Bond events are North Atlantic climate fluctuations occurring every ≈1470 years throughout the Holocene. The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC Eight such events have been identified. Bond events may be the interglacial relatives of the glacial Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Dansgaard - Oeschger events are rapid climate fluctuations occurring every ≈1470 (± 532 years throughout the Last glacial period.
The theory of 1500-year climate cycles in the Holocene was postulated by Gerard C. Bond of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, mainly based on petrologic tracers of drift ice in the North Atlantic. Gerard Clark Bond ( May 20, 1940 – June 29, 2005) was an American geologist. The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO is a research institution specializing in the Earth sciences and is part of Columbia University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. [1][2]
The existence of climatic changes, possibly on a quasi-1500 year cycle, is well established for the last glacial period from ice cores. An ice core is a Core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice over many years that have re-crystallized and have trapped air bubbles from previous time periods Less well established is the continuation of these cycles into the holocene. The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC Bond et al. (1997) argue for a climate cyclicity close to 1470 ± 500 years in the North Atlantic region. In their view, many if not most of the Dansgaard-Oeschger events of the last ice age, conform to a 1500-year pattern, as do some climate events of later eras, like the Little Ice Age, the 8.2 kiloyear event, and the start of the Younger Dryas. Dansgaard - Oeschger events are rapid climate fluctuations occurring every ≈1470 (± 532 years throughout the Last glacial period. The Little Ice Age (LIA was a period of cooling occurring after a warmer era known as the Medieval Warm Period or Medieval Climate Optimum The 82 kiloyear event is the term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8200 years before the present or The Younger Dryas Stadial, named after the alpine / tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a brief (approximately Later proponents of this view include S. Fred Singer of the University of Virginia and Dennis Avery of the Hudson Institute. Siegfried Frederick Singer (born September 27, 1924 in Vienna) is an American atmospheric physicist. The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research For the Indiana State Representative see Dennis Avery (Indiana politician Dennis T The Hudson Institute is an American, non-profit, conservative Think tank founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson New York, by [3]
The North Atlantic ice-rafting events happen to correlate with most weak events of the Asian monsoon over the past 9000 years,[4][5] as well as with most aridification events in the Middle East. Ice rafting is the transport of various material by Ice. Various objects deposited on ice may eventually become embedded in the ice A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [6] Also, there is widespread evidence that a ≈1500 yr climate oscillation caused changes in vegetation communities across all of North America. [7]
For reasons that are unclear, the only Holocene Bond event that has a clear temperature signal in the Greenland ice cores is the 8. 2 kyr event.
The hypothesis holds that the 1500-year cycle displays nonlinear behavior and stochastic resonance; not every instance of the pattern is a significant climate event, though some rise to major prominence in environmental history. This article describes the use of the term nonlinearity in mathematics Stochastic resonance (also known as SR) is observed when noise added to a system improves the systems performance in some fashion [8] Causes and determining factors of the cycle are under study; researchers have focused attention on patterns of tides, variations in solar output, and "reorganizations of atmospheric circulation. "[8]
List of Bond events
Most Bond events do not have a clear climate signal; some correspond to periods of cooling, others are coincident with aridification in some regions.
- ≈1,400 BP (Bond event 1) — roughly correlates with the Migration Period Pessimum (450–900 AD)
- ≈2,800 BP (Bond event 2) — roughly correlates with the Iron Age Cold Epoch (900–300 BC)
- ≈4,200 BP (Bond event 3) — correlates with the 4.2 kiloyear event
- ≈5,900 BP (Bond event 4) — correlates with the 5.9 kiloyear event
- ≈8,100 BP (Bond event 5) — correlates with the 8.2 kiloyear event
- ≈9,400 BP (Bond event 6) — correlates with the Erdalen event of glacier activity in Norway,[9] as well as with a cold event in China. The Migration Period Pessimum (also referred to as Dark Ages Cold Period) was a period of unusually cold climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from about The Iron Age Cold Epoch (also referred to as Iron Age climate pessimum or Iron Age neoglaciation) was a period of unusually cold climate in the North Atlantic The 42 kiloyear BP aridification event was one of the most severe climatic events of the Holocene period in terms of impact on cultural upheaval The 59 kiloyear event was one of the most intense aridification events during the Holocene. The 82 kiloyear event is the term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8200 years before the present or "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional [10]
- ≈10,300 BP (Bond event 7) — unnamed event
- ≈11,100 BP (Bond event 8) — coincides with the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Boreal
References
- ^ Bond, G. The Younger Dryas Stadial, named after the alpine / tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a brief (approximately ; et al. (1997). "A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates". Science 278 (5341): 1257-1266. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Bond, G. ; et al. (2001). "Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene". Science 294 (5549): 2130-2136. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Avery, Dennis T. ; Singer, S. Fred (2006). Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1500 Years. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742551176.
- ^ Gupta, Anil K. ; Anderson, David M. ; Overpeck, Jonathan T. (2003). "Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean". Nature 421 (6921): 354–357. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Yongjin Wang; et al. (2005). "The Holocene Asian Monsoon: Links to Solar Changes and North Atlantic Climate". Science 308 (5723): 854-857. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Parker, Adrian G. ; et al. (2006). "A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia". Quaternary Research 66 (3): 465–476. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Viau, André E. ; et al. (2002). "Widespread evidence of 1500 yr climate variability in North America during the past 14 000 yr". Geology 30 (5): 455–458. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ a b Cox, John D. (2005). Climate Crash: Abrupt Climate Change and What It Means for Our Future. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press, 150-155. ISBN 0309093120.
- ^ Dahl, Svein Olaf; et al. (2002). "Timing, equilibrium-line altitudes and climatic implications of two early-Holocene glacier readvances during the Erdalen Event at Jostedalsbreen, western Norway". The Holocene 12 (1): 17–25. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Zhou Jing; Wang Sumin; Yang Guishan; Xiao Haifeng (2007). "Younger Dryas Event and Cold Events in Early-Mid Holocene: Record from the sediment of Erhai Lake". Advances in Climate Change Research 3 (Suppl. ): 1673–1719.
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