Borosilicate glassware, here displayed two beakers and a test tube.

Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with the main glass-forming constituents silica and boron oxide. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide Boron oxide is one of the oxides of Boron. It is white glassy and solid also known as diboron trioxide, formula B2O3 Borosilicate glasses are most well known for having very low coefficient of thermal expansion (~ 3 x 10^-6 / C at 20^oC), making them resistant to thermal shock, more so than any other common glass. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Thermal shock is the name given to cracking as a result of rapid temperature change Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century^[1] and sold under the brand name "Duran" in 1893. Friedrich Otto Schott (born 17 December 1851 in Witten; died 27 August 1935 in Jena) was a German Chemist After Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world (however, since 1998 Pyrex kitchen brand is no longer made of borosilicate but of soda-lime glass^[2]). Corning Incorporated ( is an American manufacturer of Glass, Ceramics and related materials primarily for industrial and scientific applications Pyrex is a brand name for glassware introduced by Corning Incorporated in 1915 Soda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, is the most prevalent type of Glass, used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and jars

Most borosilicate glass is clear. Colored borosilicate, for the art glass trade, was first widely brought onto the market in 1986 when Paul Trautman founded Northstar Glassworks. There are now a number of small companies in the U. S. and abroad that manufacture and sell colored borosilicate glass for the art glass market.

In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boron oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide (lime). The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide Boron oxide is one of the oxides of Boron. It is white glassy and solid also known as diboron trioxide, formula B2O3 Sodium oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula Na 2 O. It is used in Ceramics and Glasses Treatment with water Potassium oxide is a compound of Potassium and Oxygen. This pale yellow solid the simplest oxide of potassium is a rarely encountered highly reactive Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. Though somewhat more difficult to make than traditional glass (Corning conducted a major revamp of their operations to make it), it is economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance finds excellent use in chemical laboratory equipment, cookware, lighting, and in certain cases, windows. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties A laboratory (informally lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific Research, Experiments and GlassWindowjpg|thumb|right|190px|A stained glass panel depicting Biblical scenes at a historic church in Scotland]] A window is an opening

Manufacturing process

Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's "frit" of silicate sand, soda, and ground lime. Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary silicate glass, some new techniques were required to bring it into industrial production. Silicate glasses have been commonly used in the field of semiconductor device fabrication as an insulator between active layers of the Semiconductor device. Borrowing from the welding trade, new burners combining oxygen with natural gas were required. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane,

Composition and physical characteristics

Borosilicate glass has a very low thermal expansion coefficient, about one-third that of ordinary glass. Thermal Expansion is the tendency of matter to change in Volume in response to a change in temperature This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it a popular material for objects like telescope mirrors, where it is essential to have very little deviation in shape. A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. It is also used in the processing of high-level nuclear waste, where the waste is immobilised in the glass through a process known as vitrification (contrast with Synroc). Radioactive wastes are Waste types containing radioactive Chemical elements that do not have a practical purpose Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a Glass -like Amorphous solid that is free from any Crystalline structure either by the quick removal Synroc, a Portmanteau from "synthetic rock" is a possible means of safely storing and disposing of Radioactive waste.

Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F); at this temperature, the viscosity of type 7740 Pyrex is 10^{7. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. 6} poise. The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. ^[3]

Borosilicate glass is less dense than ordinary glass. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different

While more resistant to thermal shock than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subject to rapid or uneven temperature variations. Thermal shock is the name given to cracking as a result of rapid temperature change When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering (it will snap rather than splinter).

Optically, borosilicate glasses are crown glasses with low dispersion (Abbe numbers around 65) and relatively low refractive indices (1. Crown glass is type of optical glass used in lenses and other optical components In Physics and Optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material is a measure The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium 51–1. 54 across the visible range).

Fraction by weight

Physical characteristics
Density = 2. 23 g/cm³
Mean Excitation Energy = 134. 0 eV

Usage

Borosilicate glass's refractory properties and physical strength make it ideal for use in laboratories, where it is used to make high-durability glass lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes. A beaker is a simple container for stirring mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories A test tube, also known as a culture tube, sample tube, test flute or flaccid flute, is a piece of Laboratory glassware composed of In addition, borosilicate glass warps minimally when exposed to heat allowing a borosilicate container to provide accurate measurements of volume over time.

During the mid-twentieth century borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often distilled water) through high power vacuum tube–based electronic equipment, such as commercial broadcast transmitters. Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove impurities This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall.

Glass cookware is another common usage; a borosilicate glass pie plate is almost the American standard pie dish. Borosilicate glass measuring cups, featuring painted-on markings illustrating graduated measurements, are also widely used in American kitchens.

Aquarium heaters are sometimes made out of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the great temperature differences between water and the nichrome heating element. Nichrome is a brand name for a nickel-chromium resistance wire a non-magnetic Alloy of Nickel and Chromium.

Many high quality flashlights use borosilicate glass for the lens. A flashlight (also called an electric torch or torch) is a portable electric spotlight which emits light from a small incandescent Lightbulb This allows for a higher percentage of light transmittance through the lens than compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.

Specialty marijuana and tobacco pipes are made from borosilicate glass. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. The high heat resistance allows the pipe to tolerate a longer period of use, and these pipes are also more durable.

Most premanufactured glass guitar slides are also made of borosilicate glass. Slide guitar or bottleneck guitar is a particular method or technique for playing the Guitar.

New lampworking techniques led to artistic applications such as contemporary glass marbles. Lampworking is a type of glasswork that uses a gas fueled torch to melt rods and tubes of clear and colored glass A marble is a small spherical toy usually made from Glass, Clay, or Agate. The modern glass art movement, spurred largely by the rapid development of a borosilicate color palette at Northstar Glass in the 1980s and 1990s, has provided vast economic growth for borosilicate glass suppliers. Borosilicate is commonly used in the glassblowing form of lampworking and the artists create a range of products ranging from jewelry, kitchenware, to sculpture as well as for artistic glass tobacco pipes. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones For a record label see Kitchenware Records Kitchenware include utensils appliances dishes cookware and so on for use in the Kitchen

Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware. Borosilicate glass lends the kitchenware and glassware increased durability along with microwave and dishwasher compatibility. A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishes and eating utensils They can be found in Restaurants and private homes

Most astronomical reflecting telescope glass mirror components are made of borosilicate glass because of its low coefficient of expansion with heat. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that "track" across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics.

The optical glass most often used for making instrument lenses is Schott BK-7 (or the equivalent from other makers), a very finely made borosilicate crown glass. Crown glass is type of optical glass used in lenses and other optical components It is also designated as 517642 glass after its 1. 517 refractive index and 64. 2 Abbe number. Other less costly borosilicate glasses, such as Schott B270 or the equivalent, are used to make "crown glass" eyeglasses lenses. Crown glass is type of optical glass used in lenses and other optical components Ordinary lower-cost borosilicate glass, like that used to make kitchenware and even reflecting telescope mirrors, cannot be used for high quality lenses because of the striations and inclusions common to lower grades of this type of glass.

Borosilicate is also a material of choice for evacuated tube solar thermal technology, because of its high strength and heat resistance.

Borosilicate glasses also find application in the semiconductor industry in the development of micromechanical devices, known as MEMS, as part of stacks of etched silica wafers bonded to the etched borosilicate glass.

References

External links

• Properties of SCHOTT DURAN Borosilicate Glass - Overview
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