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Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or The July Monarchy (1830-1848 was a period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe The National flag of France (known in French as drapeau tricolore, drapeau français,and in military parlance les couleurs The current emblem of France has been a symbol of France since 1953 although it does not have any legal status as an official coat of arms Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Louis-Antoine of France Dauphin of France and Duke of Angoulême (born Louis-Antoine of Artois; August 6, 1775 – June 3, 1844) Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation This article is for the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The franc (represented by the franc sign ₣ or more commonly just F) is a former Currency of France. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics.
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Louis XVIII, 1814-1824
Louis XVIII's restoration to the throne in 1814 was effected largely through the support of Napoleon's former foreign minister Talleyrand who convinced the victorious Allied Powers of the desirability of a Bourbon restoration. Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1st Sovereign Prince of Beneventum (2 February 1754 17 May 1838 the Prince of Diplomats, was a French Louis was forced to grant a written constitution, the Charter of 1814, which guaranteed a bicameral legislature, with a hereditary/appointive Chamber of Peers and an elected Chamber of Deputies. The French Charter of 1814 was a Constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration Peerage of France (Pairie de France was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1814–1848 The franchise was limited to men with considerable property holdings. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally Many of the legal, administrative, and economic reforms of the revolutionary period were left intact; the Napoleonic Code, the land reforms that helped the peasants, and the new system of dividing the country into departments were not undone by the new King. The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des Français) is the French Civil code, established under In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Relations between church and state remained regulated by the Concordat of 1801. The Concordat of 1801 is a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority
After a first sentimental flush of popularity, Louis's gestures towards reversing the results of the French Revolution quickly lost him public support among the disenfranchised majority. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Within a year, he fled Paris to Ghent on the news of the return of Napoleon from Elba, but returned after the Battle of Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule of the Hundred Days. Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a Elba (Ilva is an island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino. In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration This Second Restoration saw the atrocities of The White Terror, largely in the south, when supporters of the monarchy murdered many who had supported Napoleon's return. The name White Terror was applied to two similar movements against the French Revolution. Although the King and his ministers opposed the violence, they were ineffectual in taking active steps to stop it.
Louis's chief ministers were at first moderate, including Talleyrand, the Duc de Richelieu, Élie Decazes, and Louis himself, followed a cautious policy. Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis duc de Richelieu (25 September 1766 - 17 May 1822 was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration Élie Decazes 1st duc Decazes and 1st Duke of Glücksbierg (duc Decazes et de Glücksbierg 28 September 1780 - 24 October 1860 was a French Statesman The Chambre introuvable elected in 1815, dominated by ultraroyalists, or Ultras, was dissolved by Richelieu as being impossible to work with, and electoral manipulation resulted in a more liberal chamber in 1816. La Chambre introuvable ( French for "Unobtainable Chamber" was the first Chamber of Deputies after the Second Bourbon Restoration (1815-1830 The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 Prohibition of divorce was re-established this year. Feminism in France has its origins in the French Revolution. A few famous figures emerged during the 1871 Paris Commune, including Louise Michel, Russian-born However, the liberals ultimately proved just as unmanageable, and by 1820 Decazes and the King were looking for ways to revise the electoral laws again, to ensure a more tractable conservative majority. However, the assassination of the Duc de Berry, the ultrareactionary son of Louis's ultrareactionary brother (and heir-presumptive) the future Charles X, in February 1820, caused Decazes's fall from power and the triumph of the Ultras. Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated After an interval in which Richelieu returned to power from 1820 to 1821, a new Ultra ministry was formed, headed by the Comte de Villèle, a leading Ultra. Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin comte de Villèle (14 April 1773 - 13 March 1854 was a French statesman Soon, however, Villèle proved himself to be nearly as cautious as his master, and, so long as Louis lived, overtly reactionary policies were kept to a minimum.
Louis XVIII died on September 16, 1824, and was succeeded by his brother, the comte d'Artois, who took the title of Charles X. The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the list to the right "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Prehistoric France is the period in the human occupation (including early hominins) of the geographical area covered by present-day France which extended through Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin France in the Middle Ages covers an area roughly corresponding to modern day France, from the death of Charlemagne in 814 to the middle of the 15th The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following The Consulate was the government of France between the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French The July Monarchy (1830-1848 was a period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May The History of France from 1914 to the present includes the later years of the Third Republic (1871–1941 World War I (1914–18 Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on The Kingdom of France was organised into Provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the département This is a history of the economy of France. For more information on historical cultural demographic and sociological developments in France see the chronological As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2000 years across areas including modern France, greater France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world For practical purposes the history of French art has been divided into a series of separate articles accessible through the template to the right This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the The Culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by its geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and This is a timeline of French history. To read about the background to these events see History of France. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated
Charles X, 1824-1830
During his brother's reign the comte d'Artois headed the ultra-royalist opposition, which took power after the traumatic assassination of the duc du Berry, with the ministry of the comte de Villèle, who continued as chief minister after Charles became king. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin comte de Villèle (14 April 1773 - 13 March 1854 was a French statesman Emotionally, Charles never really recovered from his son's murder. The Villèle government voted the Anti-Sacrilege Act in January 1825, which punished by death the theft of consecrated hosts. The Anti-Sacrilege Act (1825&ndash1830 was a French law against Blasphemy and Sacrilege passed in January 1825 under King Charles Sacramental bread, sometimes called Lamb or Host is the bread which is used in the Christian ritual of the Eucharist.
The Villèle cabinet resigned in 1827 under pressure from the liberal press, including the Journal des débats, which hosted Chateaubriand's articles. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times Villèle's successor, the vicomte de Martignac, tried to steer a middle course, but in 1829 Charles appointed Prince Jules Armand de Polignac (the nephew of Louise de Polastron), an ultra-reactionary, as chief minister. Jean-Baptiste Sylvère Gay vicomte de Martignac (20 June 1778&ndash3 April 1832 was a moderate royalist French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration 1814-30 Jules Auguste Armand Marie Prince de Polignac ( Versailles, 14 May 1780 Paris, 2 March 1847 was a French Statesman. Polignac initiated French colonization in Algeria. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's His dissolution of the chamber of deputies, his July Ordinances, which set up rigid control of the press, and his restriction of suffrage resulted in the July Revolution of 1830. July Ordinances, also known as Ordinances of Saint-Cloud, were a series of decrees set forth by Charles X and Jules Armand de Polignac, the chief minister Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French The major cause of his downfall, however, was that, while he managed to keep the support of the aristocracy, the Catholic Church and even much of the peasantry, he was deeply unpopular with industrial workers and the bourgeoisie.
Charles abdicated in favor of his grandson, the Comte de Chambord, and left for England. Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 However, the liberal, bourgeois-controlled Chamber of Deputies refused to confirm the Comte de Chambord as Henri V. Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 In a vote largely boycotted by conservative deputies, the body declared the French throne vacant, and elevated Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orleans, to power. Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the This article is about the French city of Orléans for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation.
The Fall of the Restoration, 1827–1830
There is still considerable debate among historians as to the actual cause of the downfall of Charles X. What is generally conceded, though, is that between 1820 and 1830, a series of economic downturns combined with the rise of a liberal opposition within the Chamber of Deputies ultimately felled the conservative Bourbons.
Between 1827 and 1830, France faced an economic downturn, industrial and agricultural, that was possibly worse than the one that sparked the Revolution of 1789. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an A series of progressively worsening grain harvests pushed up the prices on various staple foods and cash crops. A staple food is a Food that forms the basis of a Traditional diet. In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money. In response, the rural peasantry throughout France lobbied for the relaxation of protective tariffs on grain in order to lower prices and ease their economic situation. However, Charles X, bowing to pressure from wealthier landowners, kept the tariffs in place. He did so based upon the Bourbon response to 1816-1817, during which Louis XVIII relaxed tariffs during a series of famines, caused a downturn in prices, and incurred the ire of wealthy landowners, the traditional source of Bourbon legitimacy. The Year Without a Summer, also known as the Poverty Year, The Year There Was No Summer or Eighteen hundred and froze to death Thus, peasants throughout France between 1827 and 1830 faced a period of relative economic hardship and rising prices.
At the same time, international pressures combined with weakened purchasing power from the provinces led to decreased economic activity in urban centers. This industrial downturn contributed to rising poverty levels among Parisian artisans. By 1830, then, multiple demographics had suffered from the economic policies of Charles X.
While the French economy faltered, a series of elections brought a relatively powerful liberal bloc into the Chamber of Deputies. The 17-strong liberal bloc of 1824 grew to 180 in 1827, and 274 in 1830. This liberal majority grew increasingly dissatisfied with the policies of the centrist Martignac and the Ultra-Royalist Polignac, seeking to protect the limited protections of the Charter of 1814. Jean-Baptiste Sylvère Gay vicomte de Martignac (20 June 1778&ndash3 April 1832 was a moderate royalist French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration 1814-30 Jules Auguste Armand Marie Prince de Polignac ( Versailles, 14 May 1780 Paris, 2 March 1847 was a French Statesman. They sought the expansion of the franchise, and more liberal economic policies. They also demanded the right, as the majority bloc, to appoint the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
Also, the growth of the liberal bloc within the Chamber of Deputies corresponded roughly with the rise of a liberal press within France. Generally centered around Paris, this press provided a counterpoint to the government's journalistic services, and to the newspapers of the right. It grew increasingly important in conveying political opinions and the political situation to the Parisian public, and can thus be seen as a crucial link between the rise of the liberals and the increasingly agitated and economically suffering French masses.
Thus, by 1830, the Restoration government of Charles X faced difficulties on all sides. The new liberal majority clearly had no intention of budging in the face of Polignac's aggressive policies. The rise of a liberal press within Paris that outsold the official government newspaper indicated a general shift in Parisian politics towards the left. And yet, Charles' base of power was certainly toward the right of the political spectrum, as were his own views. He simply could not yield to the growing demands from within the Chamber of Deputies. The situation would soon come to a head.
The Four Ordinances
Technically, the Charter of 1814 made France a constitutional monarchy. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Orléans is the name used by several branches of the Royal House of France all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's royal founder Hugh Capet History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on July Ordinances, also known as Ordinances of Saint-Cloud, were a series of decrees set forth by Charles X and Jules Armand de Polignac, the chief minister The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French While the King retained extensive power over policy-making as well as the sole power of the Executive, he was nonetheless reliant upon the Parliament to accept and pass his legal decrees. The Charter also fixed the method of election of the Deputies, their rights within the Chamber of Deputies, and the rights of the majority bloc. Thus, Charles X in 1830 faced a significant problem. He could not overstep his constitutional bounds, and yet, he could not preserve his policies with a liberal majority within the Chamber of Deputies. Stark action was required. A final no-confidence vote by the liberals in March of 1830 spurred the king into action, and he set about to alter the Charter of 1814 by decree. These decrees, known as the Four Ordinances, or the Ordinances of St Cloud, included:
- Dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies
- Restriction of the Press Laws
- Restriction of the franchise to only the wealthiest within France
- Immediate new elections based upon the new electorate.
Word spread quickly of the king's intent. On July 10, 1830, before the King had even made his declarations, a group of wealthy, liberal journalists and newspaper proprietors, led by Adolphe Thiers, met in Paris to decide upon a strategy to counter Charles X. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. It was decided then, nearly three weeks before the Revolution, that in the event of Charles' expected proclamations, the journalistic establishment of Paris would publish vitriolic criticisms of the King’s policies in an attempt to mobilize the masses (this is the assertion of H. A. C. Collingham, and may require more explanation or elaboration). Thus, when Charles X made his declarations on the July 25, 1830, the liberal journalism machine mobilized, publishing articles and complaints decrying the despotism of the King’s actions. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
The urban mobs of Paris also mobilized, driven by patriotic fervor and economic hardship, assembling barricades and attacking the infrastructure of Charles X. Within days, the situation escalated beyond the ability of the monarchy to control it. As the Crown moved to shut down liberal periodicals, the radical Parisian masses defended those publications. They also launched attacks against pro-Bourbon presses, and paralyzed the coercive apparatus of the monarchy. Seizing the opportunity, the liberals in Parliament began drafting resolutions, complaints, and censures against the King.
The king finally abdicated on July 30. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Twenty minutes later, his son, Le Duc d'Angouleme, also abdicated. The Crown nominally fell upon Charles X's grandson, the would-be Henri V. Instead, the newly-empowered Chamber of Deputies declared the throne vacant, and elevated Louis-Philippe, Duc de Orleans, to power. Thus, the July Monarchy began.
Louis-Philippe and the House of Orléans
Louis-Philippe ascended the throne on the strength of the July Revolution of 1830, and ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French," marking the shift to national sovereignty. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The Orleanists were thereafter in power, defeating the Legitimists. The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the
Following the ousting of the last king to rule France during the February 1848 Revolution, the Second Republic was formed after the election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as President (1848–1852), who subsequently made a coup in 1851 and had himself declared Emperor Napoleon III of the Second Empire from 1852–1870. The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President The French Coup d'état of December 2nd 1851 staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (at the time President of the Second French Republic) ended in the successful dissolution Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second
Political Parties Under Restoration
Political parties saw substantial changes of alignment and membership under the Restoration. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The Chamber of Deputies oscillated between recessive ultra-royalist phases and progressive liberal phases. Opponents of the monarchy were absent from the political scene because of the repression of the White Terror. The name White Terror was applied to two similar movements against the French Revolution. Individuals of influence who had different visions of the French constitutional monarchy clashed. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is
All parties remained fearful of the common people, whom Adolphe Thiers later referred to by the term "cheap multitude". Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. Their political sights were set on a favoritism of class. Political changes in the Chamber were due to abuse by the majority tendency (involving a dissolution and then an inversion of the majority) or critical events (for example, the assassination of the Duc de Berry in 1820). Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles
Disputes were a power struggle between the powerful (royalty against deputies) rather than a fight between royal tyranny and noble defenders of the interests of the people. Although the deputies claimed to defend the interests of the people, most had an important fear of common people, of innovations, of socialism and even of simple measures such as the extension of voting rights. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally
The principal political parties during the Restoration were:
Constitutionnels
Constitutionnels were mostly rich and educated middle-class men: lawyers, senior officials of the Empire and academics. They feared the triumph of the aristocracy as much as that of the democrats. They accepted the charter because it guaranteed freedom and civil equality and created a barrier to the popular masses who were considered unable, because of their ignorance, to be involved in the management of public affairs. Important personalities were Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard, François Guizot and the count of Serre. Pierre Paul Royer-Collard ( 21 June 1763 - 2 September 1845) was a French statesman and Philosopher, leader of the François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. Their newspapers were Le Courrier Français and Le Censeur.
Doctrinaires
Doctrinaires promoted a return to a moderate monarchy and were opposed to the extremists in the early period of the Restoration. Doctrinaires was the name given during the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830 to the little group of French Royalists who hoped to reconcile the
Independents
Independents were mostly lower middle class: doctors and lawyers, tradesmen, men of law and, in rural constituencies, traders of national goods. They rejected the charter, considering it too conservative. They rejected the treaties of 1815, the white flag and the pre-eminence of clergy and of nobility. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime Important personalities were parliamentary monarchist Benjamin Constant, officer of the Empire General Foy, republican lawyer Jacques Antoine Manuel and Fayette. This article concerns the European writer and politician for others see Benjamin Constant (disambiguation. Jacques-Antoine Manuel (1775-1827 French Politician and orator was born on December 10 1775 Fayette is the name of a number of places in the United States of America. Their newspapers were La Minerve, Le Constitutionnel and Le Globe. Le Globe was a French Newspaper, published between 1824 and 1832, created with the goal of publishing Romantic creations
Liberal royalists
Liberals appeared as a party in the last years of the Restoration. Liberal royalists preached movement towards more liberty and openness. They wished to lower the taxable quota to support the middle-class as a whole, to the detriment of the aristocracy. Liberals had profited from the emergence of a new middle-class elite, due to the industrial revolution, which upset the aristocratic order. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the
Republicans
Facing the representatives of the middle class, the Republicans, then situated on the extreme left, addressed the miserable world of the worker. Workers were not represented, nor listened to. Their demonstrations were repressed or diverted, causing at most a reinforcement of parliamentarism, which did not mean democratic evolution, only wider taxation. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which For some such as Blanqui, revolution seemed the only solution. Blanqui is a surname and may refer to Louis Auguste Blanqui ( 1805 – 1881) a French revolutionary after whom Blanquism is
Ultra-royalists
Ultra-royalists wished for a return to the Ancien Régime, such as before 1789, with a view toward absolutism: domination by the nobility and "other devoted Christians". The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler They were anti-Republican, anti-Democratic, and preached Government on High, by a marked noble elite. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system They tolerated vote censitaire: a form of democracy limited to taxpayers. Ultra-royalists were interested in preserving aristocracy and promoting absolutism. The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler They found the charter of 1814 to be too revolutionary. The French Charter of 1814 was a Constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration The ultra-royalists wanted a return to monarchy, the re-establishment of privileges and a king: Charles X. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated
Prominent ultra-royalists theorists were Louis de Bonald and Joseph de Maistre. Louis Gabriel Ambroise Vicomte de Bonald ( October 2, 1754 - November 23, 1840) French Counter-revolutionary Philosopher Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher Their parliamentary leaders were François of Bourdonnaye, baron de Vitrolles and, in 1829, Jules de Polignac. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Jules Auguste Armand Marie Prince de Polignac ( Versailles, 14 May 1780 Paris, 2 March 1847 was a French Statesman. Their newspapers were La Quotidienne and La Gazette. La Gazette (originally named Gazette de France) was the first weekly Magazine published in France.
See also
- Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas
- Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu
- Élie, duc Decazes
- Mathieu de Montmorency
- François-René de Chateaubriand
- Jean-Baptiste de Villèle
- Jules, Prince de Polignac
- Chambre introuvable (1815–1816)
- 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act
- Kings of France family tree
- Mid-nineteenth century France
Sources
- Collingham, Hugh A. Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas d'Aulps Duc and later Prince de Blacas d'Aulps ( January 10, 1771, Vérignon, Var, France – Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis duc de Richelieu (25 September 1766 - 17 May 1822 was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration Élie Decazes 1st duc Decazes and 1st Duke of Glücksbierg (duc Decazes et de Glücksbierg 28 September 1780 - 24 October 1860 was a French Statesman Mathieu Jean Felicité de Montmorency duc de Montmorency-Laval ( July 10, 1767 - March 24, 1826) was a prominent French statesman Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin comte de Villèle (14 April 1773 - 13 March 1854 was a French statesman Jules Auguste Armand Marie Prince de Polignac ( Versailles, 14 May 1780 Paris, 2 March 1847 was a French Statesman. La Chambre introuvable ( French for "Unobtainable Chamber" was the first Chamber of Deputies after the Second Bourbon Restoration (1815-1830 The Anti-Sacrilege Act (1825&ndash1830 was a French law against Blasphemy and Sacrilege passed in January 1825 under King Charles This is the Kings of France family tree, including all kings from Charlemagne to the advent of the Republic The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes C. (1988). The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848. London: Longman. ISBN 0582021863.
- Pilbeam, Pamela (June 1989). "The Economic Crisis of 1827–32 and the 1830 Revolution in Provincial France". The Historical Journal 32 (2).
- Rader, Daniel L. (1973). The Journalists and the July Revolution in France. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 9024715520.
Further reading
- G. de Bertier de Sauvigny (Spring 1981). "The Bourbon Restoration: One Century of French Historiography". French Historical Studies 12 (1): 41-67. French Historical Studies is the quarterly journal of the Society for French Historical Studies (SFHS one of the two primary historical societies devoted to the
- Kroen, Sheryl T. (Winter 1998). "Revolutionizing Religious Politics during the Restoration". French Historical Studies 21 (1): 27-53. French Historical Studies is the quarterly journal of the Society for French Historical Studies (SFHS one of the two primary historical societies devoted to the
- Newman, Edgar Leon (March 1974). "The Blouse and the Frock Coat: The Alliance of the Common People of Paris with the Liberal Leadership and the Middle Class during the Last Years of the Bourbon Restoration". The Journal of Modern History 46 (1): 26-59. The Journal of Modern History is recognized as the leading American journal for the study of European intellectual political and cultural History.
- Pilbeam, Pamela (June 1982). "The Growth of Liberalism and the Crisis of the Bourbon Restoration, 1827-1830". The Historical Journal 25 (2): 351-366.
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