Bolton
Bolton Town Hall
Bolton shown within Greater Manchester
Population	139,403 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference	SD715095
Metropolitan borough	Bolton
Metropolitan county	Greater Manchester
Region	North West
Constituent country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	BOLTON
Postcode district	BL1-BL7
Dialling code	01204
Police	Greater Manchester
Fire	Greater Manchester
Ambulance	North West
European Parliament	North West England
UK Parliament	Bolton North East
	Bolton South East
	Bolton West
List of places: UK • England • Greater Manchester

Coordinates: 53°34′53″N 2°25′47″W / 53.5815, -2.4297

Bolton (pronunciation (help·info)) is a large town in Greater Manchester, in the North West region of England. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of Subdivisions of England used for the purposes of Local government outside Greater London Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The, also known as the Bolton postcode area, is a group of postal districts around the towns of Bolton and Bury in Greater Manchester, The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. Greater Manchester Police (" GMP " is the Home Office Police force responsible for policing the Metropolitan county of Greater The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and The Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service is the county-wide statutory emergency fire and rescue service for the Metropolitan county of The North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 as part of Health Minister Lord Warner's plans to reduce the number of NHS North West England is a Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Bolton North East is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Bolton South East is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Bolton West is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates List of places --> List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places This is a partial list of places in Greater Manchester, in North West England. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland ^[1] Situated close to the West Pennine Moors, 10 miles (16 km) north west of the city of Manchester, it is the largest and most populous settlement within the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, and has a total resident population of 139,403. The West Pennine Moors is an area of approximately 90 square miles of moorland and reservoir scenery located in Lancashire, between the towns of Chorley A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. ^[2][3][4]

Historically part of Lancashire, Bolton originated as a small settlement in the moorland known as Bolton-le-Moors. The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea During the English Civil War the town was a Parliamentarian outpost in a staunchly Royalist region. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651 In 1644 Bolton was stormed by 3,000 Royalist troops lead by Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Bavaria (German Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein Herzog von Bayern) commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 This attack, which later came to be known as the Bolton Massacre, resulted in 1,600 residents being killed and 700 taken prisoner. The Bolton Massacre, sometimes recorded as the Storming of Bolton, was an episode in the English Civil War, on May 28 1644 in which it was alleged that up to 1600

Noted as a former mill town, textiles have been produced in Bolton since Flemish weavers settled in the area during the 15th century, developing a wool and cotton weaving tradition. A Mill town, also known as factory town or mill village, is typically a settlement that developed around one or more mills or factories (usually Cotton mills The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or The urbanisation and development of Bolton largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. With the establishment of overseas colonies, the British Empire at the end of the 17th century/beginning of the 18th century had a vast source of raw materials and a vast market It was a boomtown of the 19th century and, at its zenith in 1929, 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dying works, made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. A boomtown is a Community that experiences sudden and rapid population and Economic growth. A cotton mill is a Factory housing spinning and Weaving Machinery Cotton was a leading sector in the Industrial Revolution, as cotton Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic Fibers are twisted together to form Yarn (or thread After World War I the British cotton industry declined sharply and by the 1980s cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Bolton today noted for its premier league football team Bolton Wanderers F.C. who play from the Reebok Stadium. Bolton Wanderers Football Club is an English professional football club based in Horwich, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater The Reebok Stadium is the home Stadium of English Premier League football club Bolton Wanderers, and is located on the Middlebrook Retail Park

Contents 1 History 1.1 Toponymy 1.2 Early history 1.3 English Civil War 1.4 Textile manufacture 2 Governance 2.1 Civic history 2.2 Parliamentary representation 3 Geography 4 Landmarks 4.1 Bolton Parish Church 4.2 Bolton Town Hall 5 Demography 5.1 Township populations 5.2 County Borough population 6 Economy 7 Transport 8 Education 9 Sports 10 Culture and society 10.1 Arts 10.2 Library 11 Media 12 Cultural references 13 Notable people 14 Twin towns 15 References 16 External links

History

Toponymy

The town's name, (in full, Bolton-le-Moors) has been recorded over the years with many derivations of spelling including Bothelton, Boulton and Bolton-super-Moras. However, the exact origins are not totally clear from historical records. ^[5][6] There have been three main hypotheses – one is that because of its location in the valleys of confluencing moorland rivers, it is derived from "Bowl Town", another suggesting it is a derivation from the Saxon words "bolt" and "tun", meaning "arrow" and "stockade" respectively. ^[7] A final suggestion is from the words "boul" and "town", where boul means a monument or central feature, though the boul itself is unidentified. A further possibility is that "bol" derives from the Norse for farm and "ton" from the Norse for town.

Early history

Evidence of a Saxon settlement exists in the form of religious objects found when the present Victorian parish church was built. The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. ^[8]

The town was given a charter to hold a market in Churchgate in 1251 by King Henry III of England. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 ^[9] It was then made into a market town and borough by a charter from the Earl of Derby, William de Ferrers, on January 14, 1253. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. ^[9]

English Civil War

During the English Civil War, Bolton supported Parliament and the Puritan cause, unlike most of the rest of Lancashire. The town was twice attacked unsuccessfully until the third assault on May 28, 1644. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Prince Rupert's army along with troops under the Earl of Derby, attacked the town. There were 1,500 dead, and 700 taken prisoner. It became known as the Bolton Massacre. The Bolton Massacre, sometimes recorded as the Storming of Bolton, was an episode in the English Civil War, on May 28 1644 in which it was alleged that up to 1600 ^[9]

Textile manufacture

The town's position on the west of the Pennines provides a damp climate. It is this feature which probably led to Flemish weavers, fleeing the Huguenot persecutions in the 17th century, to eventually settle here, as moisture-laden air allows for the spinning of cotton with little breakage. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The cotton industry was to provide the catalyst for the town's expansion between the 14th and 19th centuries. Large, steam-powered textile mills eventually dominated the town's skyline, providing the major employment and defining the rhythm of the working week, so much so that an annual shut-down for maintenance in late June became the Bolton holidays. There were also some large iron foundries in the town as well as other engineering works, many connected with the cotton industry.

Bolton was Worktown in the Mass-Observation project which has left us with many photographs taken around the town by Humphrey Spender as part of that project. Mass-Observation was a United Kingdom Social research organisation founded in 1937 Humphrey Spender ( April 19, 1910 &ndash March 11, 2005) was an English Photographer, painter, Architect ^[10]

Governance

Civic history

Until the early 19th century, Great Bolton and Little Bolton were two of the eighteen townships of the ecclesiastical parish of Bolton le Moors. In England, township (latin - vill) usually means a village or hamlet A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches Bolton le Moors was an ancient ecclesiastical parish of the Hundred of Salford in the historic county of Lancashire, England. These two townships were separated by the River Croal, with Little Bolton on the north side of the river and Great Bolton on the south side. The River Croal is a River located in Greater Manchester, England. ^[11][12][13]

In 1838, Great Bolton, most of Little Bolton and the Haulgh area from Tonge with Haulgh township were incorporated under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 as a municipal borough, making it the second to be created in England, after Devonport. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Wm IV c76 - sometimes known as the Municipal Reform Act - required members of town councils ( Municipal corporations Municipal boroughs were a type of Local government which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974 in Northern Ireland from 1840 to Devonport, formerly named Plymouth Dock or just Dock, is a district of Plymouth in the English county of Devon, although it was at Further additions were made to the borough, with part of Rumworth in 1872, and part of Halliwell in 1877. Halliwell is a predominantly residential district and electoral ward of Bolton, in Greater Manchester, England. ^[14][15]

In 1889, Bolton was granted County Borough status and became entirely self-governing and independent from Lancashire County Council jurisdiction. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City Lancashire County Council is the upper-tier Local authority for the Non-metropolitan county of Lancashire, England. In 1898, it was extended further by adding the civil parishes of Breightmet, Darcy Lever, Great Lever, the rest of Halliwell, Heaton, Lostock, Middle Hulton, the rest of Rumworth (which had been renamed Deane in 1894), Smithills, and Tonge, plus Astley Bridge Urban District, and part of Over Hulton civil parish. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. Breightmet (pron "breat-met" is a settlement near Bolton, in Greater Manchester, England. Darcy Lever is a small village in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Great Lever is a mainly residential settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Halliwell is a predominantly residential district and electoral ward of Bolton, in Greater Manchester, England. Heaton is a mostly residential district and council ward of Bolton, Greater Manchester, lying about 2 miles to the north west of Lostock is a mostly residential district of Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. Deane is a locality in the southwest of Bolton town within Greater Manchester, England. ^[14][15]

The County Borough of Bolton was abolished in 1974 and became a constituent part of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton in Greater Manchester. Bolton was from 1838 to 1974 a local government district in the northwest of England, coterminate with the town of Bolton. The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 ^[14][16]

Parliamentary representation

Under the Reform Act of 1832, a Parliamentary Borough was established for the town. The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system Parliamentary boroughs are a type of administrative division usually covering urban areas that are entitled to representation in a Parliament. The Bolton constituency had two Members of Parliament who both represented the whole borough. Bolton was a Borough constituency centred on the town of Bolton in the county of Lancashire. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. ^[17]

The Parliamentary Borough continued until 1950 when it was abolished and replaced with two parliamentary constituencies, Bolton East and Bolton West, each with one M.P. Parliamentary boroughs are a type of administrative division usually covering urban areas that are entitled to representation in a Parliament. Bolton East was a Borough constituency in the town of Bolton in Lancashire. Bolton West is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. ^[17]

In 1983, Bolton East was abolished and two new constituencies were created, Bolton North East (which covers a large part of the former Bolton East), and Bolton South East (which covers most of the former Farnworth constituency). Bolton North East is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Bolton South East is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Farnworth was a County constituency in Lancashire which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament Also in 1983, there were major boundary changes to Bolton West, which took over most of the former Westhoughton constituency. Westhoughton was a parliamentary constituency in Lancashire. Centred on the former mining and cotton town of Westhoughton, it returned one Member ^[17][18]

Geography

	North: Blackburn
West: Wigan	Bolton	East: Bury
	South: Salford

Landmarks

Bolton Parish Church

Main article: Church of St Peter, Churchgate

The Parish Church, dedicated to St Peter, is a fine example of the gothic revival style. Blackburn ( is a large town in Lancashire, England. It lies to the north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley Wigan is a large town in Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the River Douglas, south of Preston, west-northwest of Manchester Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, north-northwest of the city of Manchester, west-southwest of Salford lies at the heart of the City of Salford, a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. St Peter's ( is a church in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England A parish church, in Christianity, is the church which acts as the religious centre of a Parish, the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began Built between 1866 and 1871 of Longridge stone to designs by Paley, the church is 67 ft (20. Longridge is a small Town in the borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire, England. Edward Graham Paley (1823-1895 was an architect based in Lancaster, England. A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit 4 m) in width, 156 ft (47. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 5 m) in length, and 82 ft (25. 0 m) in height. The tower is 180 ft (54. A Tower which contains one or more bells or which is obviously designed to hold bells (even if it has none is a bell tower. 9 m) high with 13 bells. A church bell is a bell which is rung in a (especially Christian) church either to signify the Hour or the time for worshippers to go to ^[19]

The first known church on the same site was built in Anglo-Saxon times. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south It was rebuilt in Norman times and again in the early 1400s. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Little is known of the first two churches, but the third building was a solid, squat building with a sturdy square tower at the west end. It was modified over the years until it fell into disrepair and demolished in 1866. Fragments of stone and other artefacts from these first three buildings are displayed in the museum corner of the present church. ^[19]

Today, the present parish of Bolton-le-Moors only covers a small area in the town centre,^[20] but until the 19th century it covered a much larger area and was divided into eighteen chapelries and townships. Bolton le Moors was an ancient ecclesiastical parish of the Hundred of Salford in the historic county of Lancashire, England. ^[21][22]

The neighbouring ancient parish of Deane once covered a large area to the west and south of Bolton,^[23] and the township of Great Lever had been part of the ancient parish of Middleton. Deane is a locality in the southwest of Bolton town within Greater Manchester, England. Great Lever is a mainly residential settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Middleton is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, England. ^[22]

Bolton Town Hall

Situated in the town centre, the Town Hall is an imposing neoclassical building. A city hall or town hall is the chief administrative building of a City or Town 's administration and usually houses the city or Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo It was designed by William Hill who later designed the Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth Guildhall is the biggest events venue in the Hampshire city of Portsmouth in England. Opened on 5 June 1873 by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later as Edward VII), it was built on the site of an old Pot Market which had previously been known as Market Square. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the 1930s, the building was extended, by Bradshaw Gass & Hope, with additional office space which almost doubled in size. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Bradshaw Gass & Hope is an English firm of architects founded in 1862 by Jonas James Bradshaw (1837-1912 ^[24][25][26]

Incorporated within the Town Hall are the Albert Halls. The original Albert Hall was destroyed by a massive fire on 14 November 1981. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 It took three and half years for the complete internal reconstruction work to be finished. Reopened in 1985, the new Albert Halls now comprises two separate halls and several function rooms. ^[27]

Demography

Township populations

These census population figures are for the former townships of Great Bolton and Little Bolton. The United Kingdom has taken a Census of its population every ten years since 1801 with the exception of 1941 ( during the Second World War)

Year	1801	1811	1821	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891
Great Bolton	12,549	17,070	22,037	28,299	33,449	39,923	43,435	45,313	45,694	47,067
Little Bolton	4,867	7,099	9,258	12,896	15,707	19,888	24,942	35,013	41,937	44,307
Sources: Local population statistics. [28] Great Bolton Tn/CP: Total Population. [29] Little Bolton Tn/CP: Total Population. [30]

County Borough population

These census population figures are for the former County Borough of Bolton. The United Kingdom has taken a Census of its population every ten years since 1801 with the exception of 1941 ( during the Second World War) Bolton was from 1838 to 1974 a local government district in the northwest of England, coterminate with the town of Bolton.

Year	1901	1911	1921	1931	1939 †	1951	1961	1971
Population	168,215	180,851	178,683	177,250	163,823	167,167	160,789	154,223
Sources: Bolton CB/MB: Total Population. [31] † The 1939 population is estimated from the National Registration figures. [32] The 1941 census did not take place because of the Second World War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Economy

In recent times, the town has swapped much of its heavy industry for service-based activities including a large number of data processing and call centres and also hi-tech electronics and IT companies. It attracts shoppers from all over the north of England and further afield, not only to the Victorian splendour of the town centre but to newly developed Middlebrook retail park, home to Bolton Wanderers, the Bolton Arena, leisure facilities, shops, pubs, restaurants and sundry other businesses. Middlebrook is the name given to a locality on the boundary between Horwich and Lostock in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Bolton Wanderers Football Club is an English professional football club based in Horwich, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Bolton Arena is a multi-purpose indoor Arena, located at the Middlebrook Leisure and Retail Park, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester The town retains a variety of more traditional industries, employing people in, amongst other things, aerospace, paper-manufacturing, packaging, textiles, transportation, steel foundries and building materials. The area of Horwich around Middlebrook has been designated by Bolton Council as the `Bolton Economic Development Zone', and is currently seeing much building work, predominantly office space for law firms and business headquarters.

Tourism plays an important part in the local economy, with visitor attractions such as Hall i' th' Wood (the home of inventor Samuel Crompton), Smithills Country Park and Smithills Hall, Rivington, Last Drop Village, Barrow Bridge mill village, Bolton Steam Museum and the civic museums in the town centre. Smithills Hall is a Grade I listed Manor house, and a Scheduled Monument in the town of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England Rivington is a small village and Civil parish of the Borough of Chorley, in Lancashire, England Bolton Steam Museum is a museum in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England, which houses a variety of preserved Steam engines It is owned and Residents and visitors alike can make use of the facilities at Leverhulme, Moss Bank and Queen's parks.

Bolton is the birthplace of the Reebok brand. Reebok International Limited is a British producer of athletic footwear, apparel and accessories and is currently a subsidiary of Adidas. The company's European headquarters are located in the Reebok Stadium. The Reebok Stadium is the home Stadium of English Premier League football club Bolton Wanderers, and is located on the Middlebrook Retail Park Bolton is also the home of the family bakery, Warburtons, who began their business in 1876 on Blackburn Road in Bolton. Warburtons is a British Baking firm based in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England.

Bolton has also has a strong presence in the Aerospace industry through the production of military missiles and systems. This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the This centred round the British Aerospace (BAe) factory in Lostock which formerly had the largest machine shop in Europe. British Aerospace (BAe was a UK aircraft and defence-systems manufacturer that is now part of BAE Systems. BAe also had factories in Farnworth, Wingates and in the Spa Lane area of Bolton. Farnworth is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. Wingates is a small settlement located in the town of Westhoughton, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. The Lostock factory has been reduced drastically over the last couple of decades with the bulk of the buildings being sold off. A workforce of around 300 people continue to work there under the BAE Systems subsidiary MBDA. BAE Systems plc (BAE is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered in Farnborough, England, that has global interests particularly MBDA is a missile manufacturer with operations in France, Germany, Italy and Britain. Current missile systems produced there include; ASRAAM, Rapier and Storm Shadow which are in service with the RAF and various forces around the globe. The AIM-132 Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile is a British Infrared homing ("heat seeking" Air-to-air missile. Rapier is a British Surface-to-air missile developed for the British Army and Royal Air Force. Storm Shadow is an Anglo - French air-launched Cruise missile, manufactured by MBDA and used by France Italy and the United Kingdom

Bolton Council has launched a large-scale series of redevelopments of the town centre. ^[33]

Transport

Bolton is well served in terms of both the local road network and national routes. The A6, a major north–south trunk road, passes through Hunger Hill and Westhoughton. A trunk road, trunk highway, or strategic road is a major Road &mdashusually connecting two or more cities, Ports Airports The A666 (sometimes referred to as `The Devil's Highway' because of the numeric designation) is a 4-lane dual carriageway which acts as a spur from the large M61/M60 motorway interchange, carrying traffic to and from the town centre. The A666 is a major road in Greater Manchester and Lancashire, England. A dual carriageway or divided highway is a road or Highway in which the two directions of traffic are separated by a central barrier or strip of land known as a The M61 motorway is a major road in England. It runs from the M60 motorway north west of Manchester, and heads north west past Bolton and The M60 motorway is an orbital Motorway circling Greater Manchester, a Metropolitan county in North West England. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation The A666 continues North, up through Astley Bridge, Egerton and on into Darwen and Blackburn, Lancashire. The M61 itself has three dedicated junctions serving the borough. The M61 motorway is a major road in England. It runs from the M60 motorway north west of Manchester, and heads north west past Bolton and

Bolton is served by the National Express coach network. National Express Group plc ( is a UK -based Transport group with headquarters in London that operates Bus, coach, rail

Bolton is located on the Manchester loop of the West Coast Mainline and as such is served by Virgin West Coast trains passing through Manchester Piccadilly station. The West Coast Main Line (WCML is a busy mixed-traffic railway route in the United Kingdom. Virgin Trains is a Train operating company in the United Kingdom, which currently provides services from London Euston to the North West Manchester Piccadilly station, known locally as just Piccadilly, is the principal railway station of Manchester in England. There are regular commuter services between most of the local stations and Manchester. The Bolton metropolitan area is served by the following railway stations:

• Bolton Trinity Street - a town-centre transport interchange
• Bromley Cross
• Hall i' th' Wood
• Blackrod
• Horwich Parkway (for the Reebok Stadium - Bolton Wanderers FC)
• Lostock
• Westhoughton
• Moses Gate
• Farnworth
• Kearsley

Education

Bolton is home to a leading independent day school, Bolton School, whose Boys' Division originated around 1516. Bolton railway station is the principal Railway station in the town of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Bromley Cross railway station, situated in Bromley Cross, a Suburb to the north of Bolton, is served by the Northern Rail 'Ribble Valley' Hall i' th' Wood railway station (pronounced as "all" "i" "thwud" is the last stop before Bolton on the Northern Rail franchise's " Blackrod railway station serves the village of Blackrod, 10 km (6 Horwich Parkway is a Railway station serving the town of Horwich and the western area of Bolton, in Greater Manchester, England The Reebok Stadium is the home Stadium of English Premier League football club Bolton Wanderers, and is located on the Middlebrook Retail Park Bolton Wanderers Football Club is an English professional football club based in Horwich, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Lostock railway station serves the Lostock suburb of Bolton, in Greater Manchester, England. Westhoughton railway station serves the town of Westhoughton, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, north-western England Moses Gate Railway Station serves the Moses Gate Suburb of Farnworth, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, Farnworth Railway Station serves the Greater Manchester town of Farnworth, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, England. Kearsley Railway Station serves the Greater Manchester town of Kearsley and the villages of Stoneclough, Prestolee and Ringley in the Bolton School is an independent school in Bolton, Greater Manchester, in the North-West of England. It was endowed by Robert Lever in 1641 and again by William Hesketh Lever (later Lord Leverhulme) in 1898, allowing it to be rebuilt alongside a new Girls' Division on its current site in Chorley New Road. William Hesketh Lever 1st Viscount Leverhulme ( 19 September 1851 &ndash 7 May 1925) was an English Industrialist philanthropist The town can also boast Lord's Independent School, established by Mr Lord, a local eccentric, in 1906. ^[34]

Bolton also has its own modern university, the University of Bolton. The University of Bolton (formerly Bolton Institute of Higher Education) is a University in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England Formerly Bolton Institute of Higher Education, it gained university status in 2005 and has seen much building work and growth since.

The town's secondary schools include Canon Slade School, Thornleigh Salesian College, Turton High School Media Arts College ^[35] and Smithills School, which boasts a world champion brass band. Canon Slade School is a Church of England Secondary school on Bradshaw Brow in Bradshaw, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Thornleigh Salesian College is a Salesian and Catholic Secondary school in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Bolton also has a community college which provides further education to many in the borough and has many sites throughout,^[36] as well as Bolton Sixth Form College, which comprises North and South campuses. Bolton Sixth Form College is a further education college for students aged 16 and higher located in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England.

The Bolton Teaching and Learning Centre serves schools as a central point for online materials. ^[37]

The Bolton Steam Museum has several restored working steam engines. Bolton Steam Museum is a museum in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England, which houses a variety of preserved Steam engines It is owned and

Sports

Bolton is home to the Premier League football club, Bolton Wanderers F.C.. The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Bolton Wanderers Football Club is an English professional football club based in Horwich, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Formerly playing at Burnden Park they now play at the Reebok Stadium. Burnden Park was the home of English FA Premier League football team Bolton Wanderers F The Reebok Stadium is the home Stadium of English Premier League football club Bolton Wanderers, and is located on the Middlebrook Retail Park

Indoor facilities for sports training and major racket sports tournaments are provided courtesy of the newly built Bolton Arena, which was used for some of the events in the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Bolton Arena is a multi-purpose indoor Arena, located at the Middlebrook Leisure and Retail Park, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England from 25 July to 4 August 2002

Bolton is also home to one of North West England's largest Field Hockey Clubs, Bolton Hockey Club. Bolton Hockey Club is a Men’s and Ladies Field Hockey Club Based in Greater Manchester ( England) ^[38]

The oldest football club in Lancashire, Turton F.C., was formed in a village on the moors above Bolton in 1871 and is said to have introduce the Association game to the county. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Turton FC are an association football club based in Edgworth, in the North Turton district of Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire, England ^[39] There have been recent claims that their original ground, which is still in use, is the oldest surviving football ground in the world. It is claimed matches were played there since the 1830s. ^[40]

Speedway racing, then known as Dirt Track Racing, was staged at Raikes Park in the pioneer days – 1928 – when the venue was short lived. Motorcycle speedway, usually referred to as speedway, is a Motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four anti-clockwise ^[41]

Bolton also has a rugby union club, Bolton R. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short U. F. C. ^[42]

Bolton Blaze is a baseball club that was started in 2003, playing their home games at The Ball Park at Stapleton Avenue. Bolton Robots of Doom (renamed Bolton Robots of Doom is an English baseball team from Bolton situated in the North West region of England playing in the Northern Division Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each In addition to the adult team, there is a junior team, Bolton Bears. Bolton Baseball dates back to 1937 with a team called Bolton Scarlet’s. ^[43]

Culture and society

According to a survey of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Boltonians are the friendliest people in Britain. ^[44][45] Bolton is one of the more deprived boroughs in England according to the Indices of Deprivation 2000. ^[46] It is the 28th most deprived in England in terms of numbers of people who are income deprived. A third of the borough's population lives in seven wards which are amongst the 10% most deprived in England. Despite this, Bolton is currently experiencing much attention and is experiencing an influx of people, leading to property prices increasing faster than most other parts of the UK. The borough already contains traditional and also increasingly affluent areas including Heaton, Horwich, Harwood and Smithills.

On 13 February 2003, Bolton was granted Fairtrade Town status. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Fairtrade Town is a marketing tool in which this status is awarded by a recognized Fairtrade certification body (i ^[47]

Bolton's oldest public house is Ye Olde Man and Scythe, dating from 1251 – one of the oldest remaining public houses in England. In the top ten of Britain 's oldest public houses and the oldest in Bolton (1251 first recorded mention of it by name the Ye Olde Man & Scythe, located on Church ^[48]

Arts

Bolton has a theatre called The Octagon along with many small, independent groups such as Bolton Little Theatre, Farnworth Little Theatre and the Phoenix Theatre Company. The Octagon Theatre is a Producing theatre located in Bolton, Lancashire, England Inside the town hall there is also a large theatre and conference complex called The Albert Halls,^[27] named after the Prince Consort, Prince Albert whose early death in 1861 at the comparatively young age of only 42 would eventually lead to many buildings and monuments throughout Great Britain and her vast empire being named in his memory. Bolton ( is a large town in Greater Manchester, in the North West region of England. The Halls opened on 5 June 1873. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Visual arts are also represented in Bolton via Bolton Museum and Art Gallery which has a fine collection of both local and international art. Bolton Museum is a public Museum and art gallery in the town of Bolton, Greater Manchester, owned by Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council. ^[49]

Le Mans Crescent, (currently home to the central library, museum, art gallery, aquarium, police station, magistrates' court and town hall) is to be at the centre of a new Cultural Quarter. This area will no longer house the police station and magistrates' court; instead the library and museum are to be extended into these sections of the building, along with other new cultural projects. These works are to take place during a large-scale expansion and improvement project, which is set to more than double the size of the current town centre and improve its appearance, infrastructure and amenities.

Library

Bolton Central Library was one of the early public libraries established after the Public Libraries Act 1850, opening on 12 October 1853 in the Exchange Building on Market Square (present day Victoria Square). The Public Libraries Act 1850 is an Act of the British Parliament. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The library moved to its present site in Le Mans Crescent on 4 July 1938. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[50]

Media

The town's local daily newspaper is The Bolton News, formerly known as the Bolton Evening News. The Bolton News - formerly the Bolton Evening News - is a daily newspaper covering the towns of Bolton, Bury and Leigh in north-western England The Bolton News - formerly the Bolton Evening News - is a daily newspaper covering the towns of Bolton, Bury and Leigh in north-western England There are weekly free papers, such as the Bolton Journal and Bolton Council's free monthly newspaper, Bolton Scene.

The town falls under the BBC North West and the ITV Granada television regions, which are served by the Winter Hill transmitter near Belmont, just to the north-west of the town. Granada Television is the United Kingdom ITV contractor for North West England. The Winter Hill transmitting station is a Broadcasting and Telecommunications site situated on Winter Hill, at the southern boundary of the Borough Belmont is a village in Lancashire, England. It is close to Winter Hill and the village is situated between the towns of Bolton and Darwen

Local radio is provided by Tower FM, a station which broadcasts across Bolton and Bury. Tower FM is an Independent Local Radio station which broadcasts across the towns of Bolton and Bury and parts of North Manchester in the UK Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, north-northwest of the city of Manchester, west-southwest of

Cultural references

The industrial village of Barrow Bridge became Millbank in Benjamin Disraeli's novel Coningsby. The Barrow Bridge is a single track steel railway bridge in south east of the Republic of Ireland. Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (born Benjamin D'Israeli; 21 December 1804 &ndash 19 April 1881 was Coningsby, or The New Generation, is an English political novel by Benjamin Disraeli published in 1844

Bolton is referenced in the famous Monty Python's Flying Circus Dead Parrot sketch, in which it is the location of the shopkeeper's brother's pet shop. Monty Python’s Flying Circus (also known as Flying Circus or during the final series just Monty Python) is a BBC Sketch comedy The Dead Parrot sketch, alternatively and originally known as Pet Shop sketch or Parrot Sketch, is a popular sketch from Monty Python's Flying The shopkeeper's brother (played by Michael Palin), incorrectly describes the town as Ipswich. Michael Edward Palin, CBE (born 5 May 1943 is an English Comedian, actor writer and Television presenter best known for being one of the members Ipswich ( ˈɪpswɪtʃ is a Non-metropolitan district and the County town of Suffolk, England on the Estuary of the River Orwell On being challenged by Mr Praline (played by John Cleese), Palin's character defends himself, claiming (wrongly) that Ipswich is a palindrome of Bolton. Mr Eric Praline is a character from the television show Monty Python's Flying Circus, played by actor John Cleese. John Marwood Cleese (ˈkliːz born 27 October, 1939) is a British Actor, Comedian, Writer, Film producer A palindrome is a word phrase number or other sequence of units that can be read the same way in either direction (the adjustment of punctuation and spaces between words Cleese's character retorts, "It's not a palindrome. The palindrome of Bolton would be Notlob. It don't work. " As a consequence, Bolton is sometimes humorously nicknamed, "Notlob". Bolton is also referred to in Monty Python's "Blackmail" sketch, in which the host of the gameshow "Blackmail" (played by Michael Palin) announces that if a Miss Betty Teal from Lancashire sends the show 15 pounds, he will refrain from revealing her lover in Bolton. Michael Edward Palin, CBE (born 5 May 1943 is an English Comedian, actor writer and Television presenter best known for being one of the members

Spring and Port Wine by Mayo playwright, Bill Naughton was filmed and set in Bolton. Spring and Port Wine is a 1967 stage play by Bill Naughton. It became a Film in 1970 William John Francis Naughton, or Bill Naughton ( Ballyhaunis, 12 June 1910 - Ballasalla, 9 January 1992) was The Family Way based on Naughton's play All in Good Time was also filmed and set in Bolton. The Family Way is a 1966 British Comedy film based on Bill Naughton 's play All in Good Time (1963 All in Good Time may refer to ''All in Good Time'' (play, a 1963 play by Bill Naughton ''All in Good Time'' (John Kay album

More famously Peter Kay is from Bolton and much of his comedy TV series That Peter Kay Thing and Phoenix Nights are set in the town. Peter John Kay (born 2 July 1973 in Farnworth, Lancashire, England) is an English Comedian, Writer, producer That Peter Kay Thing was a series of six spoof documentaries shown on Channel 4 in January and February 2000 Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights is a BAFTA -nominated British sitcom about The Phoenix Club, a Working men's club in the Northern English The latter was filmed at St Gregorys Social Club in Farnworth, and an episode of the former was set at Bolton West services on the M61. Farnworth is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. Anderton is a village and Civil parish in the Chorley borough of Lancashire, England. The M61 motorway is a major road in England. It runs from the M60 motorway north west of Manchester, and heads north west past Bolton and

Many Bolton buildings have also stood in for other towns and cities. Bolton Town Hall stood in for an East European bank in the 1980s film Sleepers and Le Mans Crescent has featured as an upmarket London street in the Jeremy Brett version of Sherlock Holmes. Bolton ( is a large town in Greater Manchester, in the North West region of England. Jeremy Brett (3 November 1933 – 12 September 1995 born Peter Jeremy William Huggins, was an English Actor famous among other things for his Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in Publication in 1887

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Bolton

Bolton has produced its fair share of actors, comedians, musicians, sports personalities, engineers, inventors, politicians, authors and other notable people. This is a list of people from An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience primarily by making them laugh A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Professional sports, as opposed to amateur Sports are those in which athletes receive payment for their performance An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created They have all made a mark in different periods of time, whether at local, national or international level.

Twin towns

• Le Mans, France, since 1967
• Paderborn, Germany, since 1975

References

External links

• Bolton Council
• Boltonians Listing well over 600 Boltonians - born, bred or adopted
• Bolton Remembers The War An Oral History of Bolton during the Second World War
• Bolton History, Photos, Links & Trivia
• Bolton Museum & Archive Service Collections include an original spinning mule made by inventor Samuel Crompton, works by Bolton born artist Thomas Moran and one of Britains oldest public Aquaria
• St Marks School and Church Flecher St Web site for ex pupils of St Marks with the history of surrounding workplaces and streets where many of the ex pupils and church goers worked and lived. spinning mule was created in 1779 by Samuel Crompton. It was a combination of the water frame (created by Thomas Highs, initially falsely attributed to Samuel Crompton ( December 3, 1753 &ndash June 26, 1827) was an English Inventor and pioneer of the spinning industry Thomas Moran ( February 12, 1837 - August 25, 1926) from Bolton, England was an artist of
• Bolton at the Open Directory Project

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

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