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Bovids
Fossil range: Early Miocene to Recent
Sable Antelope
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Gray, 1821
Subfamilies

Bovinae
Cephalophinae
Hippotraginae
Antilopinae
Caprinae
Reduncinae
Aepycerotinae
Peleinae
Alcelaphinae
Pantholopinae

A bovid is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed mammals belonging to the family Bovidae. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Sable Antelope ( Hippotragus niger) is an Antelope which inhabits wooded savannah in East Africa south of Kenya, and in Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about John Edward Gray ( 12 February 1800 &ndash 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. The biological Subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium to large sized Ungulates including domestic Cattle, Bison, Water A duiker (ˈdaɪkɚ is any of about 19 small to medium-sized Antelope Species from the subfamily Cephalophinae native to Sub-Saharan Africa A grazing antelope is any of the Species of Antelope that make up the subfamily Hippotraginae in the family Bovidae, which also includes Antilopinae is a Subfamily of Bovidae. The gazelles blackbucks springboks gerenuks dibatags and Central Asian gazelles are often referred to as "True Antelopes" The subfamily Reduncinae is composed 8 Species of Antelope all of which dwell in Marshes Floodplains or other well-watered areas including An impala ( Aepyceros melampus Greek αιπος aipos "high" κερος ceros "horn" + melas "black" pous The Grey Rhebok or Grey Rhebuck ( Pelea capreolus, locally known as the Vaal Rhebok or Vaalribbok) is a species of Antelope The subfamily Alcelaphinae contains Wildebeest, Hartebeest, Bonteboks and several similar Species. "Chiru" redirects here For the Indian actor see Chiranjeevi. A cloven hoof is a Hoof split into two toes This is found on members within the Mammalian order Artiodactyla. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands In Biological classification, family ( Latin The family is widespread, being native to all continents except South America, Australia and Antarctica, and diverse: members include buffalo, bison, antelopes, gazelles, both wild and domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, and water buffalo. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The biological Subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium to large sized Ungulates including domestic Cattle, Bison, Water This is an article about an animal For other uses see Bison (disambiguation. Antelope are Ruminant hoofed Mammals of the family Bovidae in the order of Even-toed ungulates. A GAZelle (ГАЗе́ль is a series of mid-sized Trucks Vans and Buses made by Russian car manufacturer GAZ. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe

Contents

Characteristics

The largest bovids weigh well over a ton and stand 2 metres high at the shoulder; the smallest weigh about 3 kg and stand no taller than a large domestic cat. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic Some are thick-set and muscular, others lightly built with small frames and long legs. Many species congregate into large groups with complex social structures, but others are mostly solitary. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Within their extensive range, they occupy a wide variety of habitat types, from desert to tundra and from thick tropical forest to high mountains. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest

Most members of the family are herbivorous, except most duikers, which are omnivorous. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell A duiker (ˈdaɪkɚ is any of about 19 small to medium-sized Antelope Species from the subfamily Cephalophinae native to Sub-Saharan Africa Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary All bovids have a four-chambered stomach which allows most of them to digest foods that are too low in nutriment for many other animals, notably grasses. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include No higher animal directly digests cellulose, but like kangaroos, termites and others, bovids rely on micro-organisms living in their stomachs to break down cellulose by fermentation. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 A kangaroo is a Marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods meaning 'large foot' The termites are a group of Social Insects usually classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera (but see also taxonomy A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually

Because of the size and weight of their complex digestive systems, many bovids have a solid, stocky build; the more gracile species tend to have more selective diets, and be browsers rather than grazers. Grazing generally describes a type of Predation in which an Herbivore feeds on Plants (such as Grasses, or more broadly on a multicellular Their upper canine teeth and incisors are missing, and are replaced with a hard, horny pad, that the lower teeth grind against to cut grass or other foliage. "Cuspid" redirects here For the heart valves see Bicuspid valve and Tricuspid valve. Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut" are the first kind of Tooth in Heterodont Mammals They are located in the Premaxilla The canines are either missing or modified to act as extra incisors. The cheek teeth are low-crowned and selenodont, and are separated from the forward teeth by a wide gap, or diastema. Cheeks ( Latin: buccae) constitute the area of the Face below the Eyes and between the Nose and the left or right Ear Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of Tooth in most Mammals In many mammals they grind food hence the Latin name mola, " Millstone Diastema is a gap or space between two Teeth. The term is most commonly applied to be an open space between the upper Incisors (front teeth [1] The dental formula for bovids is similar to that of other ruminants:

0. Dentition is the development of Teeth and their arrangement in the Mouth. 0. 2-3. 3
3. 1. 3. 3

All bovids have four toes on each foot – they walk on the central two (the hooves), while the outer two (the dew-claws) rarely touch the ground. Toes are the digits of the Foot of an animal Many animal species such as Cats walk on their toes and are described as being Digitigrade HoofRearHoovesjpg|thumb|200px|right|Rear hooves of a horse]] A hoof is the tip of a Toe of an Ungulate Mammal, strengthened by a thick horny ( All males and many females have horns (except in some domesticated breeds); the size and shape varies greatly but the basic structure is always a single bony protrusion without branches and covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. Keratins are a family of fibrous structural proteins; tough and insoluble they form the hard but nonmineralized structures found in Reptiles Birds

Evolution

The bovid family is known through fossils from the early Miocene, around 20 million years ago. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The earliest bovids, such as Eotragus, were small animals, somewhat similar to modern gazelles, and probably lived in woodland environments. Eotragus is an early Bovid from Europe, Africa, and Asia during the Miocene some 20-18 million years ago A GAZelle (ГАЗе́ль is a series of mid-sized Trucks Vans and Buses made by Russian car manufacturer GAZ. Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest. The number of bovid species greatly expanded by the late Miocene, when many adapted to more open, grassland, habitat. [2]

The largest number of modern bovids is found in Africa, while substantial but less diverse populations are in Asia and North America. It is thought that many bovid species that evolved in Asia could not survive predation by humans arriving from Africa in the late Pleistocene. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period By contrast, African species had many thousands or a few million years to adapt to the gradual development of human hunting skills. Yet many of the commonly domesticated bovid species (goats, sheep, water buffalo and yak) originated in Asia. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe The yak ( Bos grunniens) is a long-haired Bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Qinghai - This may be because Asian bovids had less fear of humans and were more docile.

The small number of modern American bovids are relatively recent arrivals over the Bering Land Bridge, but they long predate human arrival. The Bering land bridge was a Land bridge roughly 1000 miles (1600 km north to south at its greatest extent which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia

Classification

References

  1. ^ Janis, C. The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about The suborder Suina (also known as Suiformes) contains perhaps the earliest and most archaic even-toed ungulates. Tylopoda (meaning "padded foot" is a suborder of the mammalian order Artiodactyla containing some families like the Camelidae, Oromerycidae, The biological suborder Ruminantia includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing Mammals among them Cattle, goats Sheep, Deer "Kancil" redirects here For the car see Perodua Kancil Not to be confused with Kanchil (Lesser Mouse Deer Not to be confused The Pecora is a group of hoofed mammals that comprises most of the Ruminants including cattle sheep goats antelopes deer giraffes and pronghorn Musk deer are Artiodactyls of the genus Moschus, the only genus of family Moschidae. Antilocapridae is a family of artiodactyls endemic to North America. The giraffids are Ruminant Artiodactyl mammals that share a common ancestor with Deer and Bovids The biological family Giraffidae A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The biological Subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium to large sized Ungulates including domestic Cattle, Bison, Water A duiker (ˈdaɪkɚ is any of about 19 small to medium-sized Antelope Species from the subfamily Cephalophinae native to Sub-Saharan Africa A grazing antelope is any of the Species of Antelope that make up the subfamily Hippotraginae in the family Bovidae, which also includes Antilopinae is a Subfamily of Bovidae. The gazelles blackbucks springboks gerenuks dibatags and Central Asian gazelles are often referred to as "True Antelopes" The subfamily Reduncinae is composed 8 Species of Antelope all of which dwell in Marshes Floodplains or other well-watered areas including An impala ( Aepyceros melampus Greek αιπος aipos "high" κερος ceros "horn" + melas "black" pous The Grey Rhebok or Grey Rhebuck ( Pelea capreolus, locally known as the Vaal Rhebok or Vaalribbok) is a species of Antelope The subfamily Alcelaphinae contains Wildebeest, Hartebeest, Bonteboks and several similar Species. "Chiru" redirects here For the Indian actor see Chiranjeevi. & Jarman, P. (1984). in Macdonald, D. : The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 498-499. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.  
  2. ^ Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File, 232-235. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.  

Dictionary

bovid

-noun

  1. An animal of the family Bovidae, for example antelopes, gazelles, goats, and sheep.
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