| Bone tumor Classification and external resources |
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| ICD-10 | C40.-C41. |
|---|---|
| MeSH | D001859 |
Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign and malignant abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumors of bone, such as osteosarcoma (or osteoma). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Malignant (from the Latin roots mal- = "bad" and -genus = "born" is a medical term used to describe a severe and progressively worsening disease See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant Bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies It is less exactly applied to secondary, or metastatic tumors found in bone. Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets,
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Classification
Bone tumors may be classified as "primary tumors" which originate in the bone, and "secondary tumors" which originate elsewhere.
Primary tumors
Primary tumors of bone can be divided into benign tumors and cancers. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Common benign bone tumors may be neoplastic, developmental, traumatic, infectious, or inflammatory in etiology. Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Examples of benign bone tumors include osteoma, osteochondroma, aneurysmal bone cyst, and fibrous dysplasia. An osteoma (plural "osteomata" is a new piece of Bone usually growing on another piece of bone typically the Skull. Osteochondroma is a type of Benign Tumor that consists of Cartilage and Bone. An aneurysmal Bone Cyst is an expansile Osteolytic Lesion with a thin wall containing blood-filled cystic cavities.
Malignant primary bone tumors include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and other sarcoma types. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant Bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies A chondrosarcoma is a type of Cancer of the Bone. Chondrosarcoma is a cartilage-based tumor and is in a category of cancers called Sarcomas About 25% Ewing sarcoma is a malignant round-cell tumor It is a rare disease in which Cancer cells are found in the Bone or in soft tissue. A sarcoma (from the Greek 'sarx' meaning "flesh" is a Cancer of the connective or supportive tissue ( Bone, Cartilage, Fat Multiple myeloma is a hematologic cancer which also frequently presents as one or more bone tumors. Multiple myeloma (also known as MM, myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease after Otto Kahler) is a type of Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory
The tailbone is a common location for a teratoma, known a sacrococcygeal teratoma, and related germ cell tumors. A teratoma is a type of neoplasm. The word teratoma comes from Greek and means roughly "monstrous tumor" See also Teratoma Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT is a Teratoma (a kind of tumor located at the base of the Coccyx (tailbone A germ cell tumor ( GCT) is a Neoplasm derived from Germ cells Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads ( Ovary and Testis)
Secondary tumors
Secondary bone tumors include metastatic tumors which have spread from other organs, such as the breast, lung, and prostate. Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. Metastatic tumors more frequently involve the axial skeleton than the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones in the human body which make motion possible and protects the organs of digestion excretion and reproduction Tumors which originate in the soft tissues may also secondarily involve bones through direct invasion.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of bone tumors is pain, but many patients will not experience any symptoms, except for a painless mass. Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Some bone tumors may weaken the structure of the bone, causing pathologic fractures. A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated # or Fx or Fx) is a medical condition in which a Bone is cracked or broken
Treatment
Treatment of bone tumors is highly dependant on the type of tumor. Treatment for some bone cancers may involve surgery, such as limb amputation, or limb-sparing surgery (often in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy). Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in some tumors (such as Ewing's sarcoma) but less so in others (such as chondrosarcoma). Ewing sarcoma is a malignant round-cell tumor It is a rare disease in which Cancer cells are found in the Bone or in soft tissue. A chondrosarcoma is a type of Cancer of the Bone. Chondrosarcoma is a cartilage-based tumor and is in a category of cancers called Sarcomas About 25%
Limb sparing or limb salvage surgery, means the limb is spared from amputation. Instead of amputation the affected bone is removed and is done in two ways (a) bone graft, in which a bone from elsewhere from the body is taken or (b) artificial bone is put in. Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone with material from the patient's own body an artificial synthetic or natural substitute In upper leg surgeries, limb salvage prostheses are available.
The other surgery is called van-ness rotation or rotationplasty which is a form of amputation, in which the patient's foot is turned upwards in a 180 degree turn and the upturned foot is used as a knee. Rotationplasty is an operative procedure where a portion of a limb is removed while the remaining limb below the involved portion is rotated and reattached
Types of amputation:
- Leg
- Below knee
- Above knee
- Symes
- Hip disarticulation
- Hemipelvectomy or hindquarter, in which the whole leg is removed with one half of the pelvis
- Arm
- Below elbow
- Above elbow
- Shoulder disarticulation
- Forequarter (amputation of the whole arm, along with the shoulder blade and the clavicle)
The most radical of amputations is hemicorporectomy (translumbar or waist amputation) which removes the legs, the pelvis, urinary system, excretory system and the genital area (penis/testes in males and vagina/vulva in females). A hemipelvectomy is a high level pelvic Amputation. Along with Hip-disarticulations hemipelvectomies are the rarest of lower extremity amputations In Medicine ( Surgery) hemicorporectomy (also named translumbar amputation and "halfectomy") is a Radical surgery in which This operation is done in two stages. First stage is doing the colostomy and the urinary conduit, the second stage is the amputation. This is a mutilating operation and is only done as a last resort (e. g. when even pelvic exenteration doesn't work or in cases of advanced pelvic/reproductive cancers)
External links
- www.thedenverclinic.com The Denver Clinic for Extremities at Risk is a multidisciplinary medical team focused on the treatment of extremity tumors, and other diseases/conditions of the arms and legs. Pelvic exenteration (or pelvic evisceration) is a radical surgical treatment that removes all organs from a person's Pelvic cavity.
- www.umdnj.edu/tutorweb Bone Tumor website created to introduce trainees in Pathology to the basic concepts in diagnosis of bone tumors.
- bonetumor.orgInformation for patients and doctors about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of most bone tumors.
- People Living With Cancer (PLWC): Bone Cancer
- Radioactive Bone Cement (Polymethylmethacrylate) for Treatment of Tumors in Bone 2005-066
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