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| Botryotinia cinerea (De Bary) Whetzel |
Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. Heinrich Anton de Bary ( January 26, 1831 &ndash January 19, 1888) was a German surgeon, Botanist, A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is In viticulture, it is commonly known as botrytis bunch rot; in horticulture, it is usually called grey mould or gray mold. Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation The fungus gives rise to two different kinds of infections on grapes. The first, grey rot, is the result of consistently wet or humid conditions, and typically results in the loss of the affected bunches. The second, noble rot, occurs when drier conditions follow wetter, and can result in distinctive sweet dessert wines, such as Sauternes or the Aszú of Tokaj. Noble rot (French pourriture noble; German Edelfäule) is the benevolent form of a grey Fungus, Botrytis cinerea, affecting Dessert wines (or pudding wines BrE) are sweet Wines typically served with Dessert, such as Sauternes and Tokaji Sauternes is a French Dessert wine from the Sauternais region of the Graves section in Bordeaux. For Tokajský wine and the wine region in Slovakia see Tokaj (Slovakia Tokaji (of Tokaj is the name of the wines from the region of Tokaj-Hegyalja The species name Botrytis cinerea is derived from the Latin for "grapes like ashes"; although poetic, the "grapes" refers to the bunching of the fungal spores on their conidiophores, and "ashes" just refers to the greyish colour of the spores en masse. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The fungus is usually referred to by its anamorph (asexual form) name, because the sexual phase is rarely observed. The teleomorph (sexual form) is an ascomycete, Botryotinia cinerea (see taxonomy box). Ascomycota is a Division / Phylum of Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi.
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Biology
Botrytis cinerea is characterized by abundant hyaline conida (asexual spores) borne on grey, branching tree-like conidiophores. Conidia, sometimes termed conidiospores, are asexual, non-motile Spores of a Fungus; they are also called mitospores due Conidia, sometimes termed conidiospores, are asexual, non-motile Spores of a Fungus; they are also called mitospores due The fungus also produces highly resistant sclerotia as survival structures in older cultures. A sclerotium (plural sclerotia) is a compact mass of hardened Mycelium stored with reserve food material that in some higher Fungi such as Ergot It overwinters as sclerotia or intact mycelia, both of which germinate in spring to produce conidiophores. Mycelium (plural mycelia) is the vegetative part of a Fungus, consisting of a mass of branching thread-like Hyphae The mass of hyphae is sometimes called The conidia are dispersed by wind and rain-water and cause new infections.
A considerable genetic variability has been observed in different Botrytis cinerea strains (polyploidy). In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes.
Gliocladium roseum is a fungal parasite of Botrytis cinerea. Clonostachys rosea f rosea is a plant pathogen
Viticulture
In the Botrytis infection known as "noble rot" (pourriture noble in French, or Edelfäule in German), the fungus removes water from the grapes, leaving behind a higher percent of solids, such as sugars, fruit acids and minerals. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. This results in a more intense, concentrated final product. The wine is often said to have an aroma of honeysuckle and a bitter finish on the palate. Honeysuckles ( Lonicera; syn Caprifolium Mill) are arching Shrubs or twining Vines in the family Caprifoliaceae
Botrytis complicates wine making by making fermentation more complex. The process of fermentation in Wine is the Catalyst function that turns Grape juice into an Alcoholic beverage. Botrytis produces an anti-fungal that kills yeast and often results in fermentation stopping before the wine has accumulated sufficient levels of alcohol. Makers of fine German dessert wines have been known to take fermenting tubs of wine into their homes to nurture the yeast through the night to assure that the alcohol level reaches legal minimums for the product to be called wine.
Botrytis bunch rot is another condition of grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea that causes great losses for the wine industry.
Horticulture
Botrytis cinerea affects many other plants. It is economically important on soft fruits such as strawberries and bulb crops. Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide Unlike wine grapes, the affected strawberries are not edible and are discarded. To minimize infection in strawberry fields, good ventilation around the berries is important to prevent moisture being trapped among leaves and berries. This is accomplished by slightly elevating the strawberry plants from the soil using straw, rather than planting them directly on the ground. Also appears on rhubarb.
Human disease
Botrytis cinerea mold on grapes may cause "winegrower's lung", a rare form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (a respiratory allergic reaction in predisposed individuals). Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, EAA is an Inflammation of the Alveoli within the Lung caused by
External links
References
- TheWineDoctor.com
- Bortytis cinerea genetic variability
- Chromosomal polymorphism in Botvytis cinerea strains
- Molecular Biology and Evolution vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 333-346
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