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Bosnian Cyrillic is an extinct Cyrillic script, that originated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan It was widely used in Bosnia and Croatia (Dalmatia and Dubrovnik regions). Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Its name in Bosnian and Croatian is bosančica and bosanica, which can literally be translated as Bosnian script (Croats also call it Croatian script, Croatian-Bosnian script, Bosnian-Croat Cyrillic, or Western Cyrillic). Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Serbs tend to use the only designations Bosnian Cyrillic and bosančica . Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia,
The name is not unique; officially is called in modern literature as "bosančica"; however, historically, it was not the most widespread name. The name "bosančica" is a recent effort at standardization.
Other names (originally written): 'bosanica (Stjepan Zlatović), bosanska azbukva (Ivan Berčić), bosanska ćirilica (Franjo Rački), hrvatsko-bosanska ćirilica (Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski), bosansko-dalmatinska ćirilica (Vatroslav Jagić), bosanska brzopisna grafija (E. Franjo Rački ( November 25, 1828 – February 13, 1894) was a Croatian Historian, Politician and Writer Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski ( May 29, 1816 - August 1, 1889) was a Croatian Historian, Politician and Writer Vatroslav Jagić ( July 6, 1838 - August 5, 1923) was a Croatian language researcher and a famous expert in the area of Slavic F. Karskij), zapadna varijanta ćirilskog brzopisa (Petar Đorđić), zapadna (bosanska) ćirilica (Stjepan Ivšić), harvacko pismo (Dmine Papalić), rvasko pismo, arvatica, arvacko pismo (Povaljska listina), poljičica, poljička azbukvica (among the people of Poljica - Frane Ivanišević), sarpski (fra Antun Depope). Poljica (Poglizza is a name of several localities in modern-day coastal Croatia: a village halfway between Zadar and Nin, Zadar county
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History and characteristic features
It is hard to ascertain when features of characteristically Bosnian type of Cyrillic had begun to appear, but paleographers consider that the Humac tablet (Bosnian Cyrillic tablet) is the first document of this type of script and dates back supposedly to the 10th/11th century. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The script arose in Bosnia within the heretic Bosnian church. The Bosnian Church ( crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosniensis) seems to have been a Catholic monastic order that separated itself from the wider Church possibly over the Today it is preserved in a Franciscan monastery of Humac near Ljubuški in Herzegovina. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally In the stone inscription, traits of common Bosnian church patterns are visible. The Bosnian Church ( crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosniensis) seems to have been a Catholic monastic order that separated itself from the wider Church possibly over the
Historically, a few areas of Bosnian Cyrillic had been prominent:
- passages from the Bible in documents of Bosnian Church adherents, 14th and 15th century. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Bosnian Church ( crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosniensis) seems to have been a Catholic monastic order that separated itself from the wider Church possibly over the
- numerous legal and commercial documents (charters, letters, donations) of nobles and royalty from medieval Bosnian state in correspondence with Dubrovnik and various cities in Dalmatia, beginning in the 12th and 13th century, and reaching its peak in the 14th and 15th centuries
- tomb inscriptions on marbles in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina, chiefly between 11th and 15th centuries
- legal documents in central Dalmatia, like the statute of Republic of Poljica (1440) and other numerous charters from this area; Poljica and neighbourhood Roman Catholic church books used this alphabet until late 19th c. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern The Poljica (Poglizza Republic or Duchy ( Croatian: Poljička republika, in older form " Poljička knežija "
- Roman Catholic diecese in Omiš kept the seminary in 19th c. Omiš (Population 15800; Area 266 km² (103 mi² - the City and port in Dalmatia Croatia (Dalmacija Hrvatska located approximately 25 km (16 miles south-east of the Croatia's A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students , in which arvatica letters were used (called "arvacki šeminarij", "Croat seminary")
- liturgical works (missals, breviaries, lectionaries) of the Roman Catholic Church from Dubrovnik, 15th and 16th century (the most famous is a printed breviary from 1520)
- the comprehensive body of Bosnian literacy, mainly associated with Franciscan order, from the 1611 to mid-1700s and early 1800s. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic This is by far the most abundant corpus of works written in Bosnian Cyrillic, covering various genres, but belonging to the liturgical literature: numerous polemical tractates in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation, popular tales from the Bible, catechisms, breviaries, historical chronicles, local church histories, religious poetry and didactic works. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament A breviary (from Latin brevis, 'short' or 'concise' is a Liturgical book of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order Among the most important writings of this circle are works of Matija Divković, Stjepan Matijević and Pavao Posilović. Matija Divković ( 1563 - August 21, 1631) was a Croatian writer the founder of the Croatian literature in Bosnia.
- after the Ottoman conquest, Islamized nobility (that's why also the term begovica, bey's script) used this script along with Arabic, chiefly in correspondence, mainly from 15th to 17th centuries. Isolated families and individuals could write in it even in the 20th century
In conclusion, main traits of Bosnian Cyrillic include:
- it was a form of Cyrillic script mainly in use in Bosnia and Herzegovina, central Dalmatia and Dubrovnik
- its first monuments are from the 11th century, but the golden epoch covered the period from 14th to 17th centuries. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; From the late 1700s it rather speedily fell into disuse to be replaced by Latin script
- its primary characteristics (scriptory, morphological, orthographical) show strong connection with the Glagolitic script, unlike the standard Church Slavonic form of Cyrillic associated with Eastern Orthodox churches
- it had been in use, in ecclesiastical works, mainly in Bosnian Church and Roman Catholic Church in historical lands of Bosnia, Hum, Dalmatia and Dubrovnik. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Bosnian Church ( crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosniensis) seems to have been a Catholic monastic order that separated itself from the wider Church possibly over the Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Also, it was a widespread script in Bosnian Muslim circles, which, however, preferred modified Arabic aljamiado script. Aljamiado texts are manuscripts which utilize the Arabic alphabet for transcribing Romance languages such as Mozarabic or Ladino. Serbian Orthodox clergy and adherents used mainly standard, Resava orthography version of Serbian Cyrillic. The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (српска/Вукова ћирилица srpska/Vukova ćirilica, literally " Serbian/Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet " is
- the form of Bosnian Cyrillic has passed through a few phases, so although culturally it is correct to speak about one script, it is evident that features present in Bosnian Franciscan documents in 1650s differ from the charters from Brač island in Dalmatia in 1250s. Brač (ˈbɾaːtʃ Latin Bretia, Brattia; Italian: Brazza; German: Bratz; is an island in the Adriatic Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern
Controversies and polemic
The polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of Bosnian Cyrillic started in 1850s and is not settled yet. Without going into nuances and details, the polemic about attribution and affiliation of Bosnian Cyriliic texts seems to rest on further arguments:
- Serbian scholars claim that it is just a variant of Serbian Cyrillic; actually, a minuscle, or Italic script devised at the court of Serbian king Dragutin. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (српска/Вукова ћирилица srpska/Vukova ćirilica, literally " Serbian/Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet " is Stefan Dragutin (died March 12 1316) was King of Serbia from 1276 to 1282 and King of Srem from 1282 to 1316 This general claim ranges from the contention that other nations had been using a form of Serbian script to the idea that all who wrote in Bosnian Cyrillic were ethnically Serb. According to them, all Bosnian Cyrillic texts belong to the corpus of Serbian literacy. Some consider that a strong argument in favour of the Serb side is the fact that there are a few mentions of Bosnian Cyrillic as 'Serbian letters' or 'Serbian characters' among Catholics (in Bosnia and Dubrovnik) and Muslims. The main Serbian authorities in the field are Jorjo Tadić, Vladimir Ćorović, Petar Kolendić, Petar Đorđić, Vera Jerković, Irena Grickat, Pavle Ivić and Aleksandar Mladenović. Quote The names of the martyrs for the idea must be disclosed and recorded on the pages of the history of this movement which like all those until now will confirm Professor Pavle Ivić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Павле Ивић ( December 1, 1924 - September 19, 1999) was a leading
- The Croatian side is split. One school of paleography basically challenges the letters being Serbian. It claims that majority of the most important documents of Bosnian Cyrillic had been written either before any innovations devised at the Serbian royal court happened, or did not have any historical connection with it whatsoever- the Serbian claims on the origin of Bosnian Cyrillic are unfounded, and the script, since belonging to the Croatian cultural sphere should be called not Bosnian, but Croatian Cyrillic. Another school of Croatian philologists acknowledges that "Serbian connection", as exemplified in variants present at the Serbian court of king Dragutin, did influence Bosnian Cyrillic- but, they aver, it was just one strand, since scriptory innovations have been happening both before and after the mentioned one. First school insists that all Bosnian Cyrillic texts belong to the corpus of Croatian literacy, and the second school that all texts from Croatia and only a part from Bosnia and Herzegovina are to be placed into Croatian literary canon (they exclude ca. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan half of Bosnian Christian texts, but include all Franciscan and the majority of legal and commercial documents). Also, the second school generally uses the name Western Cyrillic instead of Croatian Cyrillic (or Bosnian Cyrillic, for that matter). Both schools mention that various sources, both Croatian and other European (German, Italian,. . ) call this script "Croatian letters" or "Croatian script". The main Croatian authorities in the field are Vatroslav Jagić, Mate Tentor, Ćiro Truhelka, Vladimir Vrana, Jaroslav Šidak, Herta Kuna, Tomislav Raukar, Eduard Hercigonja and Benedikta Zelić-Bučan. Vatroslav Jagić ( July 6, 1838 - August 5, 1923) was a Croatian language researcher and a famous expert in the area of Slavic Ćiro Truhelka ( February 2, 1865 in Osijek – September 18, 1942 in Zagreb) was a Croatian archaeologist
- Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) scholars have always considered the issue to be obvious. Their opinion is that Bosnian Cyrillic is neither Croat nor Serb, but "ethnically" Bosnian and, subsequently, Bosniak, as the supposed ethnic descendants of medieval Bosnia and the native Bosnian Church. The Bosnian Church ( crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosniensis) seems to have been a Catholic monastic order that separated itself from the wider Church possibly over the The Bosniak academic community has not yet produced a prominent authority in the field of Bosnian Cyrillic studies, due to the national rebirth of the Bosniaks being very recent (since the late 1980s and early 1990s).
The irony of the contemporary status of Bosnian Cyrillic is as follows: scholars are still trying to prove that Bosnian Cyrillic is ethnically their own, while simultaneously relegating the corpus of Bosnian Cyrillic written texts to the periphery of national culture. This extinct form of Cyrillic is peripheral to Croatian paleography which focuses on Glagolitic and Latin script corpora while Bosniaks, although acknowledging Bosnian Cyrillic heritage, have been focusing efforts on investigating Bosnian vernacular literature in a modified Arabic script. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" The heated dispute on the nature and status of Bosnian Cyrillic is probably destined to remain confined to specialist academic circles.
Literature
- Bože Mimica: Omiška krajina Poljica makarsko primorje. Od antike do 1918. godine, Rijeka, 2003. ISBN 953-6059-62-2
- (ed. Žarko Domljan): Omiš i Poljica, Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2006. , ISBN 953-178-733-6
See also
External links
- Bosanica: Croatian Cyrillic Script
- Bosnian-Croatian script: in Croatian
- Poljička glagoljica ili poljiška azbukvica
- Poljički štatut Poljica statute from 1440. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Old Russian language adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, approximately during the tenth century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity
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