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The Bosnian Church (crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosniensis) is historically thought to be an indigenous branch of the Bogomils that existed in Bosnia during the Middle Ages. This is a History of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pre-Slavic period See also History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (until 958 Bosnia has been the boundaries of today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina there have been many layers of prehistoric cultures whose creation and disappearance are linked to migrations of unidentified ethnic groups The Byzantines restored control over Bosnia at the end of 10th century but not for long as it was soon taken by Emperor Samuil of Bulgaria. The arrival of the Ottoman Turks marked a new era in Bosnian history Though an Austro-Hungarian occupying force quickly subjugated initial armed resistance upon take-over in Bosnia and Herzegovina, tensions remained Following the war Bosnia was incorporated into the South Slav kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes (soon renamed Yugoslavia Once the kingdom of Yugoslavia was conquered by Nazi forces in World War II, all of Bosnia was ceded to the Nazi-puppet state of Croatia. Because of its central geographic position within the Yugoslavian federation post-war Bosnia was strategically selected as a base for the development of the military defense industry The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina encompasses Ancient cultural heritage To Paleolithic times (c This article is a list of rulers of Bosnia This is a list of prominent people from Bosnia and Herzegovina (including Bosniaks, Croats, Serbs, and others Arts Literature Demographic data from the CIA World Factbook Population 4552198 (July 2007 est Ethnic Bosnians are people of Bosnian origin or people who were born or live in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and identify themselves as Bosnian not This page discusses the Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina since Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 and the declaration of independence Structure See also Chiefs of Joint Staff of the Armed Forces of Bosnia-Herzegovina Chairman of the Joint Staff - Lt The modern Bosniaks, often referred to as Bosnian Muslims, descend from Slavic converts to Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries that lived in the medieval Bosnian Kingdom The independent history of the Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina goes back to 1219 when the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina was founded as part of the The Roman Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and The Jewish community of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich and varied history surviving World War II and the Yugoslav Wars, after having Bogomilism (Богомилство is the Gnostic dualistic Sect, the Synthesis of Armenian Paulicianism and the Bulgarian Slavonic Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Adherents of the church called themselves simply Krstjani ("Christians"). The church no longer exists, thought to have disappeared completely under the period of Ottoman rule in connection to Islamic converts, although some scholars dispute this. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Bosnia and Herzegovina ’s Slavic population underwent a large-scale conversion to Islam after the region’s conquest and occupation by the Ottoman Empire The church's organization and beliefs are poorly understood, because few if any records were left by church members, and the church is mostly known from the writings of outside sources, primarily Roman Catholic ones.
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History
Bosnia was on the boundary between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Croats to the West and Hungarians to the North embraced Roman Catholicism, while the lands to the east and small southeastern parts of Herzegovina embraced Eastern Orthodoxy. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches considered the Bosnian Church heretical. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief The religious centre of the Bosnian Church was placed in Moštre, near Visoko, where the house of krstjani was founded[1]. Visoko is a city and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina of rich historical heritage
During the later Middle Ages most of Bosnia was nominally Roman Catholic as well, but no accurate figures exist as to the numbers of adherents of the two churches. The Bosnian Church coexisted uneasily with Roman Catholicism for much of the later Middle Ages. Part of the resistance of the Bosnian Church was political; during the 14th century, the Roman Church placed Bosnia under a Hungarian bishop, and the schism may have been motivated by a desire for independence from Hungarian domination. The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" Several Bosnian rulers were Krstjani, but some of them embraced Roman Catholicism for political reasons.
Outsiders accused the Bosnian Church of links to the Patarene heresy, and to the Bogomils, a Manichean sect centered in Bulgaria. The pataria was an Eleventh-century religious movement in the Archdiocese of Milan, aimed at reforming the clergy and ecclesiastic government in the province Bogomilism (Богомилство is the Gnostic dualistic Sect, the Synthesis of Armenian Paulicianism and the Bulgarian Slavonic Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating The Inquisition reported about a dualist sect in Bosnia in the late 15th century and called them "Bosnian heretics", but this sect was according to some historians most likely not the same as the Bosnian Church. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and Dualism denotes a state of two parts The word's origin is the Latin duo, "two". Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief The historian Franjo Rački wrote about this in 1869 based on Latin sources.
It is thought today that the Krstjani, who were persecuted by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, accounted for the major part of Bosnia's converts to Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Some historians now believe that the Bosnian Church had largely disappeared before the Turkish conquest in 1463. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
Characteristics
The Church had its own bishop and used the Slavic language in liturgy. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The bishop was called djed (lit. "grandfather"), and had a council of twelve men called strojnici. The monasteries were called hiža (lit. "house"), and the heads of monasteries were often called gost (lit. "guest") and served as strojnici.
The Church was mainly composed of monks in scattered monastic houses. It had no territorial organization and it did not deal with any secular matters other than attending people's burials. It did not involve itself in state issues very much. Notable exceptions were when king Ostoja had a djed as an advisor at the royal court between 1403 and 1405, and an occasional occurrence of a krstjan elder being a mediator or diplomat.
The monumental tombstones called stećci (plural) / stećak (singular) that appeared in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina are identified with the Bosnian Church, but evidence points to the fact that they were erected by members of all three churches alike.
Bosnian Church scholarship
The phenomenon of Bosnian medieval Christians has been attracting scholars' attention for centuries, but it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that the most important monograph on the subject, "Bogomili i Patareni" (Bogomils and Patarens), 1870, by eminent Croatian historian Franjo Rački, had been published. Bogomilism (Богомилство is the Gnostic dualistic Sect, the Synthesis of Armenian Paulicianism and the Bulgarian Slavonic Franjo Rački ( November 25, 1828 – February 13, 1894) was a Croatian Historian, Politician and Writer Rački argued in favour of the gnostic and manichaean nature of the Bosnian Church. This interpretation has been accepted, expanded and elaborated upon by a host of later historians, most prominent among them being Dominik Mandić, Sima Ćirković, Vladimir Ćorović, Miroslav Brandt and Franjo Šanjek. Dominik Mandić ( December 2, 1889 - August 23, 1973) was a Bosnian Croat Historian and Politician, a member Quote The names of the martyrs for the idea must be disclosed and recorded on the pages of the history of this movement which like all those until now will confirm Miroslav Brandt (1914 - 2002 was a Croatian Historian, writer Publicist and Polymath. However, a number of modern historians (Leon Petrović, Jaroslav Šidak, Dragoljub Dragojlović, Dubravko Lovrenović, and Noel Malcolm) have stressed theologically impeccably orthodox character of Bosnian Christian writings and claimed that for the explanation of this phenomenon suffices the relative isolation of Bosnian Christianity, which retained many archaic traits predating the East-West split in the 1054. Noel Robert Malcolm FBA FRSL (born December 26 1956) is an English historian writer and columnist
References
Further reading
- Ćirković, Sima. Istorija srednjovekovne bosanska države. Belgrade, 1964.
- Fine, John. The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century: A New Interpretation. London: SAQI, The Bosnian Institute, 2007. ISBN 0863565034
See also
External links
- The Bogomils of Bulgaria and Bosnia
- Religion and culture in medieval Bosnia
- Comprehensive survey of literature on the Bosnian Church
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