Border

For other uses, see Border (disambiguation).

Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, states or subnational administrative divisions. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Political geography is the field of Human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of Political processes and the ways in which For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population They may foster the setting up of buffer zones. In geography a buffer zone is any zonal area that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often but not necessarily countries) distant from one another Some borders are fully or partially controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated crossing points.

In the past many borders were not clearly defined lines, but were neutral zones called marchlands. Mark from the Old English mearc and march (or various plural forms of these words derived from the Frankish word marka ("boundary" This has been reflected in recent times with the neutral zones that were set up along part of Saudi Arabia's borders with Kuwait and Iraq (however, these zones no longer exist). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. In modern times the concept of a marchland has been replaced by that of the clearly defined and demarcated border.

For the purposes of border control, airports and seaports are also classed as borders. Border controls are measures used by a Country to monitor or regulate its Borders The control of the flow of people animals and goods across a border may be controlled An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Most countries have some form of border control to restrict or limit the movement of people, animals, plants, and goods into or out of the country. Under international law, each country is generally permitted to define the conditions which have to be met by a person to legally cross its borders by its own laws, and to prevent persons from crossing its border when this happens in violation of those laws.

In order to cross borders, the presentation of passports and visas or other appropriate forms of identity document is required by some legal orders. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity. To stay or work within a country's borders aliens (foreign persons) may need special immigration documents or permits that authorise them to do so. In US law, an alien is a legal term for a person, either a corporation or a human who is not a United States national. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Work permit is a generic term for a legal authorization which allows a person to take employment

Moving goods across a border often requires the payment of excise tax, often collected by customs officials. Excise or Excise tax (sometimes called an excise duty) is a type of Tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to Customs duties Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods Animals (and occasionally humans) moving across borders may need to go into quarantine to prevent the spread of exotic or infectious diseases. For other uses see Quarantine (disambiguation Quarantine is voluntary or compulsory isolation typically to contain the spread of something Most countries prohibit carrying illegal drugs or endangered animals across their borders. Moving goods, animals or people illegally across a border, without declaring them, seeking permission, or deliberately evading official inspection constitutes smuggling. Smuggling, also known as trafficking, is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons past a point where prohibited such as out of a building into a Prison

1 Border economics
2 Border politics
3 Image gallery
4 References
5 See also

Border economics

The presence of borders often fosters certain economic features or anomalies. Wherever two jurisdictions come into contact, special economic opportunities arise for border trade. Border trade, in general refers to the flow of goods and services across the international land borders between countries Smuggling provides a classic case; contrariwise, a border region may flourish on the provision of excise or of import–export services — legal or quasi-legal, corrupt or corruption-free. Smuggling, also known as trafficking, is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons past a point where prohibited such as out of a building into a Prison Excise or Excise tax (sometimes called an excise duty) is a type of Tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to Customs duties In Economics, an import is any good (eg a Commodity) or Service brought into one country from another country in a legitimate fashion In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion Different regulations on either side of a border may encourage services to position themselves at or near that border: thus the provision of pornography, of prostitution, of alcohol and/or of narcotics may cluster around borders, city limits, county lines, ports and airports. A service is the non-material equivalent of a good. A service provision is an economic activity that does not result in Ownership, and this is what differentiates Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land In a more planned and official context, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) often tend to cluster near borders or ports. A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws

Human economic traffic across borders (apart from kidnapping), may involve mass commuting between workplaces and residential settlements. In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment Commuting is the process of Travelling between one's place of residence and regular place of work The removal of internal barriers to commerce, as in France after the French Revolution or in Europe since the 1940s, de-emphasises border-based economic activity and fosters free trade. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions

Border politics

Political borders have a variety of meanings for those whom they affect. Many borders in the world have checkpoints where border control agents inspect those crossing the boundary. It has been suggested to create a new article named Checkpoint (security and that this article should be a sub-article to the new article Border controls are measures used by a Country to monitor or regulate its Borders The control of the flow of people animals and goods across a border may be controlled

In much of Europe, such controls were abolished by the Schengen Agreement and subsequent European Union legislation. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external boders within the European Union and the associated Schengen States (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt-out (United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintain a common travel area amongst themselves). The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world For details, see Schengen Agreement. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls

The United States has notably increased measures taken in border control on the Canada–United States border and the United States–Mexico border during its War on Terrorism. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Canada – United States border is the international Border between Canada and the United States. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U Some have called the 3600-km (2000-mile) US-Mexico border, "the world's longest boundary between a First World and Third World country. The term " first world " refers to countries that are capitalist, which are technologically advanced and whose Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically "^[1]

Historic borders such as the Great Wall of China, the Maginot Line, and Hadrian's Wall have played a great many roles and been marked in different ways. The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman While the stone walls, the Great Wall of China and the Roman Hadrian's Wall in Britain had military functions, the entirety of the Roman borders were very porous, a policy which encouraged Roman economic activity with its neighbors^[2]. Stone walls are a kind of Masonry construction which have been made by man for thousands of years On the other hand, a border like the Maginot Line was entirely military and was meant to prevent any access in what was to be World War II to France by its neighbor, Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Image gallery

The following pictures show in how many different ways international and regional borders can be closed off, monitored, at least marked as such, or simply unremarkable.

Border at Tijuana, Mexico and San Diego, USA	Ceuta border fence between Spain and Morocco. The Ceuta border fence is a Separation barrier between Morocco and Spain by Ceuta, a city in the North African coast Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa	The Berlin Wall used to be one of the most famous guarded borders in the world. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including	A sign welcoming visitors to the U. S. state of Alabama. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America.
A warning marker at the Canada – United States border at Point Roberts, Washington. The Canada – United States border is the international Border between Canada and the United States. Point Roberts is a small Census-designated place in Whatcom County Washington, United States. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.	Several markers designating the border between Nicholas and Greenbrier counties in West Virginia, USA along a secondary road. Nicholas County is a County located in the US state of West Virginia. Greenbrier County is a County located in the US state of West Virginia. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Notice the older stone survey markers a few meters behind the modern highway sign.	A typical Schengen internal border (here near Kufstein between Germany and Austria): the traffic island marks the spot where a control post once stood; it was removed in 2000. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls Kufstein is a city in Tyrol, Austria, located along the river Inn, in the lower Inn valley near the border with Bavaria, Germany, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich	Self-illuminating Border flower pot between Burghausen, Salzach in Germany and Ach in Austria. The Salzach is a river in Austria and Germany. It is a right tributary of the Inn and is 225 kilometres (140 mi in length Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hochburg-Ach is a municipality in the district Braunau am Inn in Upper Austria, Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich
A border within a closely built-up area – here near Aachen between Germany and the Netherlands: Take the left lane in the Netherlands to actually turn left in Germany. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands	Border between the Netherlands and Belgium next to a street café. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those	The border between the Netherlands and Germany crosses through this building of the Eurode Business Centre in Kerkrade and Herzogenrath. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Kerkrade ( is a Town and a Municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. Herzogenrath is a municipality in the district of Aachen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.	The bridge over the Inari River in Karigasniemi, on the border of Finland and Norway. Karigasniemi (Gáregasnjárga is one of the villages of Finland's most northern municipality of Utsjoki (Ohcejohka Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional
Border stone at Passo San Giacomo between Val Formazza in Italy and Val Bedretto in Switzerland. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation	The "Europe Sign" in Atyrau, Kazakhstan, after crossing the Ural River bridge west. Atyrau (Атырау ɑtɪˈɾaw named Guryev during the Soviet era) is a city in Kazakhstan, and the capital of Atyrau Province. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through	The "Asia Sign" in Atyrau, Kazakhstan, after crossing the Ural River bridge east. Atyrau (Атырау ɑtɪˈɾaw named Guryev during the Soviet era) is a city in Kazakhstan, and the capital of Atyrau Province. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the

References

^ Murphy, Cullen. Roman Empire: gold standard of immigration. Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2007 (accessed here June 20, 2007)
^ Murphy 2007

Dictionary

-noun

The outer edge of something.
A decorative strip around the edge of something.
A strip of ground in which ornamental plants are grown.
The line or frontier area separating political or geographical regions.
(UK) Short form of border morris or border dancing; a vigorous style of traditional English dance originating from villages along the border between England and Wales, performed by a team of dancers usually with their faces disguised with black make up.

-verb

(transitive) To put a border on something.
(transitive) To lie on, or adjacent to a border.

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