| Saint Bonaventure | |
|---|---|
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| Bishop, Confessor, Doctor of the Church | |
| Born | 1221, Bagnoregio, Italy |
| Died | July 15, 1274, Lyon, France |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Canonized | April 14, 1482 |
| Feast | July 15 |
| Attributes | cardinal's hat; ciborium; Holy Communion; cardinal in Franciscan robes, usually reading or writing |
 Saints Portal |
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Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Italian: San Bonaventura) (1221 – 15 July 1274), born John of Fidanza (Italian: Giovanni di Fidanza), was the eighth Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, commonly called the Franciscans. Bagnoregio is a Comune (municipality and fomer bishopric in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region Latium, located about 90 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Christianity has used symbols from its very beginnings Each Saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final This is a list of the ministers general of the Order of Friars Minor. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic He was a medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher, a contemporary of Thomas Aquinas, and a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language He was canonised by the Catholic Church and made a doctor of the church in 1588: the Seraphic Doctor (Doctor Seraphicus). Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals
Contents |
Life
Divine Intervention
He was born at Bagnoregio in Latium, not far from Viterbo. Bagnoregio is a Comune (municipality and fomer bishopric in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region Latium, located about 90 Latium was a region of ancient Italy, home to the original Latin people. Viterbo is an ancient city and Comune in the Lazio region of central Italy, the capital of the Province of Viterbo. He is said to have received his cognomen of Bonaventura when he was cured from a serious childhood illness through the intercession of St. Francis of Assisi. The cognomen (plural cognomina) was originally the third name of an Ancient Roman in the Roman naming convention. For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see Saint-François d'Assise.
Working Life
He entered the Franciscan order in 1243 and studied at the University of Paris, possibly under Alexander of Hales, and certainly under Alexander's successor, John of Rochelle. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century Alexander Hales (also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius; called Doctor Irrefragabilis and Theologorum Monarcha) was a John of la Rochelle ( Jean de La Rochelle, John of Rupella, Johannes de Rupella) was a French Franciscan theologian. In 1253 he held the Franciscan chair at Paris and was proceeded as master of theology. Unfortunately for Bonaventure, a dispute between secular and mendicants delayed his reception as master until 1257, where his degree was taken in company with St. Thomas Aquinas. [1] Three years earlier his fame had gained for him the duty of lectoring on the The Four Books of Sentences --a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the 12th century--and in 1255 he received the degree of master, the medieval equivalent of doctor. The Four Books of Sentences ( Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the twelfth century The year after he successfully defended his order against the reproaches of the anti-mendicant party, he was elected general of his order. On 24 November 1265 he was selected for the post of Archbishop of York, however he never was consecrated and resigned the appointment in October of 1266. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. [2] It was by his order that Roger Bacon, a Franciscan friar himself, was interdicted from lecturing at Oxford and compelled to put himself under the surveillance of the order at Paris. For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the
Death
Bonaventure was instrumental in procuring the election of Pope Gregory X, who rewarded him with the titles of cardinal and bishop of Albano, and insisted on his presence at the great Council of Lyon in 1274. Pope There, after his significant contributions led to a union of the Greek and Latin churches, Bonaventure died. The only extant relic of the saint is the arm and hand with which he wrote his great Commentary on the Four Books of Peter Lombard, which is now conserved at Bagnoregio, in the parish Church of St. Nicholas.
Philosophy and works
Bonaventure's character seems not unworthy of the eulogistic title, "Doctor Seraphicus," bestowed on him by his contemporaries, and of the place assigned to him by Dante in his Paradiso. He was formally canonized in 1482 by the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV, and ranked along with St. Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 Thomas Aquinas as the greatest doctors of the church by the Franciscan Pope Sixtus V, in 1587. Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals Pope Sixtus V ( December 13, 1521 &ndash August 27, 1590) born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590 His works, as arranged in the most recent Critical Edition of his works by the Quaracchi Fathers (Collegio S. Bonaventura), consist of a Commentary on the Sentences of Lombard, in 4 volumes, and 8 other volumes, among which are a Commentary on the Gospel of St. The Collegio di San Bonaventura (College of Saint Bonaventure at Quaracchi, near Florence, Italy is a publishing centre of the Order of Friars Minor. Luke and a number of smaller works; the most famous of which are Itinerarium Mentis ad Deum, Breviloquium, De Reductione Artium ad Theologiam, Soliloquium, and De septem itineribus aeternitatis, in which most of what is individual in his teaching is contained.
In philosophy Bonaventure presents a marked contrast to his contemporaries, Roger Bacon and Thomas Aquinas. For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O While these may be taken as representing, respectively, physical science yet in its infancy, and Aristotelian scholasticism in its most perfect form, he brings before us the mystical and Platonizing mode of speculation which had already, to some extent, found expression in Hugo and Richard of St. Victor, and in Bernard of Clairvaux. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Bernard of Clairvaux, OCist ( 1090 - August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order To him, the purely intellectual element, though never absent, is of inferior interest when compared with the living power of the affections or the heart. He used the authority of Aristotle in harmony with Scriptural and Patristic texts, and attributed much of the heretical tendency of the age to the attempt to divorce Aristotelian philosophy from Catholic Theology. Like St. Thomas Aquinas, with whom he shared numerous profound agreements in matters theological and philosophical, he combated the Aristotelian notion of the eternity of the world vigorously. St Augustine, who had imported into the west many of the doctrines that would define scholastic philosophy, was an incredibly important source of Bonaventure's Platonism. Augustine himself had engaged Neoplatonism, a school of Platonism distinct from that of Plato, mostly through Plotinus but possibly through Iamblichus as well; it is likely that Augustine had never encountered a work written by Plato himself. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Plotinus ( Greek:) (ca AD 204–270 was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his Another prominent influence was that of a mystic passing under the name of Dionysius the Areopagite. Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, also known as Pseudo-Denys, is the anonymous theologian and philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century whose Corpus Areopagiticum
Bonaventure accepts the Platonic doctrine that ideas do not exist in rerum natura, but as ideals exemplified by the Divine Being, according to which actual things were formed; and this conception has no slight influence upon his philosophy. Like all the great scholastic doctors he starts with the discussion of the relations between reason and faith. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in All the sciences are but the handmaids of theology; reason can discover some of the moral truths which form the groundwork of the Christian system, but others it can only receive and apprehend through divine illumination. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings In order to obtain this illumination, the soul must employ the proper means, which are prayer, the exercise of the virtues, whereby it is rendered fit to accept the divine light, and meditation which may rise even to ecstatic union with God. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The supreme end of life is such union, union in contemplation or intellect and in intense absorbing love; but it cannot be entirely reached in this life, and remains as a hope for futurity. The word Contemplation comes from the Latin root templum (from Greek temnein to cut or divide and means to separate something from its environment and to enclose it in a sector Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. Hope is a Belief in a positive outcome related to events and Circumstances in one's life The mind in contemplating God has three distinct aspects, stages or grades—the senses, giving empirical knowledge of what is without and discerning the traces (vestigia) of the divine in the world; the reason, which examines the soul itself, the image of the divine Being; and lastly, pure intellect (intelligentia), which, in a transcendent act, grasps the Being of the divine cause. Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living
To these three correspond the three kinds of theology-theologia symbolica, theologia propria and theologia mystica. Each stage is subdivided, for in contemplating the outer world we may use the senses or the imagination; we may rise to a knowledge of God per vestigia or in vestigiis. In the first case the three great properties of physical bodies—weight, number, measure,--in the second the division of created things into the classes of those that have merely physical existence, those that have life, and those that have thought, irresistibly lead us to conclude the power, wisdom and goodness of the Triune God. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных So in the second stage we may ascend to the knowledge of God, per imaginem, by reason, or in imagine, by the pure understanding (intellectus); in the one case the triple division—memory, understanding and will,--in the other the Christian virtues--faith, hope and charity,--leading again to the conception of a Trinity of divine qualities--eternity, truth and goodness.
In the last stage we have first intelligentia, pure intellect, contemplating the essential being of God, and finding itself compelled by necessity of thought to hold absolute being as the first notion, for non-being cannot be conceived apart from being, of which it is but the privation. To this notion of absolute being, which is perfect and the greatest of all, objective existence must be ascribed. In its last and highest form of activity the mind rests in the contemplation of the infinite goodness of God, which is apprehended by means of the highest faculty, the apex mentis or synderesis. This spark of the divine illumination is common to all forms of mysticism, but Bonaventura adds to it peculiarly Christian elements. The complete yielding up of mind and heart to God is unattainable without divine grace, and nothing renders us so fit to receive this gift as the meditative and ascetic life of the cloister. The monastic life is the best means of grace.
Bonaventure, however, is not merely a meditative thinker, whose works may form good manuals of devotion; he is a dogmatic theologian of high rank, and on all the disputed questions of scholastic thought, such as universals, matter, the principle of individualism, or the intellectus agens, he gives weighty and well-reasoned decisions. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or He agrees with Albertus Magnus in regarding theology as a practical science; its truths, according to his view, are peculiarly adapted to influence the affections. He discusses very carefully the nature and meaning of the divine attributes; considers universals to be the ideal forms pre-existing in the divine mind according to which things were shaped; holds matter to be pure potentiality which receives individual being and determinateness from the formative power of God, acting according to the ideas; and finally maintains that the intellectus agens has no separate existence. On these and on many other points of scholastic philosophy the Seraphic Doctor exhibits a combination of subtlety and moderation, which makes his works particularly valuable.
 St. Bonaventure receives the envoys of the Byzantine Emperor at the Second Council of Lyon |
 The body of St. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council took place in 1245 Bonaventure in the presence of Pope Gregory X and James I of Aragon |
Namesakes
Ventura, California and Ventura County, California and St Bonaventure Catholic High School in Ventura, CA are named for Saint Bonaventure, as is Bonaventure, Quebec. Pope James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador Incorporated in 1866 the city of San Buenaventura (usually referred to as Ventura) is the County seat of Ventura Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the US state of California ( Southern California) Bonaventure is a town on the Gaspé Peninsula in the Bonaventure Regional County Municipality of Quebec. St. Bonaventure University, the largest Franciscan university in the English-speaking world is located in Olean, New York. St Bonaventure University is a private Catholic university located near Olean New York. St. Bonaventure's College is a private Roman Catholic school located in Newfoundland. And St. Bonaventure College and High School is located in Hong Kong. St Bonaventure's Catholic Comprehensive School is located in Forest Gate, London. St Bonaventure's Catholic Comprehensive School Forest Gate is a Residential area in the London Borough of Newham. There is a church in Toronto, Ontario named for St. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Bonaventure with a Catholic school next door of the same name. This article is about Catholic schools in general for specific schools named Catholic High School, see Catholic High School (disambiguation. There is also a residence hall named for Saint Bonaventure at Bellarmine University. In Bristol, England there is a primary school and church named after him in Bishopston. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London In Calgary, Alberta there is a church named St. Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Bonaventure with a Catholic school next door of the same name.
In Star Trek: The Animated Series there is a starship named the USS Bonaventure. Star Trek The Animated Series (also known as The Animated Adventures of Gene Roddenberry 's Star Trek) is an Emmy Award winning A starship is a theoretical Spacecraft designed for traveling between the stars, as opposed to a vehicle designed for Orbital spaceflight or Interplanetary
The character Friar Bonaventura in John Ford's 'Tis Pity She's a Whore is named for Bonaventure. John Ford ( baptised April 17, 1586 &ndash c 1640? was an English Jacobean and Caroline playwright and poet born in Ilsington 'Tis Pity She's a Whore is a Tragedy written by John Ford. It was likely first performed between 1629 and 1633 by Queen Henrietta's Men
Notes
- ^ Knowles, Davis. (1988). The Evolution of Medieval Thought, Second Edition, revised, Edinburgh Gate: Longman Group, p. 214. ISBN 0-582-4946-5.
- ^ Fryde, E. B. ; Greenway, D. E. ; Porter, S. ; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology, Third Edition, revised, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 282. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- (1978) Bonaventure, Ewert Cousins, translator, The Classics of Western Spirituality, Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-2121-2.
External links
- Saint Bonaventure entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Tim Noone and R. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. E. Houser
- Internet Guide to St. Bonaventure
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John of Parma |
Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor 1257–1274 |
Succeeded by Jerome of Ascoli |
| Preceded by William Langton |
Archbishop of York 1265–1266 |
Succeeded by Walter Giffard |
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