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In particle physics, bosons are particles with an integer spin, as opposed to fermions which have half-integer spin. Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. The integers (from the Latin integer, literally "untouched" hence "whole" the word entire comes from the same origin but via French In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin In Particle physics, fermions are particles which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are named after Enrico Fermi. In Mathematics, a half-integer is a Number of the form n + 1/2 where n is an Integer. From a behaviour point of view, fermions are particles that obey the Fermi-Dirac statistics while bosons are particles that obey the Bose-Einstein statistics. In Statistical mechanics, Fermi-Dirac statistics is a particular case of Particle statistics developed by Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac that In Statistical mechanics, Bose - Einstein statistics (or more colloquially B-E statistics determines the statistical distribution of They may be either elementary, like the photon, or composite, as mesons. In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena In Physics, a bound state is a composite of two or more building blocks ( particles or bodies) that behaves as a single object In Particle physics, a meson is a strongly interacting Boson &mdashthat is a Hadron with integer spin. All force carrier particles are bosons. In Particle physics, the Quantum field theory called the Standard Model describes the strong, weak and electromagnetic Fundamental They are named after Satyendra Nath Bose. Satyendra Nath Bose (/sɐθjinðrɐ nɑθ bos/ সত্যেন্দ্র নাথ বসু ( January 1, 1894 &ndash February 4, 1974 In contrast to fermions, several bosons can occupy the same quantum state. In Particle physics, fermions are particles which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are named after Enrico Fermi. In Quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical object that fully describes a quantum system. Thus, bosons with the same energy can occupy the same place in space.

While most bosons are composite particles, four bosons (the gauge bosons) are elementary particles not known to be composed of other particles. In Physics, a bound state is a composite of two or more building blocks ( particles or bodies) that behaves as a single object In Particle physics, gauge bosons are Bosonic particles that act as carriers of the fundamental forces of nature In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made The only boson in the Standard Model that is yet to be discovered experimentally is the Higgs boson. The Standard Model of Particle physics is a theory that describes three of the four known Fundamental interactions together with the Elementary particles The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical massive scalar Elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of Particle physics [1]

Contents

Basic properties

All elementary and composite particles in 3 dimensional space are either bosons or fermions, depending on their spin. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin Particles with half-integer spin are fermions; particles with integer spin are bosons. In Mathematics, a half-integer is a Number of the form n + 1/2 where n is an Integer. In Particle physics, fermions are particles which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are named after Enrico Fermi. The integers (from the Latin integer, literally "untouched" hence "whole" the word entire comes from the same origin but via French The spin-statistics theorem identifies the resulting quantum statistics that differentiate fermions and bosons. The spin-statistics theorem in Quantum mechanics relates the spin of a particle to the statistics obeyed by that particle Particle statistics refers to the particular description of particles in Statistical mechanics. Bosons obey Bose–Einstein statistics. In Statistical mechanics, Bose - Einstein statistics (or more colloquially B-E statistics determines the statistical distribution of Fermions, on the other hand, cannot occupy the same quantum state as each other; they obey the Fermi-Dirac statistics and the Pauli exclusion principle. In Statistical mechanics, Fermi-Dirac statistics is a particular case of Particle statistics developed by Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac that The Pauli exclusion principle is a quantum mechanical principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 They "resist" being placed close to each other. So, fermions possess "rigidness" and thus sometimes are considered to be "particles of matter". The properties of lasers and masers, superfluid helium-4 and Bose–Einstein condensates are all consequences of statistics of bosons. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. A maser is a device that produces coherent Electromagnetic waves through amplification due to Stimulated emission. Superfluidity is a phase of matter or description of Heat capacity in which unusual effects are observed when Liquids, typically of Helium-4 Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC is a State of matter of Bosons confined in an external Potential and cooled to Temperatures very near to Another result is that the spectrum of a photon gas in thermal equilibrium is a Planck spectrum, one example of which is black-body radiation; another is the thermal radiation of the opaque early Universe seen today as microwave background radiation. In Physics, a black body is an object that absorbs all light that falls on it In Physics, a black body is an object that absorbs all light that falls on it Interaction of virtual bosons with real fermions are called fundamental interactions, and these result in all forces we know. In Physics, a virtual particle is a particle that exists for a limited time and space introducing uncertainty in their energy and momentum due to the Heisenberg Uncertainty In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. The bosons involved in these interactions are called gauge bosons. In Particle physics, gauge bosons are Bosonic particles that act as carriers of the fundamental forces of nature These include the W and Z bosons of the weak force, the gluons of the strong force, the photons of the electromagnetic force, and, in quantum gravity, the yet to be verified graviton of the gravitational force. The W and Z bosons are the Elementary particles that mediate the Weak force. The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature Gluons ( Glue and the suffix -on) are Elementary particles that cause Quarks to interact and are indirectly responsible for the In particle physics the strong interaction, or strong force, or color force, holds Quarks and Gluons together to form Protons and In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena In Physics, the electromagnetic force is the force that the Electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles Quantum gravity is the field of Theoretical physics attempting to unify Quantum mechanics, which describes three of the fundamental forces of nature In Physics, the graviton is a hypothetical Elementary particle, a Boson to be exact that mediates the force of Gravity in the framework Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another

In large systems, the difference between bosonic and fermionic statistics is only apparent at large densities—when their wave functions overlap. At low densities, both types of statistics are well approximated by Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, which is described by classical mechanics. In Statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the statistical distribution of material particles over various energy states in Thermal equilibrium Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects

Composite bosons

Particles composed of a number of other particles (such as protons, neutrons or nuclei) can be either fermions or bosons, depending on their total spin. The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom Hence, many nuclei are bosons. For instance, consider 3He. It is made of 2 protons, a neutron and 2 electrons. Since the spins of these five fermions must add to a half integer, 3He is a fermion. On the other hand 4He, which is made of six fermions, is a boson. Likewise, the deuteron (2H+), which is composed of a proton and a neutron, is a boson, however the neutral deuterium atom, which also has an electron, is a fermion. Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth

Composite bosons exhibit bosonic behavior only at distances large compared to their structure size. At a small distance they behave according to properties of their constituent particles. For example, despite the fact that an alpha particle is a boson, at high energy it interacts with another alpha particle not as a boson but as an ensemble of fermions. Alpha particles (named after and denoted by the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α consist of two Protons and two Neutrons bound together into a

Examples of bosons

Main article: List of particles#Bosons (integer spin)

See also

References

  1. ^ Standard Model of Particle Physics at Standford Linear Collider

Dictionary

boson

-noun

  1. (physics) A particle with totally symmetric composite quantum states, which exempts them from the Pauli exclusion principle, and that obey Bose-Einstein statistics. They have integer spin. Among them are many elementary particles, and some (gauge bosons) are known to carry the fundamental forces. Compare fermion.
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