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The Boxer Rebellion
Boxer forces in Tianjin
Date November 2, 1899 - September 7, 1901 Location China Result Alliance victory
Belligerents
Eight-Nation Alliance (ordered by contribution): Japan Russia United Kingdom France United States Germany Italy Austria-Hungary	Righteous Harmony Society (Boxers) China
Commanders
Edward Seymour Alfred Graf von Waldersee	Ci Xi
Strength
20,000 initially 49,000 total	50,000-100,000 Boxers 70,000 Imperial troops
Casualties and losses
2,500 soldiers, 526 foreigners and Chinese Christians	"All" Boxers,  ? Imperial troops
Civilians = 18,952+

The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Eight-Nation Alliance ( was an alliance of 8 nations ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom The Society of Right and Harmonious Fists ( or the Boxer was a secret society founded in the Northern Shandong province of China that executed the unsuccessful Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edward Hobart Seymour GCB OM RN ( 30 April 1840 &ndash 2 March 1929) was a Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance The Society of Right and Harmonious Fists ( or the Boxer was a secret society founded in the Northern Shandong province of China that executed the unsuccessful It took place in China from November 1899 to 7 September 1901, during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty). The recorded military history of China extends from about 1500 BC to the present day Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China

The members of the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists were simply called "Boxers" by the Westerners due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. Calisthenics form a category of Physical exercises closely related to but not a part of Gymnastics. The uprising began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist peasant-based movement in northern China. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude They attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui, as well as Christians, who were held responsible for the foreign domination of China. Feng shui ( ˈfəŋˌʃueɪ fehng-shway in English is an ancient Chinese system of Aesthetics believed to utilize the Laws of both heaven (astronomy and earth (geography A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth In June 1900, the Boxers invaded Beijing and killed 230 foreign diplomats and foreigners. Some Chinese Christians were also killed, mostly in Shandong and Shanxi Provinces as part of the uprising. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China.

The government of Empress Dowager Cixi was not helpful, and diplomats, foreign civilians, soldiers and some Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter where they held out for fifty-five days until a multination coalition rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue. Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the The Chinese government was forced to indemnify the victims and make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms implemented after the crisis of 1900 laid, at least in part, the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the modern Chinese Republic. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China This article discusses history of the state which currently governs Taiwan Area.

Perspective

In traditional Western histories, the Boxers were condemned as a product of irrationality and xenophobia among the common people. However, controversy still exists about the significance of the movement. Today, the Boxers are praised by the government of the PRC as patriotic and anti-imperialists. The politics of the People's Republic of China take place in a framework of a single-party socialist republic. Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country

The Uprising

A Boxer rebel. His banner says (in translation) "By Imperial Order - Boxer Supply Commissariat".

The Boxer activity began in Shandong province in March 1898, in response to German occupation of the Qingdao region, the British seizing of Weihai city (a trading center), and the failure of the Imperial court's Self-Strengthening Movement. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Administrative divisions The Prefecture-level city of Weihai administers 4 county-level divisions, including 1 districts and 3 county-level cities Self-Strengthening Movement ( c 1861–1895 was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions One of the first signs of unrest appeared in a small village in Shandong province, where there had been a long dispute over the property rights of a temple between locals and the Roman Catholic authorities. The Catholics claimed that the temple was originally a church abandoned for decades after the Kangxi Emperor banned Christianity in China. The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The local court ruled in favour of the church, and angered villagers who claimed the temple for rituals. After the local authorities turned over the temple to the Catholics, the villagers (led by the Boxers) attacked the church building.

Boxers, drawn by Johannes Koekkoek circa 1900. Johannes Hermanus Barend Koekkoek ( Jul 6 1840, Amsterdam - Jan 24 1912, Hilversum) was a Dutch artist

The exemption from many Chinese laws of missionaries further alienated some Chinese. Marshall Broomhall pointed to the policy pursued by Catholic missionaries. Marshall B Broomhall 海恩波著 ( July 17, 1866 &ndash October 24, 1937) was a British Protestant Christian In 1899, with the help of the French Minister in Peking, they obtained an edict from the Chinese Government granting official rank to each order in the Roman Catholic hierarchy. The Catholics, by means of this official status, were able to more powerfully support their people and oppose Mandarins. A Mandarin was a Bureaucrat in Imperial China, and also in the monarchist days of Vietnam where the system of Imperial examinations and ^[1]

The early months of the movement's growth coincided with the Hundred Days' Reform (June 11–September 21, 1898), during which the Guangxu Emperor of China sought to improve the central administration, though the process was reversed by several court reactionaries. The Hundred Days' Reform ( or) was a failed 104-day national cultural political and educational reform movement from 11 June to 21 September 1898 undertaken by the young Guangxu The Guangxu Emperor (光緒帝 (14 August 1871&ndash14 November 1908 born Zaitian (載湉 was the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty After the Boxers were mauled by loyal Imperial troops in October 1898, they dropped their anti-government slogans and turned their attention to foreign missionaries (such as those of the China Inland Mission) and their converts, whom they saw as agents of foreign imperialist influence. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. OMF International (formerly Overseas Missionary Fellowship and before that the China Inland Mission before 1964 is an interdenominational

Veteran missionary Griffith John noted afterward:

Now with a majority of conservative reactionaries in the Imperial Court, the Empress Dowager issued edicts in defence of the Boxers, drawing heated complaints from foreign diplomats in January, 1900. In June 1900 the Boxers, now joined by elements of the Imperial army, attacked foreign compounds in the cities of Tianjin and Peking. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were all located on the Legation Quarter close to the Forbidden City. A legation was the term used in Diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an Embassy. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Beijing Legation Quarter was the area in Beijing where a number of foreign Legations were located between 1861 and 1959 The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial Palace from the mid- Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The legations were hurriedly linked into a fortified compound that became a refuge for foreign citizens in Peking. The Spanish and Belgian legations were a few streets away, and their staff were able to arrive safely at the compound. The German legation on the other side of the city was stormed before the staff could escape. When the Envoy for the German Empire, Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler, was murdered on June 20 by a Manchu banner man, the foreign powers demanded redress. Clemens August Freiherr von Ketteler 22 November 1853 - 20 June 1900) was a German career Diplomat. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. On June 21st Cixi declared war against all Western powers, but regional governors refused to cooperate. Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the Shanghai's Chinese elite supported the provincial governors of southeastern China in resisting the imperial declaration of war. ^[3]

A pamphlet promoting the Boxers circa 1899

The fortified legation compound remained under siege from Boxer forces from June 20 to August 14. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Under the command of the British minister to China, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the legation staff and security personnel defended the compound with one old muzzle-loaded cannon; it was nicknamed the "International Gun" because the barrel was British, the carriage was Italian, the shells were Russian, and the crew were from the United States. Colonel Sir Claude Maxwell MacDonald GCMG GCVO KCB PC (1852 &ndash 1915 was a British Diplomat.

Foreign media described the fighting going on in Peking as well as the alleged torture and murder of captured foreigners. Whilst it is true that tens of thousands of Chinese Christians were massacred in north China, many horrible stories that appeared in world newspapers were based on a deliberate fraud^[4]. Nonetheless a wave of anti-Chinese sentiment arose in Europe, the United States and Japan. ^[5]

The poorly armed Boxer rebels were unable to break into the compound, which was relieved by an international army of the Eight-Nation Alliance in July. The Eight-Nation Alliance ( was an alliance of 8 nations ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia,

Eight-Nation Alliance

The rebellion was stopped by an alliance of eight nations, including Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Military of the Powers during the Boxer Rebellion, with their naval flags, from left to right: Italy, United States, France, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Russia. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Japanese print, 1900.

Main article: Eight-Nation Alliance

Reinforcements

Foreign navies started building up their presence along the northern China coast from the end of April 1900. The Eight-Nation Alliance ( was an alliance of 8 nations ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, On May 31, before the sieges had started and upon the request of foreign embassies in Beijing, 435 navy troops from eight countries were dispatched by train from Takou to the capital (75 French, 75 Russian, 75 British, 60 U. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. S. , 50 German, 40 Italian, 30 Japanese, 30 Austrian); these troops joined the legations and were able to contribute to their defence.

First intervention (Seymour column)

Contingent of Japanese marines who served under the British commander Seymour. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edward Hobart Seymour GCB OM RN ( 30 April 1840 &ndash 2 March 1929) was a

As the situation worsened, a second International force of 2,000 marines under the command of the British Vice Admiral Edward Seymour, the largest contingent being British, was dispatched from Takou to Beijing on June 10. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edward Hobart Seymour GCB OM RN ( 30 April 1840 &ndash 2 March 1929) was a The troops were transported by train from Takou to Tianjin (Tien-Tsin) with the agreement of the Chinese government, but the railway between Tianjin and Beijing had been severed. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Seymour however resolved to move forward and repair the railway, or progress on foot as necessary, keeping in mind that the distance between Tianjin and Beijing was only 120 kilometers.

Admiral Seymour returning to Tianjin with his wounded men, on June 26.

After Tianjin however, the convoy was surrounded, the railway behind and in front of them was destroyed, and they were attacked from all parts by Chinese irregulars and even Chinese governmental troops. News arrived on June 18 regarding attacks on foreign legations. Seymour decided to continue advancing, this time along the Pei-Ho river, towards Tong-Tcheou, 25 kilometers from Beijing. The Hai River ( previously called Bai He (Chinese 白河 pinyin Bái Hé; literally "white river" Pei Ho in Western sources is a Tongzhou District ( Simplified Chinese: 通州区 Traditional Chinese: 通州區 Hanyu Pinyin: Tōngzhōu Qū is a district of the People's By the 19th, they had to abandon their efforts due to progressively stiffening resistance, and started to retreat southward along the river with over two hundred wounded. Commandeering four civilian Chinese junks along the river, they loaded all their wounded and remaining supplies onto them and pulled them along with ropes from the riverbanks. -HK CityHall Seaview 51217 5png|thumb|300px|A modern junk in Hong Kong]]A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. By this point, they were very low on food, ammunition and medical supplies. Luckily, they then happened upon The Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal, a hidden Qing munitions cache that the western powers had no knowledge of until then. The Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal was a Qing Dynasty Imperial Arsenal that stored munitions rifles and millions of rounds of ammunitions They immediately captured and occupied it, discovering not only German Krupp made field guns, but rifles with millions of rounds in ammunition, along with millions of pounds of rice. Further, medical supplies were ample too. There they dug in and awaited rescue. A Chinese servant was able to infiltrate through the boxer and Qing lines, informing the western powers of their predicament. Surrounded and attacked nearly around the clock by Qing troops and boxers, they were at the point of being overrun. On June 25 however a regiment composed of 1800 men, (900 Russian troops from Port-Arthur, 500 British seamen, with an ad hoc mix of other assorted western troops) finally arrived. A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern Spiking the mounted field guns and setting fire to any munitions that they could not take (an estimate £3 million worth), they departed the Hsi-Ku Arsenal in the early morning of June 26, with the loss of 62 killed and 228 wounded. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. ^[6]

Second intervention

With a difficult military situation in Tianjin, and a total breakdown of communications between Tianjin and Beijing, the allied nations took steps to reinforce their military presence significantly. The Eight-Nation Alliance ( was an alliance of 8 nations ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich On June 17, they took the Taku Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin, and from there brought increasing numbers of troops on shore.

The international force, with British Lieutenant-General Alfred Gaselee acting as the commanding officer, called the Eight-Nation Alliance, eventually numbered 54,000, with the main contingent being composed of Japanese soldiers: Japanese (20,840), Russian (13,150), British (12,020), French (3,520), U. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Sir Alfred Gaselee, GCB, GCIE, ( 3 June 1844 - 29 March[[ 918]] Sir Gaselee was born at Little Yeldham, Essex The Eight-Nation Alliance ( was an alliance of 8 nations ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, S. (3,420), German (900), Italian (80), Austro-Hungarian (75), and anti-Boxer Chinese troops. ^[7] The international force finally captured Tianjin on July 14 under the command of the Japanese colonel Kuriya, after one day of fighting. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France.

The capture of the southern gate of Tianjin. British troops were positioned on the left, Japanese troops at the centre, French troops on the right.

Notable exploits during the campaign were the seizure of the Taku Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin, and the boarding and capture of four Chinese destroyers by Roger Keyes. Admiral of the Fleet Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes, Bt GCB KCVO CMG DSO RN ( 4 October The march from Tianjin to Beijing of about 120 km consisted of about 20,000 allied troops. On August 4 there were approximately 70,000 Imperial troops with anywhere from 50,000 to 100,000 Boxers along the way. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. They only encountered minor resistance and the battle was engaged in Yangcun, about 30 km outside Tianjin, where the 14th Infantry Regiment of the U. S. and British troops led the assault. However, the weather was a major obstacle, extremely humid with temperatures sometimes reaching 110 °F (43Celsius). Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale.

Battle scene between Chinese forces and the Eight-Nation Alliance (front: British and Japanese troops).

The International force reached and occupied Beijing on August 14. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures The United States was able to play a secondary, but significant role in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion largely due to the presence of U. S. ships and troops deployed in the Philippines since the U. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP S conquest of the Spanish American and Philippine-American War. In the United States military, the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion was known as the China Relief Expedition. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The China Relief Expedition was the United States military term for the rescue of Caucasians and other European citizens in the wake of the Boxer Rebellion.

The end of rebellion

Parade of the foreign armies in Beijing.

A large international expeditionary force under the command of German general Alfred Graf von Waldersee arrived too late to take part in the main fighting, but undertook several punitive expeditions against the Boxers. Troops from most nations engaged in plunder, looting and rape. Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person German troops in particular were criticized for their enthusiasm in carrying out Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany's July 27 order:

The speech, in which Wilhelm invoked the memory of the 5th century Huns, gave rise to the British derogatory name "Hun" for their German enemy during World War I and World War II. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Reparations

Russian troops in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion.

On September 7, 1901, the Qing court was compelled to sign the "Boxer Protocol" also known as Peace Agreement between the Eight-Nation Alliance and China. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Boxer Protocol was an Unequal treaty signed on September 7, 1901 between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance The Eight-Nation Alliance ( was an alliance of 8 nations ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, The protocol ordered the execution of ten high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak, and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China.

China was fined war reparations of 450,000,000 tael of fine silver (around 67. War reparations refer to the monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war Tael can refer to any one of several Weight measures of the Far East. 5 million pounds) for the loss that it caused. The pound, a unit of currency originated in England as the value of a pound mass of Silver. The reparation would be paid within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interests (4% per year) included. To help meet the payment, it was agreed to increase the existing tariff from an actual 3. 18% to 5%, and to tax hitherto duty-free merchandise. The sum of reparation was estimated by the Chinese population (roughly 450 million in 1900), to let each Chinese pay one tael. Chinese custom income and salt tax were enlisted as guarantee of the reparation. Russia got 30% of the reparation, Germany 20%, France 15. 75%, Britain 11. 25%, Japan 7. 7% and the US share was 7%. ^[9]

China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901 to 1939. Some of the reparation was later earmarked by both Britain and the U. S. for the education of Chinese students at overseas institutions, subsequently forming the basis of Tsinghua University. Tsinghua University ( THU;) is a University in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The British signatory of the Protocol was Sir Ernest Satow, and was in response to the SCHIA programs. Sir Ernest Mason Satow PC, GCMG, (June 30 1843 - August 26 1929 known in Japan as アーネスト・サトウ was an outstanding British Scholar

The China Inland Mission lost more members than any other missionary agency: 58 adults and 21 children were killed. OMF International (formerly Overseas Missionary Fellowship and before that the China Inland Mission before 1964 is an interdenominational However, in 1901, when the allied nations were demanding compensation from the Chinese government, Hudson Taylor refused to accept payment for loss of property or life in order to demonstrate the meekness of Christ to the Chinese. Youth and early work Taylor was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, England, the son of a chemist ( Pharmacist) and Methodist ^[10]

Aftermath

U. S. troops in China during the Boxer Rebellion.

The imperial government's humiliating failure to defend China against the foreign powers contributed to the growth of nationalist resentment against the "foreigner" Qing dynasty (who were descendants of the Manchu conquerors of China) and an increasing feeling for modernization, which was to culminate a decade later in the dynasty's overthrow and the establishment of the Republic of China. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The foreign privileges which had angered Chinese people were largely cancelled in the 1930s and 1940s. Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late

In October 1900, Russia was busy occupying much of the northeastern province of Manchuria, a move which threatened Anglo-American hopes of maintaining what remained of China's territorial integrity and an openness to commerce under the Open Door Policy. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs As a theory the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice as was reflected in treaties concluded with This behavior led ultimately to the Russo-Japanese War, where Russia was defeated at the hands of the increasingly confident Japan. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September

Results

Murdered China Inland Mission missionaries Duncan, Caroline and Jennie Kay.

During the incident, 48 Catholic missionaries and 18,000 Chinese Catholics were murdered. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". 222 Chinese Eastern Orthodox Christians were also murdered, along with 182 Protestant missionaries and 500 Chinese Protestants known as the China Martyrs of 1900. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The " China Martyrs of 1900 " is a term used by Protestant Christian churches to refer to those members who were killed in 1900 when attacks took place across China More than 50,000 Chinese civilians were accused as boxers and executed by foreign troops

The Holy Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer Rebellion.

The effect on China was a weakening of the dynasty as well as a weakened national defense. The structure was temporarily sustained by the Europeans who were under the impression that the Boxer Rebellion was anti-Qing. Besides the compensation, Empress Dowager Cixi realized that in order to survive, China had to reform despite her previous view of European opposition. Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the Among the Imperial powers, Japan gained prestige due to its military aid in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion and was now seen as a power. Power in international relations is defined in several different ways Its clash with Russia over the Liaodong and other provinces in eastern Manchuria, long considered by the Japanese as part of their sphere of influence, led to the Russo-Japanese War when two years of negotiations broke down in February 1904. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria A sphere of influence ( SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural economic military or political domination The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September Germany earned itself the nickname "Hun" and occupied Qingdao bay, consequently fortifying it to serve as Germany's primary naval base in East Asia. The Russian Lease of the Liaodong (1898) was confirmed. The U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment earned the nickname "Manchus" for its actions during this campaign and members of the regiment (stationed in Camp Casey, South Korea) still do a commemorative 25 mile (40 km) foot march every quarter in remembrance of the brutal fighting. The 9th Infantry Regiment is one of the oldest and most decorated active units in the United States Army. Located in Dongducheon (also Tongduchon) South Korea, Camp Casey (named in 1952 after Major Hugh Boyd Casey, who was killed near Soldiers who complete this march are authorized to wear a special belt buckle that features a Chinese imperial dragon on their uniforms. Likewise both the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment, which calls itself "The Golden Dragons"; the 15th Infantry Regiment; the U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiment; the US 3rd Artillery {see Coats of arms of U.S. Field Artillery Regiments}also have a Golden Dragon on their coat of Arms. The 6th Cavalry is a historical organization within the United States Army that began as a Regiment of Cavalry in the American Civil War; It A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people Another U. S. unit involved in the rebellion was the first formation of "2d Regiment" of USMC detachments.

The impact on China was immense. Soon after the rebellion the Imperial examination system for government service was eliminated; as a result, the classical system of education was replaced with a Westernized system that led to a university degree. The Imperial examinations ( in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's Bureaucracy. Chinese classic texts or Chinese canonical texts ( refer to the pre- Qin Chinese texts especially the Confucian Four Books and Five Classics The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Eventually the spirit of revolution sparked a new nationalist revolution, ironically led by a Christian Sun Yat-sen, which overthrew the Manchu (Qing) Dynasty. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often

In fictional interpretations available in English

Lobby Card for 55 Days at Peking

• The 1963 film 55 Days at Peking was a dramatization of the Boxer rebellion. 55 Days at Peking is a 1963 historical Epic film made by Samuel Bronston Productions and released by Allied Artists Shot in Spain, it needed thousands of extras, and the company sent scouts throughout Spain to hire as many as they could find. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[11]

• In 1975, Hong Kong's Shaw Brothers studio produced the film Boxer Rebellion(八國聯軍, Pa kuo lien chun) under director Chang Cheh with one of the highest budget to tell a sweeping story of disillusionment and revenge^[12]. The Shaw Brothers Studio ( Chinese 邵氏片場 owned by Shaw Brothers (HK Ltd Chang Cheh ( ( February 10, 1923 &ndash June 22, 2002) was Shaw Brothers Studio 's best known and most prolific film director It depicted followers of the Boxer clan being duped into believing they were impervious to attacks by firearms. The film starred Alexander Fu Sheng, Chi Kuan Chun and Wang Lung-Wei. Alexander Fu Sheng ( October 20, 1954 - July 7, 1983) (born as Chang Fu-Sheng was a major Hong Kong martial

• The popular film series Once Upon a Time in China, starred Jet Li as the legendary martial artist/Chinese doctor Wong Fei Hung. Once Upon a Time in China ( Cantonese romanisation: Wong Fei Hung) is a 1991 Hong Kong action film co-written Li Lianjie (born April 26 1963 better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese martial artist (Kung fu Actor, Wushu champion The film conveyed the ambiance and tumult of the time period with many historic events woven into the plotlines, though it is mostly an entertainment, non-historical piece.

• In the movie Shanghai Knights, which takes place before the actual Boxer rebellion, the Boxers, led by Wu Chow and backed by British Lord Nelson Rathbone, killed Chon Wang and Chon Lin's father, attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria, and unite the Emperor's enemies and storm the Forbidden City in order for their leaders to become King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of China, but they fail. Shanghai Knights is a 2003 action - Comedy film. It is the sequel to Shanghai Noon. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial Palace from the mid- Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of

• The novel Moment In Peking by Lin Yutang, opens during the Boxer Rebellion, and provides a child's-eye view of the turmoil through the eyes of the protagonist. Moment in Peking ( is a Historical novel originally written in English by the Chinese American author Lin Yutang. Lin Yutang ( October 10, 1895 &ndash March 26, 1976) was a Chinese writer and inventor

• The novel The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure, by Adam Williams, describes the experiences of a small group of western missionaries, traders and railway engineers in a fictional town in Northern China shortly before and during the Boxer Rebellion. The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure, written by Adam Williams (2003 was published by Hodder and Stoughton.

• Parts I and II of C. Y. Lee's China Saga (1987) involve events leading up to and during the Boxer Rebellion, revolving around a character named Fong Tai. CY Lee (born 1917 is a Chinese American Author perhaps best known for his best selling 1957 Novel The Flower Drum Song, which

• Neal Stephenson, in his award-winning sci-fi novel The Diamond Age, refers to the Boxer Rebellion in many ways, including "Fists of Righteous Harmony" as the name of uprising Chinese xenophobic faction. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre The Diamond Age or A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer is a Postcyberpunk Novel by Neal Stephenson.

• The novel for teenagers Tulku, by Peter Dickinson begins with a missionary from the United States being killed during the destruction of a village in China. Tulku (1979 is a children's novel by Peter Dickinson, set in China at the time of the Boxer rebellion Peter Malcolm de Brissac Dickinson (born 16 December 1927) is an English author and poet who has written a wide variety of books notably children's books

• In the cult television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, vampires Spike, Darla, Drusilla, and Angelus wreak havoc during the Boxer Rebellion. Fictional narratives (and works of art exist beyond their completion e Spike (aka William "the Bloody") played by James Marsters, is a Fictional character Darla is a Fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the Television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel Drusilla, nicknamed "Dru" is a Fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the cult Television series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Angel is a Fictional character created by Joss Whedon and David Greenwalt for the Television programs Buffy the Vampire

• The science fiction novel For More Than Glory, by William C. Dietz, was inspired by and loosely based on the Boxer Rebellion. William Corey Dietz (born 1945 is a US Science fiction author who has written 28 novels in the genre some of which have been translated into German,

• The adventure/romance novel Monraker's Bride, by Madeleine Brent includes a spirited defence of a mission station towards the end of the Boxer Rebellion. Peter O'Donnell (born April 11, 1920 in Lewisham, London) is a British writer of mysteries and of Comic strips

• The horror play La Dernière torture (The Ultimate Torture), written by André de Lorde and Eugène Morel in 1904 for the Grand Guignol theater (just four years following the events depicted), is set during the Boxer Rebellion, in the French area of the fortified legation compound, specifically on July 22, 1900, the thirty-second day of the Boxers' siege of the compound. André de Lorde, (1871-1933? born in France, was the chief author of the Grand Guignol plays from 1901-1926 The Grand Guignol ( pronounced giɲɔl was a theatre ( Le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol) in the Pigalle area of Paris (at 20 bis rue

• Tintin and his Chinese friend Chang discuss the Boxer Rebellion and inter-racial prejudices in Herge The Blue Lotus

External links

• 55 Days at Peking at the Internet Movie Database
• Pa kuo lien chun at the Internet Movie Database
• U. of Washington Library's Digital Collections – Robert Henry Chandless Photographs

References

• Brandt, Nat (1994). Georges Prosper Remi ( May 22, 1907 - March 3, 1983) better known by the Pen name Hergé, was a Belgian The Blue Lotus ( Le Lotus bleu) first published in 1936, is one of The Adventures of Tintin, a series of classic comic-strip Massacre in Shansi. Syracuse U. Press. ISBN 0815602820, ISBN 1583483470 (Pbk).
• Broomhall, Marshall (1901). Marshall B Broomhall 海恩波著 ( July 17, 1866 &ndash October 24, 1937) was a British Protestant Christian Martyred Missionaries of The China Inland Mission; With a Record of The Perils and Sufferings of Some Who Escaped. London: Morgan and Scott.  
• Chen, Shiwei. "Change and Mobility: the Political Mobilization of the Shanghai Elites in 1900. " Papers on Chinese History 1994 3(spr): 95-115.
• Cohen, Paul A. (1997). History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth Columbia University Press. online edition
• Cohen, Paul A. "The Contested Past: the Boxers as History and Myth. " Journal of Asian Studies 1992 51(1): 82-113. Issn: 0021-9118
• Elliott, Jane. "Who Seeks the Truth Should Be of No Country: British and American Journalists Report the Boxer Rebellion, June 1900. " American Journalism 1996 13(3): 255-285. Issn: 0882-1127
• Esherick, Joseph W. (1987). The Origins of the Boxer Uprising University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06459-3
• Harrison, Henrietta. "Justice on Behalf of Heaven. " History Today (2000) 50(9): 44-51. Issn: 0018-2753.
• Jellicoe, George (1993). George Patrick John Rushworth Jellicoe 2nd Earl Jellicoe, KBE, DSO, MC, PC, FRS ( 4 April 1918 &ndash The Boxer Rebellion, The Fifth Wellington Lecture, University of Southampton, University of Southampton. ISBN 0854325166.
• Hsu, Immanuel C. Y. (1999). The rise of modern China, 6 ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195125045.
• Hunt, Michael H. "The Forgotten Occupation: Peking, 1900–1901. " Pacific Historical Review 48 (4) (Nov. 1979): 501–529.
• Preston, Diana (2000). The Boxer Rebellion. Berkley Books, New York. ISBN 0-425-18084-0. online edition
• Preston, Diana. "The Boxer Rising. " Asian Affairs (2000) 31(1): 26-36. ISSN 0306-8374.
• Purcell, Victor (1963). The Boxer Uprising: A background study. online edition
• Seagrave, Sterling (1992). Sterling Seagrave is author of The Soong Dynasty, The Marcos Dynasty, Gold Warriors and numerous other books which address unofficial and clandestine aspects Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China Vintage Books, New York. ISBN 0-679-73369-8. Challenges the notion that the Empress-Dowager used the Boxers. She is portrayed sympathetically.
• Tiedemann, R. G. "Boxers, Christians and the Culture of Violence in North China. " Journal of Peasant Studies 1998 25(4): 150-160. ISSN 0306-6150.
• Warner, Marina (1993). The Dragon Empress The Life and Times of Tz'u-hsi, 1835-1908, Empress Dowager of China. Vintage. ISBN 0-09-916591-0

Primary sources

• Eva Jane Price. China journal, 1889-1900: an American missionary family during the Boxer Rebellion, (1989). ISBN 0-684-19851-8; see Susanna Ashton, "Compound Walls: Eva Jane Price's Letters from a Chinese Mission, 1890-1900. " Frontiers 1996 17(3): 80-94. ISSN: 0160-9009.

Notes