The Bosman ruling (Union Royal Belges des Sociétés de Football Association ASBL & others v. Jean-Marc Bosman; Case C-415/93, ECR I-4921) is a 1995 European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of movement for workers, freedom of association and direct effect of article 39 (formerly 48) of the EC Treaty. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice The freedom of movement for workers is a policy chapter of the acquis communautaire of the European Union. Freedom of association is the Individual right to come together with other individuals and collectively express promote pursue and defend common interests Direct effect should not be confused with Vertical effect and debates over the Horizontal effect of the British Human Rights Act The case was an important decision on the free movement of labour and had a profound effect on the transfers of football players within the EU. The case banned restrictions of foreign EU members within the national leagues and allowed professional football players in the European Union (EU) to move freely to another club at the end of their term of contract with their present team. This article is about people called professionals For the Movie, see The Professional or Leon. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in In football, a free transfer involves a team releasing a player once the player's Contract has expired or made available just before the end of the contract

As a consequence, many footballers born outside of the EU now take advantage of EU naturalisation rules to obtain a passport of an EU member country, (by for example investigating whether they had any European ancestors, or by meeting long term residency requirements), to enhance their employability across Europe. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder For example, many Brazilians have acquired Portuguese nationality, many Argentinians acquire Spanish or Italian nationality etc.

The ruling was made in a consolidation of three separate legal cases, all involving Belgian player Jean-Marc Bosman:

• Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman
• Royal club liégeois SA v Jean-Marc Bosman and others
• Union Européenne de Football Association (UEFA) v Jean-Marc Bosman

Contents 1 Initial challenge 2 Effect on UEFA and its response 3 Effect on other sports 4 See also 5 External links 6 References

Initial challenge

Bosman was a player in the Jupiler League, whose contract had expired in 1990. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Jean-Marc Bosman (born October 30, 1964) is a former Belgian footballer, whose Judicial challenge of the football transfer rules The Belgian Football Association ( KBVB/URBSFA) ( Dutch: Koninklijke Belgische Voetbalbond, French: Union Royale Belge des Societes de Football RFC de Tilleur-Liège is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège. The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football. The Belgian First Division, also known as Jupiler Pro League (it is sponsored by InBev, the makers of Jupiler) is the top competition in Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) He wanted to change teams and move to Dunkerque, a French team. USL Dunkerque (Union Sportive du Littoral de Dunkerque is a French football club based in the commune of Dunkirk. However, Dunkerque didn't offer his Belgian club RFC Liège enough of a transfer fee, so Liège refused to let him go. RFC de Tilleur-Liège is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège.

In the meantime, Bosman's wages were reduced as he was no longer a first-team player. He took his case to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg and sued for restraint of trade citing FIFA's rules regarding football, specifically Article 17. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Restraint of trade is a Common law doctrine relating to the enforceability of contractual restrictions on freedom to conduct business The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) After a tough legal battle he won his case, and on December 15, 1995 the court ruled that the system as it was constituted a restriction on the free movement of workers and was prohibited by Article 39(1) of the EC Treaty. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Bosman and all other EU football players were given the right to a free transfer at the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a club within one EU Association to a club within another EU Association. In football, a free transfer involves a team releasing a player once the player's Contract has expired or made available just before the end of the contract Prior to that, professional clubs in parts of Europe (but not, for example, in Spain and France) were able to prevent players from joining another club even if their contracts had expired. [In Britain, Transfer Tribunals had been in place since 1981 to solve disputes over fees between clubs when transferring players at the end of their contracts. ] In addition to this, a player can sign a pre-contract with another club for a free transfer if the players' contract with their existing club has 6 months or less remaining. The Bosman ruling can be compared to the Curt Flood case in baseball, which led to the elimination of the reserve clause and the advent of free agency. Curtis Charles Flood ( January 18 1938 &ndash January 20 1997) was a Major League Baseball player who spent most of his career as The reserve clause is a term formerly employed in North American professional Sports Contracts The reserve clause, contained in all standard player In Professional sports a free agent is a team player whose contract with a team has expired and the player is able to sign a contract with another team if that player

Effect on UEFA and its response

The Bosman ruling also prohibited domestic football leagues in EU member states, and also UEFA, from imposing quotas on foreign players to the extent that they discriminated against nationals of EU states. The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football. At that time, many leagues placed quotas restricting the number of non-nationals allowed on member teams. Also, UEFA had a rule that prohibited teams in its competitions, namely the Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup, from naming more than three "foreign" players in their matchday squads. See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners The UEFA Champions League, which evolved from the European Champion Clubs' Cup is a seasonal club The UEFA Cup is a football competition for European club teams organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA. After the ruling, quotas could still be imposed, but could only be used to restrict the number of non-EU players on each team.

On April 21, 2005, UEFA 52 member federations unanimously approved a rule designed to increase the number of locally trained players. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The measure is an attempt to reverse some of the effects of the Bosman ruling. UEFA's chief executive Lars-Christer Olsson was reported by CNN to have said that some of the major clubs in Europe like Chelsea and Barcelona were not happy with this rule, and that he didn't rule out the possibility of a court challenge. Lars-Christer Olsson from Sweden is a former UEFA Chief Executive from 2003 Fútbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan fudˈbɔɫ ˌklup bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish ˈfutβol ˌkluβ baɾθeˈlona known familiarly as Barça (Spanish ˈbaɾsa Catalan

Effect on other sports

The Bosman ruling was considered and distinguished in Lehtonen (2000), a similar case which involved a deadline imposed by FIBA after which basketball teams could not include players who had played for another team in the same season, where it was found that such a restriction was lawful. The International Basketball Federation ( French: Fédération Internationale de Basketball) more commonly known by the French acronym FIBA

See also

• Eastham v. Newcastle United, a similar 1963 court case in England. For George Eastham Jr's father see George Eastham Sr George Edward Eastham, OBE (born September 23, 1936 in
• Seitz decision, a similar 1975 arbitration case in the United States. The Seitz decision was a ruling by arbitrator Peter Seitz on December 23 1975 which declared that Major League Baseball players became Arbitration, a form of Alternative dispute resolution (ADR is a legal technique for the resolution of Disputes outside the Courts wherein the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
• Kolpak ruling, which extended Bosman to countries with an associate trading relationship with the EU, most notably the ACP countries
• Webster ruling, a post-Bosman ruling which formalised the 'buy-out' rules for disputed transfers of players still within their contract term

External links

• Text of the ECJ Ruling
• Pearson, Geoff. The Kolpak ruling is a European Court of Justice ruling handed down on May 8, 2003 in favour of Maros Kolpak, a Slovak handball The ACP States are the countries that are signatories of the Lomé Convention. The Webster ruling is a test case in Association football law involving Andy Webster, a defender formerly with Heart of Midlothian The Bosman Case, EU Law and the Transfer System. Football Industry Group, University of Liverpool. The University of Liverpool is a University in the city of Liverpool, England. Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled

References

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