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The Ogasawara Islands, south of Japan
The Ogasawara Islands, south of Japan
Ogasawara Village
小笠原村
Location
Country Japan
Region Kantō
Prefecture Tokyo (Ogasawara)
District None
Physical characteristics
Area 104. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Regions of Japan are not official administrative units but have been traditionally used as the regional division of Japan in a number of contexts The is a Geographical area of Honshū, the largest Island of Japan. The prefectures of Japan are the country's 47 sub-national Jurisdictions one "metropolis" (都 to) Tokyo; one " circuit officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The was most recently used as an administrative unit in Japan between 1878 and 1921 and is roughly equivalent to the County of the United States, ranking at the level below Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 41 km² (40. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 31 sq mi)
Population (as of January 2008)
     Total 2,772
     Density 26. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5 /km² (69 /sq mi)
Symbols
Tree Screw pine
Flower Munin Himetsubaki (Schima mertensiana)
Bird Bonin White-eye
Symbol of Ogasawara Village
Flag
Ogasawara Village Government Office
Mayor Kazuo Morishita
Address 〒100-2101
Nishimachi, Chichi-jima, Ogasawara-mura, Tōkyō-to
Phone number 04998-2-3113
Official website: Ogasawara Village

The Ogasawara Islands (小笠原諸島 Ogasawara Shotō?) are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands, some 1,000 km directly south of Tokyo, Japan. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Pandanus boninensis is an Asian species of shrub that is common in the Distylium - Schima dry forests and Raphiolepsis - Livistona A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Schima is a Genus of evergreen trees belonging to the tea family Theaceae. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The Bonin White-eye Apalopteron familiare or is a small yellow and grey bird endemic to the Ogasawara Islands (formerly Bonin Islands of Japan A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government An address is a Code and abstract concept expressing the fixed location of a home business or other building on the earth's surface is the Service mark of the postal system in Japan. It is also used as a Japanese Postal code mark A telephone number or phone number is a sequence of numbers used to call from one Telephone line to another in a Telephone network. An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Administratively, they form one of the villages of Tokyo. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The islands are also known as the Bonin Islands. The total area of the islands is 84 km².

Ogasawara Village (小笠原村 Ogasawara-mura), consisting of the only inhabited islands of the archipelago (Chichi-jima (父島) and Haha-jima (母島)), serves as the local government for the archipelago. ChichijimaportJPG|right|250px|thumb|Futami Harbor the port at Chichi-jima]] formerly known as Peel Island, is the largest Island in the Ogasawara archipelago is the second-largest Island of the Ogasawara Islands or Bonin Islands south of the Japanese main island chain There is also a military base on Iwo Jima with a staff of about 400.

Contents

Island subgroups

The Ogasawara Islands consists of four subgroups, including the Volcano Islands, which are listed along with their main islands:

The southernmost (uninhabited) group is known as the Volcano Islands. ChichijimaportJPG|right|250px|thumb|Futami Harbor the port at Chichi-jima]] formerly known as Peel Island, is the largest Island in the Ogasawara archipelago is the second-largest Island of the Ogasawara Islands or Bonin Islands south of the Japanese main island chain North Iwo Jima (北硫黄島 officially Kita-iōtō, also frequently Kita-iōjima: “north Sulfur island” is the northernmost island of the Volcano Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese South Iwo Jima (南硫黄島 officially Minami-iōtō, also frequently Minami-iōjima: “south Sulfur island” is the southernmost island of the is an Atoll, which in English has multiple designations ( Okinotori Coral reefs, Okinotori Islands) Minamitori-shima (南鳥島 or Marcus Island is an isolated Island in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, located at. 700 km further south is Okino Torishima, and 1,900 km further east is Minami Torishima. is an Atoll, which in English has multiple designations ( Okinotori Coral reefs, Okinotori Islands) Minamitori-shima (南鳥島 or Marcus Island is an isolated Island in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, located at.

History

Discovery and colonization

The first European discovery of the islands is said to have taken place in 1543, by the Spanish explorer Bernardo de la Torre. [1]

The islands remained uninhabited until Nathaniel Savory, an American, landed on the island of Chichijima in 1830 and formed the first colony there. [5] In 1853, Commodore Perry visited the islands and bought property at Port Lloyd from Savory for $50. Matthew Calbraith Perry ( April 10, 1794 &ndash March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U [2] To date, Nathaniel's descendants still live on the island. [6]

These groups were collectively called Islas del Arzobispo (Archbishop Islands) in Spanish sources of the 18th-19th century. Japanese maps at the time seem to have been rather inaccurate and therefore considered by some[7] to be deliberately misleading. It is thought that this was an attempt to discourage colonization attempts by foreign nations. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area Frederick William Beechey used the Spanish name as late as 1831 and believed that the Japanese Boninsima referred to entirely different islands. Frederick William Beechey ( February 17, 1796 &ndash November 29, 1856) was an English Naval officer and Geographer [8]

World War II to present

During World War II, most of the inhabitants were evacuated to the mainland. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including There was a Japanese military base on Chichijima, whose officer in charge, Major Matoba, was known for performing sadistic acts (including cannibalism) on prisoners of war and was executed for his crimes after the war. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος [9] Future President George H. W. Bush's plane crashed in the ocean near Chichijima, but he was rescued by an American submarine. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The Battle of Iwo Jima, one of the fiercest battles of World War II, was fought here in 1945. The Battle of Iwo Jima ( February 19, 1945 &ndash March 26, 1945) was the United States capture of the island of Iwo Jima World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The islands were occupied by the U.S. Navy from 1945, at which point the inhabitants of Western descent were allowed back. [10] The islands were returned to Japan in 1968, at which time Japanese evacuees were allowed to return.

Now nearly all inhabitants, including those of Western ancestry, are Japanese citizens, and the Japanese language is used. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Research indicates that an English-lexified pidgin (creole) was spoken on the islands during the 19th century. A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common in situations such as Trade A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. [11] During the 20th century, islanders of Western descent increasingly mixed Japanese with island English, resulting in a mixed language that can still be heard today. [12] Younger speakers are monolingual in variety of Japanese closely resembling the Tokyo standard. [13] A bilingual dictionary, Talking Dictionary of the Bonin Islands Language (with CD-ROM), was published in 2005. [14]

A 25m-diameter radio telescope is located in Chichijima, which is one of the stations of the VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry) project, and is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. (NAOJ is an astronomical research organisation comprising several facilities in Japan, as well as an observatory in Hawaii.

Name

In Japanese, the archipelago is called Ogasawara Islands (小笠原諸島 Ogasawara shotō?). The common English name is Bonin Islands, from bunin, an archaic reading of 無人 (mujin), that means "no people" or "uninhabited. "

Recent developments

Japan's Ministry of the Environment and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries have entered the Ogasawara Islands as a candidate World Heritage Site on the premise that the islands meet the three listing criteria for geology, ecosystems, and biodiversity. The of Japan was formed in 2001 from the sub-cabinet level Environmental Agency established in 1971 The a Cabinet ministry in the Government of Japan responsible for oversight of the Agriculture, Forestry and fishing industries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [15]

The giant squid (genus Architeuthis) was filmed off the Ogasawara Islands for the first time in the wild on September 27, 2005, and was captured in December of 2006. The giant squid ( Genus: Architeuthis) is a deep-ocean dwelling Squid in the family Architeuthidae, represented by [16]

Fictional references

The Ogasawara Islands have been referenced in a number of works of fiction. The Sevii Islands from Pokémon Fire Red and Leaf Green are based on the Bonin Islands. If you came here to express your personal opinion about Pokémon please go somewhere else In the Godzilla films Monster Island is sometimes located in the chain. Etymology Name "Godzilla" is a combination of two Japanese words and. Monsterland and Monster Island are fictional locations in Toho Studios ' ''Godzilla'' film franchise, both serving as Nature reserves or homes In an English-dubbed version, it is referred to as "Ogasawara Island" as if it were a lone island of that name. In the television series The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, a fictional island in the chain, South Ataria Island (which would have laid at the southernmost position in the chain, surpassing Minami Iwo Jima), is the landing site of the SDF-1 Macross. is an Anime Television series According to story creator Shoji Kawamori, it depicts "a small love triangle against the backdrop of great battles" The SDF-1 Macross is a fictional interstellar spacecraft from The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, an Anime [17] In the 1963 film Matango, a luxury yacht is set adrift and lands on an island. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. also known as Matango Fungus of Terror and Attack of the Mushroom People, is a 1963 Tokusatsu Eiga (Japanese "special Upon approaching the island one of the crew members shouts: "I wonder if it's the Bonin Islands?"[18] The English subtitles for the film misspell Bonin "Bonan".

Transportation

One can get from the main Japanese islands to Chichijima by way of the Ogasawara Maru liner, run by Ogasawara Marine Transportation. The boat leaves from Takeshiba port in Tokyo Bay, and the trip takes around 25. 5 hours (in good weather). There are four or five crossings each month. The Ogasawara Maru is a 6700 ton vessel, 131m long, with a capacity of 1031 passengers. [19] To get to Hahajima, one must first get to Chichijima, and then cross via the liner Hahajima Maru.

Because a trip from the main Japanese islands to the Ogasawaras is very difficult, when people get severely ill or otherwise have an emergency situation, word is conveyed to Iwo Jima Japan Maritime Self Defense Force post, and a helicopter is sent to the islands. Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese The, or JMSDF, is the maritime branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, tasked with the naval defense of Japan. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. Emergencies can also be handled from the main Japanese islands by airplanes of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, or the Maritime Self Defense Force base in Iwakuni can convey evacuees to the main islands by a seaplane, the ShinMaywa US-1. The, or JASDF, is the Aviation branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces responsible for the defense of Japanese Airspace and other aerospace is a city located in Yamaguchi, Japan. On March 20, 2006, the old city of Iwakuni merged with the municipalities of Hongo A seaplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting on water WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This seaplane is also used to transport the governor of Tokyo and other VIPs.

Ogasawara Village operates a bus service on Chichijima and elderly passengers may use a "silver pass". There is also a sightseeing taxi service, a rental car company, motorized scooter rental services and a bike rental service, as well as other amenities. Bringing one's own automobile onto the island is extremely difficult and costly.

Issues with improved transportation

The world's first 'techno superliner', the Super Liner Ogasawara (which was to be commissioned in 2006), with a maximum speed of 70 km/h, 14,500 tons gross tonnage, was expected to shorten the voyage to Ogasawara to about 17 hours carrying up to 740 passengers. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [20] However, the project was canceled in July 2005 due to rising fuel prices, and the loss of ¥2 billion[21].

The Ogasawara Islands have no airport and there is no prospect for one being constructed. However, there was talk for several decades of building one. Anijima and Chichijima was both once designated possible construction sites, but because there are numerous valuable, rare or endangered plant species forming a unique ecosystem in the vicinity of the proposed sites, issues of nature conservation were raised. Although construction of an airport was desired by some, a desire to keep the natural beauty of the islands untouched created a movement to block it. The airport issue was quite controversial on the islands. [22]

Geology

Formation

The Ogasawara Islands were formed around 48 million years ago. The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in They are a part of an island arc known geologically as a fore arc. A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanic islands or Mountains formed by Plate tectonics as an oceanic Tectonic plate subducts under They lie above a subduction zone between the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate. In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other The Pacific Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. The Philippine Plate is a Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean to the east of the Philippines. The Pacific Plate is subducting under the Philippine Plate, which creates an oceanic trench to the east of the islands. In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor The crust of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands was formed by volcanic activity when subduction began 45–50 million years ago, and is composed mostly of an andesitic volcanic rock called boninite, which is rich in magnesium oxide, chromium, and silicon dioxide. For the extinct cephalopod genus see Andesites. Andesite (ˈændəsaɪt is an igneous, Volcanic rock, of intermediate Boninite is a Mafic Extrusive rock high in both Magnesium and silica formed in fore-arc environments typically during the early stages Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid Mineral that occurs naturally as Periclase and is a source Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide The Ogasawara Islands may represent the exposed parts of an ophiolite that has not yet been emplaced on oceanic crust. An Ophiolite is a section of the Earth's Oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted or emplaced to be exposed within Continental The rocks of the Volcano Islands are much younger; Iwo Jima is a dormant volcano characterized by rapid uplift and several hot springs. Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated Groundwater from the earth's crust.

Most of the islands have steep shorelines, often with sea cliffs ranging from 50 to 100 meters in height, but the islands are also fringed with coral reefs and have many beaches. Coral reefs are Aragonite structures produced by living organisms found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water [23] The highest point lies on South Iwo Jima, at 916m. South Iwo Jima (南硫黄島 officially Minami-iōtō, also frequently Minami-iōjima: “south Sulfur island” is the southernmost island of the

Ogasawara subtropical moist forests

The Ogasawara Islands form a distinct subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion, with a high degree of biodiversity and endemism. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The islands are home to about 500 plant species, of which 43% are endemic. The forests are of three main types:

Several bird species are or were endemic to the islands, including the extinct Japanese Woodpigeon (Columba janthina) and the Vulnerable Bonin White-eye (Apalopteron familiare), formerly known as "Bonin Honeyeater". UserPolbot. --> The Japanese Wood-pigeon ( Columba janthina) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Bonin White-eye Apalopteron familiare or is a small yellow and grey bird endemic to the Ogasawara Islands (formerly Bonin Islands of Japan A small bat, Pipistrellus sturdeei is only known in one record and has not been seen since 1915. UserPolbot. -->The Bonin Pipistrelle or Sturdee's Bonin Pipistrelle ( Pipistrellus sturdeei) is a species The Bonin flying fox (Pteropus pselaphon), also called the Bonin fruit bat, is endemic to the islands. UserPolbot. -->The Bonin Flying Fox or Bonin Fruit Bat ( Pteropus pselaphon) is a species of Bat It is currently listed as Critically Endangered, and a survey published by the Ogasawara Office of Education in 1999 estimated their number to be around 100. [24]

Flora

Flora has evolved differently on each of the islands. The Ogasawara Islands are sometimes referred to as the Galapagos of the Orient. [25]

Education

Ogasawara Village operates its public elementary and junior high schools.

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education operates Ogasawara High School on Chichi-jima. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education (東京都教育委員会 Tōkyō-to Kyōiku Iinkai) is the board of education in Tokyo, Japan.

Notes

  1. ^ Welsch, Bernhard. (2004). "Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?" Journal of Pacific History, 39:1, 109-122.
  2. ^ a b Cholmondeley, Lionel Berners. (1915). The History of the Bonin Islands from the Year 1827 to the Year 1876. London: Constable & Co.
  3. ^ a b Tanaka, Hiroyuki. (1993). "The Ogasawara Islands in Tokugawa Japan," Kaiji Shi Kenkyuu (Journal of the Maritime History).
  4. ^ Tanaka, Hiroyuki (1993). "Edo Jidai ni okeru Nihonjin no Mujin Tou (Ogasawara Tou) ni tai-suru Ninshiki" ("The Ogasawara Islands in Tokugawa Japan"). Kaiji Shi Kenkyuu(Journal of the Maritime History). No. 50, June, 1993.
  5. ^ [http://www.asjapan.org/Lectures/2003/Lecture/lecture-2003-02.htm Asia Society of Japan, Long lecture.
  6. ^ 父島の宿. Retrieved on 2007-09-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.
  7. ^ Beechey, Frederick William (1831). Frederick William Beechey ( February 17, 1796 &ndash November 29, 1856) was an English Naval officer and Geographer Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Bearing's Strait, to co-operate with the polar expeditions: performed in His Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F.W. Beechey, R.N., F.R.S. &c. in the years 1825, 26, 27, 28. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 237-240.  
  8. ^ Rein, J. J. (1884). Japan: Travel and Researches, pp.533-534.
  9. ^ http://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/welch_naval_MCs.pdf
  10. ^ Trumbull, Robert. "Bonin Islanders Seek U.S. Tie But Remain International Pawns; Descendants of Americans Ask Citizenship in Vain--Fight Return of Japanese," New York Times. March 11, 1956.
  11. ^ Long, Daniel; Peter Trudgill (2004). The Last Yankee in the Pacific: Eastern New England Phonology in the Bonin Islands. Duke University Press. DOI:10.1215/00031283-79-4-356. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  12. ^ Long, Daniel (2007). English on the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-6671-3.  
  13. ^ linguistic culture
  14. ^ Long, Daniel; Naoyuki Hashimoto (2005). Talking Dictionary of the Bonin Islands Language (with CD-ROM). Nanpo Shinsha. ISBN 978-4861240447.  
  15. ^ Ogasawara Islands - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  16. ^ Japanese Researchers Capture Giant Squid. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  17. ^ Macross Compendium Atlas Listing
  18. ^ Matango - 00:17
  19. ^ おがさわら丸 (Ogasawara Maru). Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  20. ^ Super High Speed Ship (Techno Super Liner) for Ogasawara Line Naming and Launching Ceremony. Retrieved on 2007-08-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River
  21. ^ Japan pulls plug on Techno Superliner. Retrieved on 2007-08-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River
  22. ^ McCormack, Gavan (August 1999). Dilemmas of Development on The Ogasawara Islands. Japan Policy Research Institute. Retrieved on 2008-01-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
  23. ^ coral reefs
  24. ^ Ogasawara subtropical moist forests. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved on 2008-01-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
  25. ^ Yamaoka, Fumiko (May 12), “Saving an endangered bird in 'Orient's Galapagos'”, The Japan Times, <http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070512f1.html> 

References

See also

External links


The extreme points, the points that are farther North, South, East or West than any other location in Japan, are the following
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