxer stands with the legs shoulder-width apart with the rear foot a half-step behind the lead foot. Right-handed or orthodox boxers lead with the left foot and fist. Both feet are pointed slightly inward, and the right heel is off the ground. The lead (left) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level. The rear (right) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body. The chin is tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs. Some boxers fight from a crouch, leaning forward and keeping their feet closer together.

Left-handed or southpaw fighters use a mirror image of the orthodox stance, which can create problems for orthodox fighters unaccustomed to receiving jabs, hooks, or crosses from the opposite side. The southpaw stance, conversely, is vulnerable to a straight right hand.

North American fighters tend to favor a more balanced stance, facing the opponent almost squarely, while many European fighters stand with their torso turned more to the side. The positioning of the hands may also vary, as some fighters prefer to have both hands raised in front of the face, risking exposure to body shots.

Modern boxers can sometimes be seen tapping their cheeks or foreheads with their fists in order to remind themselves to keep their hands up (which becomes difficult during long bouts). Boxers are taught to push off with their feet in order to move effectively. Forward motion involves lifting the lead leg and pushing with the rear leg. Rearward motion involves lifting the rear leg and pushing with the lead leg. During lateral motion the leg in the direction of the movement moves first while the opposite leg provides the force needed to move the body.

Punches

There are four basic punches in boxing: the jab, cross, hook and uppercut. If a boxer is right-handed (orthodox), his left hand is the lead hand and his right hand is the rear hand. For a left-handed boxer or southpaw, the hand positions are reversed. For clarity, the following discussion will assume a right-handed boxer.

jab

Cross (Straight right)

Hook

Uppercut

These different punching types can be thrown in rapid succession to form combinations or "combos". The most common is the jab and cross combination, nicknamed the "one-two combo". This is usually an effective combination, because the jab blocks the opponent's view of the cross, making it easier to land cleanly and forcefully.

A large, swinging circular punch starting from a cocked-back position with the arm at a longer extension than the hook and all of the fighter's weight behind it is sometimes referred to as a "roundhouse" or "haymaker" punch. Relying on body weight and centrifugal force within a wide arc, the roundhouse can be a powerful blow, but it is often a wild and uncontrolled punch that leaves the fighter delivering it off balance and with an open guard. Wide, looping punches have the further disadvantage of taking more time to deliver, giving the opponent ample warning to react and counter. For this reason, the haymaker or roundhouse is not a conventional punch, and is regarded by trainers as a mark of poor technique or desperation. Sometimes it has been used, because of its immense potential power, to finish off an already staggering opponent who seems unable or unlikely to take advantage of the poor position it leaves the puncher in.

Another unconventional punch is the rarely used "bolo punch", in which the opponent swings an arm out several times in a wide arc, usually as a distraction, before delivering with either that or the other arm. A bolo punch is a punch used in Boxing. The bolo punch is not among the traditional boxing punches ( Jab, Uppercut, hook and cross

Defense

There are several basic maneuvers a boxer can use in order to evade or block punches, depicted and discussed below.

Slipping

Bobbing

Blocking (with the arms)

Cover-Up (with the gloves)

Clinching

Footwork

Pulling away

Guards

There are several defensive positions (guards or styles) used in boxing. Within each style, there is considerable variation among fighters, as some fighters may have their guard higher for more head protection while others have their guard lower to provide better protection against body punches. Many fighters vary their defensive style throughout a bout in order to adapt to the situation of the moment, choosing the position best suited to protect them.

Boxers who use an upright stance protect their chin with the rear hand in either the low or mixed guard styles depicted below. Crouch fighters tend to use the "peek-a-boo" style, discussed below.

Low guard

Mixed guard

Peek-a-boo

Ring generalship

Boxers generally attempt to land short, fast combinations and then quickly shift position to avoid a possible response by their opponent. Strategically, the ring's centre is generally the desired position since a boxer is able to conserve movement by forcing the opponent to circle around them. When in the centre, the boxer is also less likely to be knocked backwards against the ropes surrounding the ring and cornered. Depending on the boxer's style, the centre is the desired location as cornering opponents is always a good strategy. Most fighters, though, will not move around the boxer in the center because doing so makes them vulnerable to shots thrown at good angles. Movement is the most important tool in the ring and allows the fighter to avoid punches that were not telegraphed. If a boxer is standing still, his opponent has a better chance of hitting him. A fighter anticipating a shot while stationary is less likely to be able to evade the shot than a fighter already in motion.

Less common strategies

The "rope-a-dope" strategy

Bolo punch

Bolo-punch

Overhand Right

Check Hook

Medical concerns

Knocking a person unconscious or even causing concussion may cause permanent brain damage. Brain damage, or Acquired brain injury, is the destruction or degeneration of Brain cells. [14] Furthermore, there is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person. In addition, since 1980, more than 200 amateur and professional boxers and Toughman fighters have died as the result of ring or training injuries. Founded in 1979 in Bay City, Michigan by boxing promoter Art Dore, the Toughman Contest is a chance for the novice amateur fighters [15] Thus, in 1983, the Journal of the American Medical Association called for a ban on boxing. The American Medical Association (AMA founded in 1847 and incorporated 1897 is the largest association of Physicians and Medical students in the United States The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society. "[16] Since then, the British[14], Canadian[15], and Australian[16] Medical Associations also have called for bans on boxing.

Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal. Dr. Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the British Medical Association, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that we must have a total ban on boxing. History The BMA founded in 1832 by Charles Hastings was originally known as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association (PMSA the first meeting of which was held in the boardroom "[17] In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear did not prevent brain damage,[18] and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage. [19]

In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in boxing. [20]

Professional boxing is forbidden in Norway, Iceland, Cuba, Iran and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, . It was banned in Sweden until recently when the ban was lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Fatalities versus brain injury

From the 1950s to the 1980s, anti-boxing activist Manuel Velazquez compiled extensive data on deaths in boxing. Manuel Velazquez ( December 6, 1904 - January 1994 was a 20th-century anti- Boxing activist who kept meticulous files on boxing-related deaths [21]

In 1984, R. J. McCunney and P. K. Russo published a study entitled Brain Injuries in Boxing. The study argued that boxing is relatively safe compared to other sports by citing the following figures on U. S. sports fatalities:

Fatality rates per 100,000 participants

  1. Horse racing: 128
  2. Sky diving: 123
  3. Hang gliding: 56
  4. Mountaineering: 51
  5. Scuba diving: 11
  6. Motorcycle racing: 7
  7. College American football: 3
  8. Professional boxing: 1. 3

Dr. Lundberg replied: "It's not the deaths but the chronic brain damage that is so frequent. " The AMA reports brain deterioration in three out of four boxers who have twenty or more professional fights.

To date, there has been little research regarding the long-term effects of amateur boxing.

Boxing Hall of Fame

The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized boxing halls of fame; the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) and the World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF), with the IBHOF being the more widely recognized boxing hall of fame. The modern International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF is located in Canastota, New York, United States, within driving distance from the Baseball Hall The modern World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF is located in Riverside, California, United States, in Southern California

The WBHF was founded by Everett L. Sanders in 1980. Since its inception the WBHOF has never had a permanent location or museum, which has allowed the more recent IBHOF to garner more publicity and prestige.

Boxing's International Hall of Fame was inspired by a tribute an American town held for two local heroes in 1982. The town, Canastota, New York, (which is about 15 miles (24 km) east of Syracuse, via the New York State Thruway), honored former world welterweight/middleweight champion Carmen Basilio and his nephew, former world welterweight champion Billy Backus. Canastota is a Village located inside the Town of Lenox in Madison County New York, United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Carmine Basilio, born April 2 1927 in Canastota New York, better known in the Boxing World as Carmen Basilio, is a former Billy Backus, born March 5, 1943 in Canastota New York, is a former world Boxing champion The people of Canastota raised money for the tribute which inspired the idea of creating an official, annual hall of fame for notable boxers.

The International Boxing Hall of Fame opened in Canastota in 1989. The modern International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF is located in Canastota, New York, United States, within driving distance from the Baseball Hall The first inductees in 1990 included Jack Johnson, Benny Leonard, Jack Dempsey, Henry Armstrong, Sugar Ray Robinson, Archie Moore, and Muhammad Ali. Benny Leonard ( April 17, 1896 &mdash April 18, 1947) born Benjamin Leiner was an American boxer and one of the greatest Sugar Ray Robinson' (born Walker Smith Jr, May 3 1921 – April 12 1989 was a professional boxer Before Boxing Moore often found himself in trouble as a youngster and was in a reformatory until 1934 Other world-class figures include Roberto "Manos de Piedra" Duran, Ismael Laguna, Eusebio Pedroza, Carlos Monzon, Azumah Nelson, Rocky Marciano, Pipino Cuevas, and Ken Buchanan. The Hall of Fame's induction ceremony is held every June as part of a four-day event

The fans who come to Canastota for the Induction Weekend are treated to a number of events, including scheduled autograph sessions, boxing exhibitions, a parade featuring past and present inductees, and the induction ceremony itself.

Governing and sanctioning bodies

Champions since 1920 of heavyweight boxing of 5 most important Associations
Champions since 1920 of heavyweight boxing of 5 most important Associations
Governing Body Website
British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC) http://www.bbbofc.com/
Nevada State Athletic Commission http://boxing.nv.gov/
American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians (AAPRP) http://www.aaprp.org/
Sanctioning Body Website
World Boxing Association (W. The British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC is the governing body of professional Boxing in the United Kingdom. The Nevada Athletic Commission, also known as the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC regulates all contests and exhibitions of Unarmed combat within the state The World Boxing Association (WBA is a Boxing organization that sanctions official matches and awards the WBA world championship title at the professional level B. A. ) http://www.wbaonline.com/
World Boxing Council (W. The World Boxing Council was initially created by 11 countries the United States, Argentina, United Kingdom, France, Mexico, B. C. ) http://www.wbcboxing.com/
International Boxing Federation (I. B. F. ) http://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/
World Boxing Organization (W. The World Boxing Organization ( WBO) is a sanctioning organization currently recognizing professional Boxing world champions B. O. ) http://www.wbo-int.com/

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Encyclopaedia Britannica entry for Boxing
  2. ^ Boxing Ancient History & Cartoon Fun from Brownielocks
  3. ^ INDIAN MIRROR - History of games & sports in India
  4. ^ Homer, Iliad, 23.655-696
  5. ^ Virgil, Aeneid, 5.421
  6. ^ BBC. Boxing has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since its introduction to the program at the 1904 Summer This is a list of notable female boxers. For a list of male boxers see List of male boxers White Collar Boxing is a form of Boxing where men and women in white collar professions train to fight at special events This is a list of current boxing world champions who are certified by the four major Boxing sanctioning bodies and The Ring magazine Triple Champion Club In Boxing a Triple Champion is that fighter that win titles or belts in at least 3 different weights or divisions Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or The origins of Boxing, BBC History [1]
  7. ^ James B. Roberts and Alexander G. Skutt (1999). James Figg, IBOHF [2]
  8. ^ John Rennie (2006) East London Prize Ring Rules 1743[3]
  9. ^ Clay Moyle and Arly Allen (2006), 1838 Prize Rules[4]
  10. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2006). Queensbury Rules, Britannica[5]
  11. ^ Tracy Callis (2006). James Corbett, Cyberboxingzone. com [6]
  12. ^ Andrew Eisele (2005). Olympic Boxing Rules, About. com [7]
  13. ^ Bert Randolph Sugar (2001). "Boxing," World Book Online Americas Edition [8]
  14. ^ BBC. Boxing Brain Damage, BBC News[9]
  15. ^ Svinth, Joseph R. "Death Under the Spotlight," Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences, downloaded November 25, 2007, http://ejmas.com/jcs/jcsart_svinth_a_0700.htm
  16. ^ Lundberg, George D. "Boxing should be banned in civilized countries. " Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983, pp. 249-250.
  17. ^ BBC, News on Boxing Ban, BBC Online[10]
  18. ^ "Amateur boxers suffer brain damage too" (08 May 2007). New Scientist (2602): 4.  
  19. ^ "Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?", American Academy of Neurology, May 2, 2007.  
  20. ^ Hauser, Thomas. "Medical Issues and the AAPRP," SecondsOut. com, downloaded November 25, 2007, http://www.secondsout.com/usa/colhauser.cfm?ccs=208&cs=15463
  21. ^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2000-2007). Death under the Spotlight, Journal of Combative Sport[11]

General references

External links

Boxing associations

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