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For the drama please see Boris Godunov (drama). Boris Godunov ( Борис Годунов, Borís Godunóv Title ''Драматическая повесть Комедия o настоящей беде Московскому
For the opera please see Boris Godunov (opera). Boris Godunov ( Борис Годунов, original Orthography Борисъ Годуновъ, Borís Godunóv) is an Opera by
Boris I
Boris Godunov
Tsar of all Russia
Tsar Boris I
Reign 7 January 1598 - 13/23 April 1605
Coronation 21 February 1598
Full name Boris Fyodorovich Godunov
Titles de facto regent of Russia (18 March 1584 - 7 January 1598)
Born 1550 / c. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental 1551
Died 13 April 1605 (aged 54)
Place of death Moscow
Predecessor Feodor I
Successor Feodor II
Wife Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya, daughter of Malyuta Skuratov
Issue Feodor II
Royal House Godunov

Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (Russian: Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в) (1550 / c. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Fyodor I Ivanovich (Фёдор I Иванович (31 May 1557 - 16/17 January (NS 1598 was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584 - 1598 son Fyodor II Borisovich Godunov of Russia (Фёдор II Борисович ( 1589 - July 10 / July 20, 1605) was a Tsar of Russia Grigory Lukyanovich Skuratov-Belskiy (Григорий Лукьянович Скуратов-Бельский better known as Malyuta Skuratov (ru Малюта Скуратов Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages 1551–April 13/23, 1605) was de facto regent of Russia from 1584 to 1598 and then the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling Dynasty of Kievan Rus', the successor Russian principalities and early united Russia, from 862 to 1598 Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. The end of his reign saw Russia descending into the Time of Troubles. For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms.

Contents

Early years

Boris Godunov was the most famous member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin, which migrated from the Horde to Kostroma in the early 14th century, through the Tatarian Prince Chet, who emigrated from the Golden Horde to Russia and founded the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, son of Fyodor Ivanovich Godunov "Krivoy" (d. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Kostroma (Кострома́ is an historic city in central Russia, the administrative centre of Kostroma Oblast. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Hypatian Monastery (Ипатьевский монастырь in Russian) is a male Monastery, situated on the bank of the Kostroma River just opposite c. 1568-1570) and wife Stepanida N. His older brother Vasily died young and without issue of his wife Pelageya N. Godunov's career of service began at the court of Ivan the Terrible. He is mentioned in 1570 as taking part in the Serpeisk campaign as one of the archers of the guard. Serpeysk (Серпейск is a village ( selo) in Meshchovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Serpeyka The following year, he became a member of the feared Oprichnina. The Oprichnina (Опричнина formed the domestic portion of Russian territory ruled directly by Ivan the Terrible.

In 1570/1571 Godunov strengthened his position at court by his marriage to Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya, the daughter of Ivan's abominable favorite Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy. Grigory Lukyanovich Skuratov-Belskiy (Григорий Лукьянович Скуратов-Бельский better known as Malyuta Skuratov (ru Малюта Скуратов In 1580 the Tsar chose Irina (Alexandra) Feodorovna Godunova (1557 – October 26/November 23, 1603), the sister of Godunov, to be the wife of his son and heir, the fourteen year old Tsarevich Feodor Ivanovich (1557–1598); on this occasion Godunov was promoted to the rank of Boyar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Tsarevich (Russian Царевич is a Slavic term for the Tsar 's son Fyodor I Ivanovich (Фёдор I Иванович (31 May 1557 - 16/17 January (NS 1598 was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584 - 1598 son This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. On his deathbed Ivan appointed a council consisting of Godunov, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, and Vasili Shuiski along with others, to guide his son and successor; for Feodor was feeble both in mind and in health; “he took refuge from the dangers of the palace in devotion to religion; and though his people called him a saint, they recognized that he lacked the iron to govern men. Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (Фёдор Никитич Романов (1553 — October 1, 1633) was a Russian Boyar who after temporary disgrace Vasili IV of Russia ( Russian: Василий IV Иванович Шуйский, other Transliterations: Vasily Vasiliy Vasilii) ( September Fyodor I Ivanovich (Фёдор I Иванович (31 May 1557 - 16/17 January (NS 1598 was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584 - 1598 son ”[1]

Upon his death Ivan also left behind the three year old Dmitri Ivanovich (1581–1591), born from his seventh and last marriage. Tsarevich Demetrius, or Tsarevich Dimitri, or Dmitriy Ivanovich, also known as Dmitry of Uglich and Dmitry of Moscow, ( Дмитрий As the Orthodox Church recognized only the initial three marriages, and any offspring thereof, as legitimate, Dmitri (and his mother's family) technically had no real claim to the throne.

Still, taking no chances, the Council, shortly after Ivan's death, had both Dmitri and his mother Maria Nagaya moved to Uglich some 120 miles north of Moscow. Maria Feodorovna Nagaya ( Мария Фёдоровна Нагая) (? - 1608 was a Russian Tsaritsa and seventh (uncanonical wife of Ivan the Terrible Uglich (У́глич ˈuglʲiʨ is a historic town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, on the Volga River. It was there that Dmitri died a few years later at the age of ten (1591). An official commission, headed by Vasili Shuiski, was sent to determine the cause of death; the official verdict was that the boy had cut his throat during an epileptic seizure. Vasili IV of Russia ( Russian: Василий IV Иванович Шуйский, other Transliterations: Vasily Vasiliy Vasilii) ( September Ivan's widow claimed that her son had been murdered by Godunov's agents. Godunov's guilt was never established and shortly thereafter Dmitri's mother was forced to take the veil. [1] As for Dmitri Ivanovich he was laid to rest and promptly, though temporarily, forgotten.

Years of regency

On the occasion of the Tsar's coronation (May 31, 1584), Boris was given honors and riches as part of a five man regency council, yet he held the second place during the lifetime of the Tsar's uncle Nikita Romanovich, on whose death, in August, he was left without any serious rival. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Nikita Romanovich also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev (Никита Романович died 23 April 1586) was a Muscovite

A conspiracy against him of all the other great boyars and the metropolitan Dionysius, which sought to break Boris's power by divorcing the Tsar from Godunov's childless sister, only ended in the banishment or tonsuring of the malcontents. In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or Dionysius II (Дионисий (? - 1591 was Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia between 1581 and 1587 Henceforth Godunov was omnipotent. The direction of affairs passed entirely into his hands, and he corresponded with foreign princes as their equal.

His policy was generally pacific, but always most prudent. In 1595 he recovered from Sweden the towns lost during the former reign. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Five years previously he had defeated a Tatar raid upon Moscow, for which service he received the title of Konyushy (or in 1584), an obsolete dignity even higher than that of Boyar. The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases is a historical position of varying importance in several European nations Towards Turkey he maintained an independent attitude, supporting an anti-Turkish faction in the Crimea, and furnishing the emperor with subsidies in his war against the sultan. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым

Godunov encouraged English merchants to trade with Russia by exempting them from tolls. The Muscovy Company (also called Russian Company or Muscovy Trading Company, Russian: Московская компания) was a He civilized the north-eastern and south-eastern borders of Russia by building numerous towns and fortresses to keep the Tatar and Finnic tribes in order. These towns included Samara, Saratov, Voronezh, Tsaritsyn, and a whole series of lesser towns. Samara (Сама́ра ( Kuybyshev (ru Ку́йбышев from 1935 to 1990 is one of the largest cities in Russia. History The Legend of Saratov Gelonus, a legendary Scythian city and the northernmost Greek colony may be conjectured to have been situated in the locality Voronezh (Воро́неж) is a large city in southwestern Russia not far from Ukraine. He also re-colonized Siberia, which had been slipping from the grasp of Russia, and formed scores of new settlements, including Tobolsk and other large centres. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Tobolsk (Тобо́льск Tatar: Tubıl) is a historic capital of Siberia, now an ordinary town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia.

It was during his government that the Russian Orthodox Church received its patriarchate, which placed it on an equal footing with the ancient Eastern churches and emancipated it from the influence of the Patriarch of Constantinople. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure A patriarchate is the Office or jurisdiction of a Patriarch. A patriarch as the term is used here is either one of the highest-ranking Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS This reform was meant to please the ruling monarch, as Feodor took extraordinary interest in church affairs.

Boris's most important domestic reform was the 1587 decree forbidding the peasantry to transfer themselves from one landowner to another, thus binding them to the soil. The object of this ordinance was to secure revenue, but it led to the institution of serfdom in its most grinding form.

Years of tsardom

On the death of the childless tsar Feodor (January 7, 1598), self-preservation quite as much as ambition forced Boris to seize the throne. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Had he not done so, lifelong seclusion in a monastery would have been his lightest fate. His election was proposed by the Patriarch Job of Moscow, who acted on the conviction that Boris was the one man capable of coping with the extraordinary difficulties of an unexampled situation. Job ( Иов, Iov) also known as Job of Moscow (2nd quarter of the 16th century - June 19, 1607) was the first Patriarch Boris, however, would only accept the throne from a Zemsky Sobor, or national assembly, which met on 17 February, and unanimously elected him on 21 February. The zemsky sobor (зе́мский собо́р was the first Russian Parliament of the feudal Estates type in the 16th and 17th centuries Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland On 1 September he was solemnly crowned tsar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation.

During the first years of his reign he was both popular and prosperous, and ruled excellently. He fully recognized the need for Russia to catch up to the intellectual progress of the West, and did his utmost to bring about educational and social reforms. He was the first tsar to import foreign teachers on a great scale, the first to send young Russians abroad to be educated, the first to allow Lutheran churches to be built in Russia. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Having won the Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595), he felt the necessity of a Baltic seaboard, and attempted to obtain Livonia by diplomatic means. The Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of recovering territory along the Gulf of Finland lost to Sweden during The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians, in order to intermarry if possible with foreign royal houses, so as to increase the dignity of his own dynasty.

Undoubtedly Boris was one of the greatest of the Russian tsars. But his great qualities were overshadowed by an incurable suspiciousness, which made it impossible for him to act cordially with those about him. His fear of possible pretenders induced him to go so far as to forbid the greatest of the boyars to marry. A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else He also encouraged informers and persecuted suspects on their unsupported statements. The Romanov family especially suffered severely from this behaviour. He also declined the personal union proposed to him in 1600 by the diplomatic mission led by Lew Sapieha from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in Links Kretinga The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Boris died after a lengthy illness and a stroke on April 13/23, 1605, leaving one son, Feodor II, who succeeded him for a few months and then was murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs as was his widow, both murdered in Moscow on June 10/July 20, 1605. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Fyodor II Borisovich Godunov of Russia (Фёдор II Борисович ( 1589 - July 10 / July 20, 1605) was a Tsar of Russia Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Their first son Ivan was born in 1587 and died in 1588, and their daughter Xenia, born in 1582/1591, was engaged to Johann of Schleswig-Holstein, born on July 9, 1583 but he died shortly before announced marriage on October 28, 1602) and she died unmarried and without issue on May 30, 1622 and was buried at St. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Trinity Monastery.

Arts based on Boris Godunov

Boris's life was fictionalized by Alexander Pushkin in the famous play inspired by Shakespeare's Macbeth. Boris Godunov ( Борис Годунов, Borís Godunóv Title ''Драматическая повесть Комедия o настоящей беде Московскому William Shakespeare ( baptised Macbeth is among the best-known of William Shakespeare 's plays, and is his shortest tragedy, believed to have been written some time between Modest Mussorgsky based his great opera Boris Godunov upon Pushkin's play. Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (Моде́ст Петро́вич Му́соргский Modest Petrovič Musorgskij) ( March 21 March 9 1839 &ndash March Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Boris Godunov ( Борис Годунов, original Orthography Борисъ Годуновъ, Borís Godunóv) is an Opera by Sergei Prokofiev later wrote incidental music to the play. Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Серге́й Серге́евич Проко́фьев Sergéj Sergéjevič Prokófjev) ( - 5 March 1953 was a Russian composer who

Gallery

Godunov's armor (detail), Kremlin Armoury

Painting titled Boris Godunov overseeing the studies of his son by N. The Kremlin Armoury (Оружейная палата is one of the oldest Museums of Moscow, established in 1808 and located in the Moscow Kremlin Nekrasov (19th century)

Godunov's estate near Moscow

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Durant, Will (1961), The Story of Civilization, vol. VII—"The Age of Reason Begins", Simon & Schuster, pp. 513 
Preceded by
Feodor I		 Tsar of Russia
1598-1605		 Succeeded by
Feodor II

External links

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