A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and, if the plant is a cultigen, the additional cultivar and/or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans it is the result of Artificial selection. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP) regulates the naming of Cultivars Cultivar Groups and Graft-chimaeras The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name that is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name Bellis perennis is used worldwide for a plant species, which is native to and has a history of many centuries use in most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East, where it has accumulated various names in the many languages of that area. Bellis perennis is a common European species of Daisy, often considered the archetypal Species of that name though many other related The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Later it has been introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with languages on all continents. The cultivar Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species. Bellis perennis is a common European species of Daisy, often considered the archetypal Species of that name though many other related English names for this plant species include: daisy, common daisy, lawndaisy, etc.

The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the fact that taxonomic groups are not fixed in size; a taxon may have a varying circumscription. The group that a particular botanical name refers to can be quite small according to some people and quite big according to others. This will depend on taxonomic viewpoint or taxonomic system. The traditional view of the family Malvaceae includes over a thousand species, but in some modern approaches it contains over four thousand species. Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species The botanical name itself is fixed by a type, the size and placement of the taxon it applies to is set by a taxonomist. In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to Some botanical names refer to groups that are very stable (for example Equisetaceae, Magnoliaceae) while for other names a careful check is needed to see which circumscription is being used (for example Fabaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Urticaceae, etc). Equisetum is a genus of Vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds The Magnoliaceae is a family in the flowering plant Order Magnoliales. Fabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of Flowering plants which is commonly known as the legume family, pea Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of Flowering plants The plants are annual or perennial herbs with Zygomorphic (rarely Urticaceae, or the nettle family is a family of Flowering plants The family name comes from the genus Urtica (nettles

Depending on rank, botanical names may be in one part (genus and above), two parts (species and above, but below the rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species):

in one part

Plantae (the plants)

Marchantiophyta (the liverworts)

Magnoliopsida (class including the family Magnoliaceae)

Liliidae (subclass including the family Liliaceae)

Pinophyta (the conifers)

Fagaceae (the beech family)

Betula (the birch genus)

in two parts

Acacia subg. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In botanical nomenclature the ICBN prescribes a "three part name" ( ternary name) for any taxon below the rank of species Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The Marchantiophyta are a division of Bryophyte Plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There The Magnoliaceae is a family in the flowering plant Order Magnoliales. Liliidae is a Botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of Monocotyledons in the order Liliales. The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both Evergreen and Deciduous trees and shrubs which are characterized by alternate For the babyfood see Beech-Nut. Beech ( Fagus) is a genus of ten Species of Deciduous Trees in the Birch is the name of any Tree of the genus Betula ( Bé-tu-la) in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the Birch is the name of any Tree of the genus Betula ( Bé-tu-la) in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Phyllodineae (the wattles)

Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry)

in three parts

Calystegia sepium subsp. Berberis thunbergii ( Japanese barberry or Thunberg's Barberry, also Red Barberry) is a species of Berberis, native Calystegia sepium ( Larger Bindweed, Hedge Bindweed, or Rutland beauty) is a species of Bindweed, with a subcosmopolitan americana (American hedge bindweed)

A name in three parts, i. e. the name of an infraspecific taxon (below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In Botanical nomenclature, an infraspecific taxon is a taxon at a rank below that of species (i In the Calystegia example above, this is "subsp. " (for subspecies). In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is unnecessary there). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the Acacia example above, this is "subg. ", subgenus). The connecting term is not part of the name itself.

A taxon may be indicated by a listing in more than three parts: "Saxifraga aizoon var. aizoon subvar. brevifolia f. multicaulis subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch. " but this is a classification, not a formal botanical name. The botanical name is Saxifraga aizoon subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch. (ICBN Art 24: Ex 1).

Generic, specific, and infraspecific botanical names are usually printed in italics. The example set by the ICBN is to italicize all botanical names, including those above genus, though the ICBN preface states: "The Code sets no binding standard in this respect, as typography is a matter of editorial style and tradition not of nomenclature". Most peer-reviewed scientific botanical publications do not italicize names above the rank of genus, and non-botanical scientific publications do not, which is in keeping with two of the three other kinds of scientific name; zoological and bacterial (viral names above genus are italicized, a new policy adopted in the early 1990s). The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a set of rules in Zoology that have one fundamental aim to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria ( ICNB) governs the scientific names for Bacteria. Virus classification involves naming and placing Viruses into a taxonomic system

Binary name

For botanical nomenclature, the ICBN prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including the rank of species. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms Taxa below the rank of species (infraspecific taxa) get a three part name (ternary name). In Botanical nomenclature, an infraspecific taxon is a taxon at a rank below that of species (i In botanical nomenclature the ICBN prescribes a "three part name" ( ternary name) for any taxon below the rank of species

The ranks explicitly mentioned in the ICBN as having a binary name are:

• subgenus
• section
• subsection
• series
• subseries
• species

A binary name consists of the name of a genus and an epithet. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. In Botany, a section is a low-level Taxonomic rank directly below Subgenus. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms Series is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of Species. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic

• In the case of a species this is a specific epithet:

Bellis perennis is the name of a species, with perennis the specific epithet. Bellis perennis is a common European species of Daisy, often considered the archetypal Species of that name though many other related In zoological nomenclature a specific name or specific epithet is the second part (second name in the name of a Species (a Binomen) There is no connecting term involved, to indicate the rank

• In the case of a subdivion of a genus (subgenus, section, subsection, series, subseries, etc) the name consists of the name of a genus and a subdivisional epithet. A connecting term should be placed before the subdivisional epithet to indicate the rank.

Paraserianthes sect. Falcataria

More than two parts

• In the case of a cultivar there is an additional cultivar epithet (this is a non-Latin part of the botanical name and is not written in italics). The cultivar epithet may follow either the botanical name of the species, or the name of the genus only, or the common name of the genus or species (provided the common name is unambiguous). The generic name, followed by the cultivar name, is often used when the parentage of a particular hybrid cultivar is uncertain or when it cannot be linked with certainty to a particular species.

Bellis perennis is the name of a species, with perennis the specific epithet and 'Aucubifolia' the cultivar epithet. Bellis perennis is a common European species of Daisy, often considered the archetypal Species of that name though many other related In zoological nomenclature a specific name or specific epithet is the second part (second name in the name of a Species (a Binomen)

• Sometimes a subdivision of a genus may be indicated with a listing in three or more parts. However, this is not its formal name. Its botanical name is in two parts.

See also

• Scientific classification
• Binomen — the term used in zoology for a two part name (restricted to species, only)
• Binomial nomenclature
• The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
• The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

In zoology, a binomen, or binominal name is the name of a species Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of

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