Borneo
Topography of Borneo
Geography
Location	South East Asia
Coordinates	1°00′N, 114°00′E
Archipelago	Greater Sunda Islands
Area	743,330 km²
Rank	3rd
Highest point	Kinabalu 4,095 m
Administration
Brunei
Districts	Belait Brunei and Muara Temburong Tutong
Indonesia
Provinces	West Kalimantan Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan East Kalimantan
Malaysia
States	Sabah Sarawak
Demographics
Population	16 million (as of 2000)
Density	22/km²/km²

Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Greater Sunda Islands are a group of Islands within the Malay Archipelago. This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles Mount Kinabalu ( Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent Mountain in Southeast Asia. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Belait is the largest district (Malay Daerah) in Brunei, as well as the western-most Brunei-Muara is the northern-most district ( daerah in Malay) in Brunei; it is the smallest of Brunei's four districts in term of area but by Temburong is the eastern-most district ( daerah) in Brunei. It is an Exclave, as it is separated from the rest of Brunei by Malaysia Tutong is a district ( Daerah) in Brunei and its capital is Pekan Tutong or Tutong Town ( in English) The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. West Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat often abbreviated to Kalbar) is a province of Indonesia. Central Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Tengah often abbreviated to Kalteng) is a province of Indonesia, one of four in Kalimantan South Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Selatan often abbreviated to Kalsel) is a province of Indonesia. East Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Timur abbrv Kaltim) is the second largest Indonesian province, located on the Kalimantan For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. Administratively, this island is divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Indonesia's region of Borneo is called "Kalimantan" (although Indonesians use the term for the whole island), while Malaysia's region of Borneo is called East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo. In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan" East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South The independent nation of Brunei occupies the remainder of the island. Brunei is the richest and wealthiest state in the island of Borneo.

Geography

Borneo is surrounded by the South China Sea to the north and northwest, the Sulu Sea to the northeast, the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait to the east, and the Java Sea and Karimata Strait to the south. The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the The Sulu Sea is a large sea in the southwestern area of the Philippines. The Celebes Sea (or the Sulawesi Sea (Laut Sulawesi of the western Pacific Ocean is bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sulu Sea Makassar Strait is a Strait between the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in Indonesia. Java Sea (Laut Jawa is a large (310000 km² shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf. The Karimata Strait is the wide Strait that connects the South China Sea to the Java Sea, between the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo It has an area of 743,330 km² (287,000 square miles).

To the west of Borneo [1] are the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two To the south is Java. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. To the east is the island of Sulawesi (Celebes). Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the To the northeast is the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

Borneo's highest point is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia, with an elevation of 4,095 m (13,435 ft) above sea level. Mount Kinabalu ( Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent Mountain in Southeast Asia. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface This makes it the world's third highest island. This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by their highest point.

The largest river systems are the Kapuas River, with approximately 1,143 km the longest river in Indonesia, the Rajang River in Sarawak with some 563 km the longest river in Malaysia, the Barito River about 880 km long and the Mahakam River about 980 km long. The Kapuas River ( Sungai Kapuas) is located in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Rajang River is a river in Sarawak, Malaysia. The river is located in northwest of Borneo and it originates in the Iran Mountains Barito is a river in South Kalimantan, Indonesia which passes through the city of Banjarmasin. The Mahakam River flows 980 km from the highlands of Borneo, district Long Apari to its mouth in Makassar Strait.

Borneo is also known for its extensive cave systems. Clearwater Cave has one of the world's longest underwater rivers. Deer Cave, thought to be the largest cave passage in the world, is home to over three million bats and guano accumulated to over 100 metres high. Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals

Administration

The Island of Borneo is divided administratively into:

• The Indonesian provinces of East, South, West and Central Kalimantan
• The Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak (the Federal Territory of Labuan is located on nearshore islands of Borneo, but not on the island of Borneo itself)
• The independent country of Brunei (main part and eastern exclave of Temburong)

History

Political divisions of Borneo

In the 15th century, the Majapahit rule exerted its influence in Borneo. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. ||-||-||}The Province ( Indonesian: provinsi or propinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. East Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Timur abbrv Kaltim) is the second largest Indonesian province, located on the Kalimantan South Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Selatan often abbreviated to Kalsel) is a province of Indonesia. West Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat often abbreviated to Kalbar) is a province of Indonesia. Central Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Tengah often abbreviated to Kalteng) is a province of Indonesia, one of four in Kalimantan In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan" Malaysia is a Federation which consists of thirteen '''states''' ( Negeri) and three '''federal territories''' ( Wilayah Persekutuan Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Labuan is the main island of the Malaysian Federal Territory of Labuan. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Temburong is the eastern-most district ( daerah) in Brunei. It is an Exclave, as it is separated from the rest of Brunei by Malaysia Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Princess Junjung Buih, the queen of the Hindu kingdom of Negara Dipa (situated in Candi Agung area of Amuntai) married a Javanese prince, Prince Suryanata, and together they ruled the kingdom which is a tributary to the Majapahit Empire (1365). In this way, it became a part of Nusantara. Nusantara is a traditional geographical concept of the Malay world that encompasses the Indonesian lands from Sabang in the West to Manokwari Along the way, the power of Negara Dipa weakened and was replaced by the new court of Negara Daha. When Prince Samudra (Prince Suriansyah) of Negara Daha converted to Islam and formed the Islamic kingdom of Banjar, it inherited some of the areas previously ruled by the Hindu kingdom of Negara Daha.

The Brunei Sultanate during its golden age from the 15th to 17th centuries ruled a large part of northern Borneo. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام In 1703 (other sources say 1658), the Sultanate of Sulu received North Borneo from the Sultan of Brunei, after Sulu sent aid against a rebellion in Brunei. For the province see Sulu. The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim State that ruled over many of the islands of the During the 1450s, Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab born in Johor, arrived in Sulu from Malacca. In 1457, he founded the Sultanate of Sulu; he then renamed himself "Paduka Maulana Mahasari Sharif Sultan Hashem Abu Bakr". Subsequently HM Sultan Jamalul Ahlam Kiram (1863-1881) the 29th reigning Sultan of Sulu leased North Borneo in 1878 to Gustavus Baron de Overbeck & Alfred Dent representing the British North Borneo Company [2] in what is now Sabah part of Malaysia. The British North Borneo Company or North Borneo Chartered Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo (today's Sabah in Malaysia Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. The company also exerted control on inland territories that were inhabited by numerous tribes. In the 19th Century coastal areas ruled by the Brunei Sultanate in the west of the island were gradually taken by the Brooke dynasty. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام James The Rajah of Sarawak (born James Brooke; 29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868) was the first White Rajah of [3]

By the 18th century, the area from Sambas to Berau were tributaries to the Banjar Kingdom, but this eventually shrunk to the size of what is now South Kalimantan as a result of agreements with the Dutch. Sambas was a traditional state in Indonesia in modern Borneo. Berau Regency or Kabupaten Berau is one of the ten regencies in East Kalimantan province in Indonesia. South Kalimantan ( Indonesian: Kalimantan Selatan often abbreviated to Kalsel) is a province of Indonesia. In the Karang Intan Agreement during the reign of Prince Nata Dilaga (Susuhunan Nata Alam) (1808-1825), the Banjar Kingdom gave up its territories to the Dutch Indies which included Bulungan, Kutai, Pasir, Pagatan and Kotawaringin. Other territories given up to the Dutch Indies were Landak, Sambas, Sintang and Sukadana.

In the early 19th century, British and Dutch governments signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 to exchange trading ports under their controls and assert spheres of influences, in which indirectly set apart the two parts of Borneo into British and Dutch controlled areas. History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as China has had historical trading links with the inhabitants of the island. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Some of the Chinese beads and wares found their way deep into the interior of Borneo.

Moreover in the 19th century, the Dutch admitted the founding of district kingdoms with native leaders who were under the power of the Dutch (Indirect Bestuur). The Dutch assign a resident to head their rule over Kalimantan. List of the residents and governors of Kalimantan:

1. C. A. Kroesen (1898), resident
2. C. J. Van Kempen (1924), resident
3. J. De Haan (1924-1929), resident
4. R. Koppenel (1929-1931), resident
5. W. G. Morggeustrom (1933-1937), resident
6. Dr. A. Haga (1938-1942), governor
7. Pangeran Musa Ardi Kesuma (1942-1945), Ridzie
8. Ir. Pangeran Muhammad Noor (1945), governor

Since 1938, Dutch-Borneo (Kalimantan) was one administrative territory under a governor (Governor Haga) whose seat was in Banjarmasin. Banjarmasin is the capital of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is located at, on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura In 1957 following the independence of Indonesia, Kalimantan was divided into 3 provinces which is South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and West Kalimantan. The province of Central Kalimantan separated from South Kalimantan to have their own territory in 1958.

During the Second World War, Japanese forces gained control of Borneo (1941–45). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including They decimated many local populations and Malay intellectuals, including the elimination of the Malay Sultanate of Sambas in Kalimantan [4]. Sambas was a traditional state in Indonesia in modern Borneo. In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan" Borneo was the main site of the confrontation between Indonesia and Malaysia between 1962 and 1966, as well as the communist revolts to gain control of the whole area. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Before the formation of Malaysian Federation, the Philippines claimed that the Malaysian state of Sabah in north Borneo is within their territorial rights based on historical facts of the Sultanate of Sulu's leasing agreement with the North Borneo Company, is presently an unresolved claim against Malaysia. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. North Borneo was an independent state and British Protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946 and subsequently a Several other territorial claims such as Sipadan were resolved at The Hague international courts. Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising 2000 feet or 600m from the seabed International courts are formed by Treaties between nations or under the authority of an International organization such as the United Nations — this

Ecology

Nepenthes villosa, a species of pitcher plant endemic to Kinabalu National Park, Borneo. Nepenthes villosa (nəˈpɛnθiːz vɪlˈəʊzə or the Villose Pitcher-Plant, is a tropical Pitcher plant endemic to Mount Kinabalu Pitcher plants are Carnivorous plants whose prey-trapping mechanism features a deep cavity filled with Liquid known as a pitfall trap. Kinabalu National Park or Taman Negara Kinabalu in Malay, established as one of the first national parks of Malaysia in 1964, is Malaysia's first

Borneo is very rich in biodiversity compared to many other areas (MacKinnon et al. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. 1998). There are about 15,000 species of flowering plants with 3,000 species of trees (267 species are dipterocarps), 221 species of terrestrial mammals and 420 species of resident birds in Borneo (MacKinnon et al. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly Tropical lowland Rainforest Trees The family name from 1998). It is also the centre of evolution and radiation of many endemic species of plants and animals. The remaining Borneo rainforest is the only natural habitat for the endangered Bornean Orangutan. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. The Bornean Orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, is a species of Orangutan native to the island of Borneo. It is also an important refuge for many endemic forest species, and the Asian Elephant, the Sumatran Rhinoceros, the Sumatran tiger, the Bornean Clouded Leopard, and the Dayak Fruit Bat. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The Asian or Asiatic Elephant ( Elephas maximus) sometimes known by the name of one of its subspecies &ndash the Indian Elephant, is one of Hairy rhinoceros redirects here For the Extinct Megafauna, see Wooly rhinoceros. The Sumatran tiger ( Panthera tigris sumatrae) is a subspecies of Tiger found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Bornean Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi is a medium-sized wild cat found on Borneo, Sumatra and the Batu Islands in the The Dayak fruit bat or Dyak fruit bat ( Dyacopterus spadiceus) is a relatively rare frugivorous bat species found only on the Sunda Shelf of southeast

Tropical Rainforest in Borneo

The World Wildlife Fund divides the island into seven distinct ecoregions. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " The Borneo lowland rain forests cover most of the island, with an area of 427,500 km². Other lowland ecoregions are the Borneo peat swamp forests, the Kerangas or Sundaland heath forests, the Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests, and the Sunda Shelf mangroves. The Borneo peat swamp forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion on the island of Borneo, which is divided between Brunei, Indonesia and Sundaland heath forest, also known as Kerangas Forest, is a type of tropical moist forest found on the island of Borneo, which is The Borneo mountain rain forests lie in the central highlands of the island, above the 1000 meter elevation. The highest elevations of Mount Kinabalu are home to the Kinabalu mountain alpine meadow, an alpine shrubland notable for its numerous endemic species, including many orchids. Mount Kinabalu ( Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent Mountain in Southeast Asia. An alpine meadow is a high-altitude Grassland plant community located in an Alpine climate, above the treeline of a mountain

The island historically had extensive rainforest cover, but the area shranked rapidly due to heavy logging for the needs of the Malaysian plywood industry. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Two forestry researchers of Sepilok Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah in the early 80's indentified four fast-growing hardwoods and a breakthrough on seed collection and handling of Acacia mangium and Gmelina arborea, a fast growing tropical trees were planted on huge track of formerly logged and deforested areas primarily in the northern part of Borneo Island. Acacia mangium is a perennial tree native to Australia and Asia. Gmelina arborea, locally known as Gamhar, is a fast growing deciduous Tree, occurring naturally throughout greater part of India at altitudes One half of the annual tropical timber acquisition of the whole world comes from Borneo. Furthermore, Palm oil plantations are rapidly encroaching on the last remnants of primary rainforest. Palm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the Fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis Oil palm. The rainforest was also greatly destroyed due to the forest fires in 1997 to 1998 which were started by people and coincided with an exceptional drought season of El Niño. El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon During the great fire, hotspots could be seen on satellite images and a haze was created that affected Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. Satellite imagery consists of photographs of Earth or other planets made by means of Artificial satellites. Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Singapore

In order to combat overpopulation and AIDS in Java, the Indonesian government started a massive transmigration (transmigrasi) of poor farmers and landless peasants into Borneo in the 70's and 80's, to farm the logged areas, albeit with little success as the fertility of the land has been removed with the trees and what soil remains is washed away in tropical downpours. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The transmigration program ( Indonesian: Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas

Ethnic and biological diversity

Satellite image of the island of Borneo on August 19, 2002, showing smoke from burning peat swamp forests.

There are over 30 Dayak sub-ethnic groups living in Borneo, making the population of this island one of the most varied of human social groups. In Sociology, a group can be defined as two or more Humans that interact with one another accept expectations and obligations as members of the group and share a The native ethnic groups are Dayak Austronesians and their languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language family. The Austronesian people or Austronesian-speaking people, are a population group present in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Some sub-ethnicities are now represented by only 30-100 individuals and are threatened with extinction. Much culture, language, ethnomusic and traditional knowledge has yet to be documented by anthropologists. Traditional knowledge (TK indigenous knowledge (IK and local knowledge generally refer to the matured long-standing Traditions and practices of Ancestral knowledge of ethnobotany [5] and ethnozoology [6] is useful in drug discovery (for example, bintangor plant for AIDS) or as future alternative food sources (such as sago starch for lactic acid production and sago maggots as a protein source). Ethnobotany ( from " ethnology " - study of culture and " Botany " - study of plants) is the scientific study of the relationships Ethnozoology is the study of the past and present interrelationships between Human cultures and the Animals in their environment Sago is a Starch extracted from the Pith inside stems of the sago palm Metroxylon sagu Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role

Mount Kinabalu, a major center of biodiversity in Borneo. Mount Kinabalu ( Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent Mountain in Southeast Asia.

Certain indigenous Dayak people (such as the Kayan, Kenyah, Punan Bah and Penan) living on the island have been struggling for decades for their right to preserve their environment from loggers and transmigrant settlers and colonists. Kayan is name of a tribe found in Borneo island The Kayan people are categorized as a part of the Dayak people of Borneo The Kenyahs People The Kenyah are an indigenous Austronesian -speaking people of Borneo, living in the remote Baram (Lio Mato Long Jeeh Long Relation to the "other" Punans Are all Punan related tribes/ethnic? There is this popular misunderstanding that all the so called Punan on the island of The Penan are a Nomadic Aboriginal people living in Sarawak and Brunei. Land reform is needed for future development in the face of rapid economic changes. Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government

The type of rainforests found in Borneo include the high diversity mixed dipterocarp forest, the rare peat swamp forests and heath forest. Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly Tropical lowland Rainforest Trees The family name from Peat swamp forests are tropical moist forests where waterlogged soils prevent dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing which over time creates thick layer of acidic Heath forest is a type of tropical moist forest found in areas with acidic sandy soils that are extremely nutrient-poor

Researchers scouring swamps in the heart of Borneo island have discovered a venomous species of snake that can change its skin color. Scientists named their find the Kapuas mud snake, and speculated it might only occur in the Kapuas River drainage system. The Kapuas mud snake ( Enhydris gyii) is a native Borneo species of snakes that can change its epidermal color spontaneously The Kapuas River ( Sungai Kapuas) is located in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

World Wildlife Fund has stated that 361 animal and plant species have been discovered in Borneo since 1996, underscoring its unparalleled biodiversity. [7] In the 18 month period from July 2005 until December 2006, another 52 new species were found.

See also

• Borneo peat swamp forests
• Endemic birds of Borneo
• Fauna of Borneo
• Hikayat Banjar
• Islands of Indonesia
• Mammals of Borneo
• List of islands by area
• Survivor: Borneo
• Rainforest World Music Festival

References

• Bowen, M. The Borneo peat swamp forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion on the island of Borneo, which is divided between Brunei, Indonesia and This article is one of a series providing information about endemism among birds in the World's various zoogeographic zones Borneo is the third largest island in the world In Prehistoric time it was related to the Asian mainland due to geological and climate changes The Hikayat Banjar is the chronicle of Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Indonesia comprises 17508 Islands (based from " Seminar Nasional Penetapan Nama Pulau-pulau Kecil Dalam Presektif Sejarah or "National Seminary The Mammal Species of Borneo include 288 Species of terrestrial and 91 species of Marine mammals recorded within the territorial boundaries This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles Survivor Borneo was the first season of the United States Reality show Survivor. The Rainforest World Music Festival is an annual 3-day music festival celebrating the diversity of "world music" formerly known as ethnic music held in Kuching, R. and Eusebio, T. V. (1981) b): Acacia mangium. Updated information on seed collection, handling and germination testing. Occasional Tech. and Scientific Notes, Seed Series No. 5, Forest Research Centre, Sepilok, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
• Bowen, M. R. and Eusebio, T. V. (1982): Seed handling practices: four fast-growing hardwoods. . . Malaysian Forester Vol 45, No. 4: 534-547
• Ghazally Ismail et al. (eds. ) Scientific Journey Through Borneo Series. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (University of Malaysia Sarawak or UNIMAS was officially incorporated on 24 December 1992. 1996-2001.
• Gudgeon, L. W. W. British North Borneo. Adam and Charles Black, London. (An early well-illustrated book on "British North Borneo", now known as Sabah. ) 1913.
• MacKinnon K, Hatta G, Halim H, Mangalik A. The ecology of Kalimantan. Oxford University Press, London. 1998.
• K M Wong & C L Chan. "Mt Kinabalu: Borneo's Magic Mountain. " Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu. Natural History Publications (Borneo Sdn Bhd is a Publishing house based in Kota Kinabalu, Borneo. Kota Kinabalu (ˈkɔtɑ kɪnɑbɑlʊ formerly known as Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, as well as the capital of the West 1998.
• David Macdonald. Expedition to Borneo.
• Dennis Lau. Borneo: A Photographic Journey.
• Stephen Holley. White Headhunter in Borneo.
• Robert Young Pelton Borneo.

Selected references

• Robert Young Pelton. Fielding's Borneo[8]
• Eric Hansen. Stranger in the Forest: On Foot Across Borneo.
• John Wassner. Espresso with the Headhunters: A Journey Through the Jungles of Borneo.
• Redmond O'Hanlon. Into the Heart of Borneo: An Account of a Journey Made in 1983 to the Mountains of Batu Tiban with James Fenton.
• Charles M. Francis. A Photographic Guide to Mammals of South-east Asia.
• Abdullah, MT. "Biogeography and variation of Cynopterus brachyotis in Southeast Asia. " PhD thesis. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. 2003.
• Corbet, GB, Hill JE. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1992.
• G. W. H. Davison, Chew Yen Fook. A Photographic Guide to Birds of Borneo.
• Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni and MT Abdullah. "Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. For other uses of the term "Flying fox" see Flying fox (disambiguation Megabats is the term used informally to refer to bats " Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191–284. 2004.
• Karim, C. , A. A. Tuen and M. T. Abdullah. "Mammals. " Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221–234. 2004.
• Garbutt, Nick, and J. Cede Prudente. Wild Borneo: The Wildlife and Scenery of Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, and Kalimantan. 2007.
• Mohd. Azlan J. , Ibnu Maryanto, Agus P. Kartono, and MT Abdullah. "Diversity, Relative Abundance and Conservation of Chiropterans in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. " Sarawak Museum Journal 79: 251-265. 2003.
• Hall LS, Richards GC, Abdullah MT. "The bats of Niah National Park, Sarawak. " Sarawak Museum Journal. 78: 255-282. 2002.
• Wilson DE, Reeder DM. Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of 2005.

External links

• WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative - Information about the Heart of Borneo - 220,000 km² of upland montane tropical rainforest, where endangered species such as the orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The orangutans are two Species of great apes known for their intelligence long arms and reddish-brown hair Pygmy Elephants are Cryptids, reported to be living in both Africa and Asia.
• Environmental Profile of Borneo - Background on Borneo, including natural and social history, deforestation statistics, and conservation news. Social history is an area of historical study considered by some to be a Social science that attempts to view historical evidence from the point of view of developing
• Parchuting cats the story of WHO parachuting 14,000 cats into Borneo.
• http://www.borneotravelguide.com Online Travel Guide of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei.