Citizendia

For other uses, see Boron (disambiguation).
5 beryllium ← boron → carbon
-
↑
B
↓
Al
General
Name, symbol, number boron, B, 5
Chemical series metalloids
Group, period, block 13, 2, p
Appearance black/brown
Standard atomic weight 10.811(7) g·mol−1
Electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p1
Electrons per shell 2, 3
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 2. Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 WikipediaNaming This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Metalloid is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties nearly every element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 2 element is one of the Chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 34 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 2. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 08 g·cm−3
Melting point 2349 K
(2076 °C, 3769 °F)
Boiling point 4200 K
(3927 °C, 7101 °F)
Heat of fusion 50. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 2 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 480 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 11. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 087 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 2348 2562 2822 3141 3545 4072
Atomic properties
Crystal structure rhombohedral
Oxidation states 4,[1] 3, 1[2]
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 04 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st: 800. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 6 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 2427. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 1 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3659. 7 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 85 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 87 pm
Covalent radius 82 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering nonmagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 1. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 5×104Ω·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 27. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 4 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 5–7 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 16200 m/s
Bulk modulus (β form) 185 GPa
Mohs hardness 9. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 3
Vickers hardness 49000 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-42-8
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of boron
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
10B 18. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Boron ( B)Standard atomic mass 10811(7 u Table Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 8%* 10B is stable with 5 neutrons
11B 81. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 2%* 11B is stable with 6 neutrons
*Boron-10 content may be as low as 19. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 1% and as
high as 20. 3% in natural samples. Boron-11 is
the remainder in such cases.
References
This box: view • talk • edit

Boron (pronounced /ˈbɔərɒn/) is a chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton Boron is a trivalent nonmetallic element which occurs abundantly in the evaporite ores borax and ulexite. Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the Evaporites (iˈvæpəraɪt are water-soluble Mineral sediments that result from the Evaporation of bodies of surficial Water. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Borax (from Persian burah) also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important Boron Ulexite ( Na[[calcium Ca]] B 5 O 9·8 H2O) (hydrated sodium calcium borate hydroxide is a Mineral Boron is never found as a free element in nature.

Several allotropes of boron exist; amorphous boron is a brown powder, though crystalline boron is black, hard (9. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different An amorphous solid is a Solid in which there is no Long-range order of the positions of the Atoms (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are 3 on Mohs' scale), and a weak conductor at room temperature. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry, while boron compounds play important roles as light structural materials, nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and reagents for chemical synthesis. A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical

Boron is an essential plant nutrient, although higher soil concentrations of boron may also be toxic to plants. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment As an ultratrace element, boron is necessary for the optimal health of rats and presumably other mammals, though its physiological role in animals is poorly understood. In Biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one Microgram per Gram of a given organism

Contents

Characteristics

Brown amorphous boron is a product of certain chemical reactions. It contains boron atoms randomly bonded to each other without long range order.

Crystalline boron, a very hard black material with a high melting point, exists in many polymorphs. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Polymorphism in Materials science is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or Crystal structure Two rhombohedral forms, α-boron and β-boron containing 12 and 106. In Crystallography, the rhombohedral (or trigonal) Crystal system is one of the seven lattice point groups named after the two-dimensional 7 atoms in the rhombohedral unit cell respectively, and 50-atom tetragonal boron are the three most characterised crystalline forms. In Crystallography, the tetragonal Crystal system is one of the 7 lattice Point groups Tetragonal Crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic

Optical characteristics of crystalline/elemental boron include the transmittance of infrared light. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of At standard temperatures, elemental boron is a poor electrical conductor, but is a good electrical conductor at high temperatures. Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current.

Chemically boron is electron-deficient, possessing a vacant p-orbital. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J See also Electron configuration It is an electrophile. In Chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a Reagent attracted to Electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting Compounds of boron often behave as Lewis acids, readily bonding with electron-rich substances to compensate for boron's electron deficiency. The reactions of boron are dominated by such requirement for electrons. Also, boron is the least electronegative non-metal, meaning that it is usually oxidized (loses electrons) in reactions. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state

Boron is also similar to carbon with its capability to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Boron is also used for heat resistant alloys. Boron can form compounds whose formal oxidation state is not three eg B(II), in B2F4. [3]

Applications

10B and 11B NMR spectroscopy

both 10B (18. 8 percent) and 11B (81. 2 percent) possess nuclear spin; that of boron-10 has a value of 3 and that of boron-11, 3/2. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin These isotopes are, therefore, of use in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; and spectrometers specially adapted to detecting the boron-11 nucleus are available commercially. The boron-10 and boron-11 nuclei also cause splitting in the resonances of attached nuclei. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's

10B enriched boron

The 10B isotope is good at capturing thermal neutrons. The neutron temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's Kinetic energy, usually given in Electron volts The term Natural boron is about 20% 10B and 80%11B. The nuclear industry enriches natural boron to nearly pure 10B. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions The waste product, or depleted boron, is nearly pure 11B. 11B is a candidate as a fuel for aneutronic fusion and is used in the semiconductor industry. Aneutronic fusion is any form of Fusion power where no more than 1% of the total energy released is carried by Neutrons Since the most-studied fusion reactions Enriched boron or 10B is used in both radiation shielding and in boron neutron capture therapy. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT is an experimental form of Radiotherapy that utilizes a Neutron beam that interacts with Boron injected to a patient In the later, a compound containing 10B is attached to a muscle near a tumor. The patient is then treated with a relatively low dose of thermal neutrons. This causes energetic and short range alpha radiation from the boron to bombard the tumor.

Neutron cross section of boron (Black is 10B and blue is 11B)
Neutron cross section of boron (Black is 10B and blue is 11B)

In nuclear reactors, 10B is used for reactivity control and in emergency shutdown systems. It can serve either function in the form of borosilicate control rods or as boric acid. Borosilicate glass is a type of Glass with the main glass-forming constituents Silica and Boron oxide. A control rod is a rod made of Chemical elements capable of absorbing many Neutrons without fissioning themselves Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild Acid often used as an Antiseptic, Insecticide In pressurized water reactors, boric acid is added to the reactor coolant when the plant is shut down for refueling. Pressurized water reactor ( PWR s (also VVER if of Russian design are generation II nuclear power reactors that use ordinary Water It is then slowly filtered out over many months as fissile material is used up and the fuel becomes less reactive.

In future manned interplanetary spacecraft, 10B has a theoretical role as structural material (as boron fibers or BN nanotube material) which also would serve a special role in the radiation shield. One of the difficulties in dealing with cosmic rays which are mostly high energy protons, is that some secondary radiation from interaction of cosmic rays and spacecraft structural materials, is in the form of high energy spallation neutrons. For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on In general spallation is a process in which fragments of material ( Spall) are ejected from a body due to impact or stress Such neutrons can be moderated by materials high in light elements such as structural polyethylene, but the moderated neutrons continue to be a radiation hazard unless actively absorbed in a way which dumps the absorption energy in the shielding, far away from biological systems. Among light elements that absorb thermal neutrons, 6Li and 10B appear as potential spacecraft structural materials able to do double duty in this regard.

11B depleted boron

Cosmic radiation produces secondary neutrons when it hits spacecraft structures. For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Neutrons produce fission in 10B if it is present in the spacecraft's semiconductors. Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing Free neutrons and other smaller nuclei which may A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that This produces a gamma ray, an alpha particle, and a lithium ion. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Alpha particles (named after and denoted by the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α consist of two Protons and two Neutrons bound together into a Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 The resultant fission products may then dump charge into nearby chip structures, causing data loss (bit flipping, or single event upset). A single event upset ( SEU) is a change of state caused by a low-energy ions or electro-magnetic or nuclear radiation interferences strike to a sensitive node in a micro-electronic In radiation hardened semiconductor designs, one measure is to use depleted boron which is greatly enriched in 11B and contains almost no 10B. Radiation hardening is a method of designing and testing electronic components and systems to make them resistant to damage or malfunctions caused by high-energy Subatomic particles A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that 11B is largely immune to radiation damage. Depleted boron is a by-product of the nuclear industry. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions

11B is also a candidate as a fuel for aneutronic fusion. Aneutronic fusion is any form of Fusion power where no more than 1% of the total energy released is carried by Neutrons Since the most-studied fusion reactions When struck by a proton of about 500 Kev, it produces three alpha particles and 8. 7 Mev of energy. Most other fusion reactions involving hydrogen and helium produce penetrating neutron radiation. This induces long term radioactivity in reactor structures and weakens them, as well as endangering operating personnel. The alpha particles from 11B fusion can be turned directly into electric power and all radiation stops as soon as the reactor is turned off.

Boron compounds

See also: Category:Boron compounds

The most economically important compounds of boron

Of the several hundred uses of boron compounds, especially notable uses

Hardest boron compounds

The hardest Boron compounds are created synthetically. Rhenium diboride (ReB2) and cubic (or beta)-Boron nitride can actually scratch diamond,but are still not as hard as diamond although Rhenium diboride surpasses diamond in certain directions. Rhenium diboride ( Re[[Boron B]]2 is a synthetic Superhard material. Boron nitride ( BN) is a binary chemical compound, consisting of equal numbers of Boron and Nitrogen atoms Rhenium diboride ( Re[[Boron B]]2 is a synthetic Superhard material. Rhenium diboride is nearly as hard as cubic boron nitride and boron suboxide, and much harder than Osmium diboride (which was the first step towards Rhenium diboride synthesis).

It is still a matter of research as to which Boron compound is the hardest:

Each of these previously described materials, like all superhard materials with properties similar to diamond, do not have a unique hardness value but a hardness range, since hardness tests (ie. Superhard materials are materials possessing hardness exceeding that of commercial polycrystalline cubic Boron nitride (cBN i Knoop, Vickers, Rockwell, etc) depend on many conditions (direction, load. The Knoop hardness test is a microhardness test - a test for mechanical Hardness used particularly for very brittle materials or thin sheets where only a small indentation may Vickers was a famous name in British engineering that existed through many companies from 1828 until 2004 . . ) according to whether the diamond used in the test will indent more or less deeply the given material. As a result, they all scratch each other as well as diamond under certain conditions.

These borides have been primarily developed as a substitute for diamond in coated tools (CVD or PVD diamond-like coated), as well as diamond powder coated blades, since diamond becomes soluble in iron and instable at certain given high temperatures thus reducing tool life. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD is a Chemical process used to produce high-purity high-performance solid materials Physical vapor deposition (PVD is a variety of vacuum deposition and is a general term used to describe any of a variety of methods to deposit Thin films by the condensation

Interestingly enough, Boron nitride in its hexagonal form (h-BN), is a very soft material (only 2 in Mohs hardness scale) compared to the cubic form ("Borazon"),h-BN being slightly more inert chemically than c-BN at very high temperatures, a feature extremely useful in advanced foundry and casting refractory applications (high end crucibles). Boron nitride ( BN) is a binary chemical compound, consisting of equal numbers of Boron and Nitrogen atoms The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material

At a lesser degree, certain boronized (or borided) metals and alloys, through means of ion implantation or only ion beam deposition of Boron ions, show a spectacular increase in surface resistance and microhardness,thus having superficial characteristics similar to the corresponding borides. Ion implantation is a Materials engineering process by which ions of a material can be implanted into another solid thereby changing the physical properties of the Ion Beam Deposition (IBD is a process of applying materials to a target through the application of an Ion beam. Laser alloying has also been successfully used for the same purpose. Atomic penetration of materials (aforementioned laser and implantation methods) are preferred over deposition methods (CVD deposition and PVD deposition) since the borides are formed "within" the metallic substrate (the ions penetrate literally the metal), relatively deep from the surface. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD is a Chemical process used to produce high-purity high-performance solid materials Physical vapor deposition (PVD is a variety of vacuum deposition and is a general term used to describe any of a variety of methods to deposit Thin films by the condensation

Ultrahard fullerite , aggregated diamond nanorods and synthetic flawless diamond are still being considered as the undisputed hardest materials(they do not contain Boron). "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNR s (also called "hyperdiamond" are an allotrope of Carbon believed to be the hardest and least In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in

History

Compounds of boron (Arabic Buraq from Persian Burah from Turkish Bor) have been known of for thousands of years. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. In early Egypt, mummification depended upon an ore known as natron, which contained borates as well as some other common salts. A mummy is a Corpse whose Skin and Flesh have been preserved by either intentional or Incidental exposure to Chemicals extreme Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of Sodium carbonate decahydrate ( Na 2 C[[oxygen O]]3 · 10 H2O Borax glazes were used in China from CE 300, and boron compounds were used in glassmaking in ancient Rome. Glaze is a layer or coating of a Vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color decorate strengthen or waterproof it China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

The element was not isolated until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, and Louis Jacques Thénard, to about 50 percent purity, by the reduction of boric acid with sodium or magnesium. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (also Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac, December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850) was a French chemist Louis Jacques Thénard ( May 4, 1777 in the village of La Louptière, Aube - June 21, 1857 in Paris) was a Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild Acid often used as an Antiseptic, Insecticide Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 These men did not recognize the substance as an element. It was Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1824 who identified boron as an element. Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist The first pure boron was produced by the American chemist W. Weintraub in 1909, although this is disputed by some researchers. [4]

Occurrence

Turkey and the United States are the world's largest producers of boron. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Turkey has almost 72% of the world’s boron potential and boron reserves. [5] Boron does not appear in nature in elemental form but is found combined in borax, boric acid, colemanite, kernite, ulexite and borates. Borax (from Persian burah) also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important Boron Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild Acid often used as an Antiseptic, Insecticide Colemanite (CaB3O4(OH3·H2O is a Borate Mineral found in Evaporite deposits of alkaline Kernite, also known as rasorite is a hydrated Sodium Borate Hydroxide mineral with formula Na2B4O6(OH2·3H2O Ulexite ( Na[[calcium Ca]] B 5 O 9·8 H2O) (hydrated sodium calcium borate hydroxide is a Mineral Borates in Chemistry are Chemical compounds containing Boron bonded to three Oxygen atoms written as B(OR3 Boric acid is sometimes found in volcanic spring waters. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Ulexite is a borate mineral that naturally has properties of fiber optics. Borates in Chemistry are Chemical compounds containing Boron bonded to three Oxygen atoms written as B(OR3 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length

Borax crystals
Borax crystals

Economically important sources are from the ore rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore) which are both found in the Mojave Desert of California, with borax being the most important source there. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining For the indigenous American tribe see Mohave. The Mojave Desert (moʊˈhɑːvi or /məˈhɑːvi/ ( Hayikwiir Mat'aar in Mojave California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The largest borax deposits are found in Central and Western Turkey including the provinces of Eskişehir, Kütahya and Balıkesir. Borax (from Persian burah) also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important Boron Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Eskişehir ( eskē'shehēr, Eskişehir "Old City" Latin: Dorylaeum; Greek: Δορύλαιον Dorylaion) is a city Kütahya is a city in western Turkey with 213000 inhabitants (2007 estimate lying on the Porsuk river at 930 metres above sea level Sites of interest Kuş Cenneti (Bird Sanctuary National Park Erdek, Bandırma, Edremit Bays and Ayvalık Coastal Beach

See also: Borate minerals.

Commercial production of the free element

Pure elemental boron is not easy to prepare. The earliest methods used involve reduction of boric oxide with metals such as magnesium or aluminium. Boron oxide is one of the oxides of Boron. It is white glassy and solid also known as diboron trioxide, formula B2O3 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 WikipediaNaming However the product is almost always contaminated with metal borides. In chemistry a boride is a chemical compound between boron and a less electronegative element (The reaction is quite spectacular though. ) Pure boron can be prepared by reducing volatile boron halogenides with hydrogen at high temperatures. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 The highly pure boron, for the use in semiconductor industry, is produced by the decomposition of diborane at high temperatures and then further purified with the Czochralski process. Diborane is the Chemical compound with the formula B2H6 It is a colorless gas at room temperature with a repulsively sweet odor The Czochralski process is a method of Crystal growth used to obtain Single crystals of Semiconductors (e

Market trend

Estimated global consumption of boron rose to a record 1. 8 million tonnes of B2O3 in 2005 following a period of strong growth in demand from Asia, Europe and North America. Boron mining and refining capacities are considered to be adequate to meet expected levels of growth through the next decade. The form in which boron is consumed has changed in recent years. The use of beneficiated ores like colemanite has declined following concerns over arsenic content. Colemanite (CaB3O4(OH3·H2O is a Borate Mineral found in Evaporite deposits of alkaline Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Consumers have moved towards the use of refined borates or boric acid that have a lower pollutant content. The average cost of crystalline boron is $5/g. [6]

Increasing demand for boric acid has led a number of producers to invest in additional capacity. Eti Mine opened a new 100,000 tonnes per year capacity boric acid plant at Emet in 2003. Rio Tinto increased the capacity of its Boron plant from 260,000 tonnes per year in 2003 to 310,000 tonnes per year by May 2005, with plans to grow this to 366,000 tonnes per year in 2006.

Chinese boron producers have been unable to meet rapidly growing demand for high quality borates. This has led to imports of disodium tetraborate growing by a hundredfold between 2000 and 2005 and boric acid imports increasing by 28% per year over the same period.

The rise in global demand has been driven by high rates of growth in fiberglass and borosilicate production. Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass. A rapid increase in the manufacture of reinforcement-grade fiberglass in Asia with a consequent increase in demand for borates has offset the development of boron-free reinforcement-grade fiberglass in Europe and the USA. The recent rises in energy prices can be expected to lead to greater use of insulation-grade fiberglass, with consequent growth in the use of boron.

Roskill Consulting Group forecasts that world demand for boron will grow by 3. 4% per year to reach 21 million tonnes by 2010. The highest growth in demand is expected to be in Asia where demand could rise by an average 5. 7% per year. [7]

Boron in biology

A boron-containing natural antibiotic, boromycin, isolated from streptomyces, is known. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Boromycin is a bacteriocidal Polyether - Macrolide Antibiotic. Streptomyces, the largest Genus of Actinobacteria and type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. [8][9]

Boron is an essential plant nutrient, required primarily for maintaining the integrity of cell walls. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment Conversely, high soil concentrations of > 1. 0 ppm can cause marginal and tip necrosis in leaves as well as poor overall growth performance. Levels as low as 0. 8 ppm can cause these same symptoms to appear in plants particularly sensitive to boron in the soil. Nearly all plants, even those somewhat tolerant of boron in the soil, will show at least some symptoms of boron toxicity when boron in the soil is greater than 1. 8 ppm. When boron in the soil exceeds 2. 0 ppm, few plants will perform well. Plants sensitive to boron in the soil may not survive. When boron levels in plant tissue exceed 200 ppm symptoms of boron toxicity are likely to appear.

As an ultratrace element, boron is necessary for the optimal health of rats, although it is necessary in such small amounts that ultrapurified foods and dust filtration of air is necessary to show the effects of boron deficiency, which manefest as poor coat/hair quality. In Biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one Microgram per Gram of a given organism Presumably, boron is necessary to other mammals. No deficiency syndrome in humans has been described. Small amounts of boron occur widely in the diet, and the amounts needed in the diet would, by analogy with rodent studies, be very small. The exact physiological role of boron in the animal kingdom is poorly understood.

Boron occurs in all foods produced from plants. Since 1989 its nutritional value has been argued. It is thought that boron plays several biochemical roles in animals, including humans. [10] The U. S. Department of agriculture conducted an experiment in which postmenopausal women took 3 mg of boron a day. The results showed that supplemental boron reduced excretion of calcium by 44%, and activated estrogen and vitamin D. However, whether these effects were conventionally nutritional, or medicinal, could not be determined.

The US National Institute of Health quotes this source:

Total daily boron intake in normal human diets ranges from 2. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. 1–4. 3 mg boron/kg body weight (bw)/day. "Total boron". Zook EG and Lehman J. J. Assoc. Off Agric. Chem. 48: 850-5 (1965).

Analytical quantification

For determination of boron content in food or materials the colorimetric curcumin method is used. Colorimetry or Colourimetry can refer to the quantitative study of Color perception Boron has to be transferred to boric acid or borates and on reaction with curcumin in acidic solution a red colored boron-chelate complex, rosocyanine, is formed. Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild Acid often used as an Antiseptic, Insecticide Borates in Chemistry are Chemical compounds containing Boron bonded to three Oxygen atoms written as B(OR3 Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian curry spice Turmeric, the other two Curcuminoids being desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin Chelation is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate Ligand. Rosocyanine and Rubrocurcumin are two red colored materials which are formed by the reaction between Curcumin and Borates Application

Isotopes

Boron has two naturally-occurring and stable isotopes, 11B (80. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 1%) and 10B (19. 9%). The mass difference results in a wide range of δ11B values in natural waters, ranging from -16 to +59. There are 13 known isotopes of boron, the shortest-lived isotope is 7B which decays through proton emission and alpha decay. Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a Proton is ejected from a nucleus. Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle It has a half-life of 3. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 26500x10-22 s. The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units Isotopic fractionation of boron is controlled by the exchange reactions of the boron species B(OH)3 and B(OH)4. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Boron isotopes are also fractionated during mineral crystallization, during H2O phase changes in hydrothermal systems, and during hydrothermal alteration of rock. Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water 'hydros' in the Greek meaning water and 'thermos' meaning heat In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere The latter effect species preferential removal of the 10B(OH)4 ion onto clays results in solutions enriched in 11B(OH)3 may be responsible for the large 11B enrichment in seawater relative to both oceanic crust and continental crust; this difference may act as an isotopic signature. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions An isotopic signature (also isotopic fingerprint) is a ratio of stable or unstable Isotopes of particular elements found in an investigated material

The exotic 17B exhibits a Nuclear halo. In Nuclear physics, an atomic nucleus is called a halo nucleus or is said to have a nuclear halo if its radius is appreciably larger than that predicted by the

Precautions

Elemental boron is nontoxic and common boron compounds such as borates and boric acid have low toxicity (approximately similar to table salt with the lethal dose being 2 to 3 grams per kg) and therefore do not require special precautions while handling. Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild Acid often used as an Antiseptic, Insecticide Some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds, however, are toxic as well as highly flammable and do require special handling care. In chemistry a borane is a chemical compound of Boron and Hydrogen. Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite causing Fire or Combustion.

See also

References

  1. ^ W. Boron (B deficiency is a rare disorder affecting plants growing above a Granite bedrock which is low in Boron. A boronic acid is an Alkyl or Aryl substituted Boric acid containing a Carbon to Boron Chemical bond belonging to The Suzuki reaction is the Organic reaction of an Aryl - or Vinyl - Boronic acid with an Aryl - or Vinyl - Halide In Organic chemistry, the hydroboration-oxidation reaction is a two-step organic chemical reaction that converts an Alkene into a neutral Alcohol T. M. L. Fernando, L. C. O'Brien, P. F. Bernath. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy: B4Σ−−X4Σ−. University of Arizona, Tucson. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  2. ^ K. Q. Zhang, B. Guo, V. Braun, M. Dulick, P. F. Bernath. Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  3. ^ Compound Descriptions: B2F4. Landol Börnstein Substance/Property Index. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  4. ^ "" (1970). Z. Angew. Phys. 29: 277.  
  5. ^ Developments in the Ecomomic Sector (of Turkey). Turkish government. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  6. ^ Rare-Earth Magnets - Boron Properties
  7. ^ http://www.roskill.com/reports/prePublication/prepubboron
  8. ^ R. Hütter, W. Keller-Schien, F. Knüsel, V. Prelog , G. Vladimir Prelog ( July 23 1906 &ndash January 7 1998) was a renowned Chemist and Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry C. Rodgers jr. , P. Suter, G. Vogel, W. Voser, H. Zähner (1967). "Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 57. Mitteilung. Boromycin". Helv. Chim. Acta. 50: 1533–1539. doi:10.1002/hlca.19670500612. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  9. ^ J. D. Dunitz, D. M. Hawley, D. Miklo, D. N. J. White, Yu. Berlin, R. Marui, V. Prelog (1971). Vladimir Prelog ( July 23 1906 &ndash January 7 1998) was a renowned Chemist and Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry "Structure of boromycin". Helv. Chim. Acta. 54: 1709–1713. doi:10.1002/hlca.19710540624. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  10. ^ Boron

External links

Dictionary

boron

-noun

  1. The chemical element (symbol B) with an atomic number of 5; a metalloid
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org