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Aleksander Głowacki

Photograph by Wilhelm Feldman (1887)
Born August 20, 1847(1847-08-20)
Hrubieszów, Poland
Died May 19, 1912 (aged 64)
Warsaw, Poland
Pen name Bolesław Prus
Occupation Novelist, journalist, short-story writer
Nationality Polish
Writing period 1872–1912
Genres Realist novel
Historical novel
Short story
Micro-story
Prose poetry
Literary movement Positivism
Spouse(s) Oktawia Głowacka, née Trembińska
Children An adopted son, Emil Trembiński
Signature

Bolesław Prus (pronounced: Image:Ltspkr.png [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20, 1847 – May 19, 1912, Warsaw), whose actual name was Aleksander Głowacki, was a Polish journalist and novelist known especially for his novels The Doll and Pharaoh. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Hrubieszów is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of 18661 (2004 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Literary realism most often refers to the trend beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such Flash fiction is Fiction characterized by its extreme brevity This article refers to a poetic form For the competitive speech event see Prose & Poetry. This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Positivism in Poland defined progressive thought in Literature and other walks of life following the disastrous January 1863 Uprising until the turn of Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born PRU may refer to A Pupil Referral Unit, a type of state school in England Hrubieszów is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of 18661 (2004 Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. The leading representative of realism in 19th-century Polish literature, Głowacki took the pen name "Prus" from the name of his family coat-of-arms. Literary realism most often refers to the trend beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. The majority of Polish literature was written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Prus I is a Polish coat-of-arms. It was used by a number of Szlachta (noble families under

An indelible mark was left on Prus by his experiences as a 15-year-old soldier in the Polish 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia, in which he suffered severe injuries and imprisonment at Lublin by Russian authorities. The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954

In 1872, at age 25, in Warsaw, Prus settled into a distinguished 40-year journalistic career. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. As a sideline, in an effort to appeal to Poles through their aesthetic sensibilities, he wrote short stories. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such Achieving success with these, he went on to employ a broader canvas; between 1886 and 1895, he completed four major novels on "great questions of our age. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story "

Perennial favorites with his countrymen are The Doll and Pharaoh. The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. The Doll describes the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by the backwardness of his society. Pharaoh, Prus' only historical novel, is a study of political power, set in ancient Egypt at the fall of its 20th Dynasty and the New Kingdom. An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and

Contents

Biography

Early years

Aleksander Głowacki was born on August 20, 1847, in Hrubieszów, Poland, the younger son of Antoni Głowacki, an estate steward in the village of Żabcze, in Hrubieszów County, and Apolonia Głowacka, née Trembińska. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Hrubieszów is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of 18661 (2004 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hrubieszów County (powiat hrubieszowski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, on In 1850, when the future Bolesław Prus was three years old, his mother died; the child was given into the care of his maternal grandmother, Marcjanna Trembińska of Puławy, and, four years later, of his aunt, Domicela Olszewska of Lublin. Puławy Subcarpathian Voivodeship Puławy is a town in eastern Poland, in Lublin Province, on the Wisła and Kurówka Rivers According to Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 In 1856 Prus was orphaned by his father's death. An orphan (from the Greek ὀρφανός) is a child whose natural parents are absent or dead and who are not there to bring him up In 1862 his brother Leon, a teacher who was thirteen years his elder, took him to Siedlce, then to Kielce. Siedlce (שעדליץ Shedlits, Sedlets (Latinized is a town in eastern Poland with 77092 inhabitants ( As of 2005) Kielce is a city in central Poland with 202609 inhabitants (2006 [1]

Lublin Castle, where 16-year-old Prus was imprisoned after his capture during the 1863–65 Uprising
Lublin Castle, where 16-year-old Prus was imprisoned after his capture during the 1863–65 Uprising

Soon after the outbreak of the Polish January 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia, 15-year-old Prus ran away from school to join the insurgents. Lublin Castle (Zamek Lubelski is situated in Lublin, Poland, adjacent to the Old Town district and close to the city center The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya He may have been influenced by Leon, who subsequently became one of the insurrection's leaders. During the Uprising, Leon developed a mental illness that he would suffer from until his death in 1907. On September 1, 1863, twelve days after his sixteenth birthday, Prus himself took part in a battle against Russian forces at the village of Białka, four kilometers south of Siedlce; he suffered contusions to the neck and gunpowder injuries to his eyes, and was captured unconscious on the battlefield and taken to hospital in Siedlce. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Siedlce (שעדליץ Shedlits, Sedlets (Latinized is a town in eastern Poland with 77092 inhabitants ( As of 2005) Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes [2] This experience may have caused his subsequent lifelong agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is an Anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a Panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape [3]

Eventually released on account of his youth, in 1866 he completed secondary school and enrolled in the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Warsaw. Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski is the largest University in Poland, ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second best Polish [4]

His studies were cut short in 1868 by financial difficulties. In 1869 he enrolled at the Agricultural and Forestry Institute in Puławy, a town in which he had spent part of his childhood; he was, however, soon expelled after a classroom confrontation with a Russian professor. Puławy Subcarpathian Voivodeship Puławy is a town in eastern Poland, in Lublin Province, on the Wisła and Kurówka Rivers According to [4] Henceforth he studied on his own while supporting himself as a tutor, a factory worker, and, from 1872, as a journalist. [5] Journalism would become his school of writing.

In 1873 Prus delivered two public lectures whose subjects illustrate the breadth of his scientific interests: "On the Structure of the Universe," and "On Discoveries and Inventions. "[5]

Journalism

As a newspaper columnist, Prus commented on the achievements of scientists and scholars such as John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Alexander Bain, Herbert Spencer and Henry Thomas Buckle;[6] urged Poles to study science and technology and to develop industry and commerce; encouraged the establishment of charitable institutions to benefit the underprivileged; described the fiction and nonfiction works of fellow writers such as H.G. Wells;[a] and extolled man-made and natural wonders such as the Wieliczka Salt Mine,[7] the town of Nałęczów, and an 1887 solar eclipse that he witnessed at Mława. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life A different Alexander Bain invented the electric clock Facsimile machine and Earth battery. Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal Henry Thomas Buckle ( November 24, 1821 - May 29, 1862) was an English Historian, author of a History of Civilization The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political The Wieliczka Salt Mine, located in the town of Wieliczka, is within Poland 's Kraków Metropolitan area. Nałęczów Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Nałęczów is a Spa town (population 4800 situated on the Nałęczów Plateau in Poland 's Lublin Province A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured Mława is a town in north-central Poland with 30623 inhabitants (2004 [8]

His "Weekly Chronicles" spanned forty years (they have since been reprinted in twenty volumes), and would help prepare the ground for the 20th-century blossoming of Polish science and especially Polish mathematics. Education has been of prime interest to Poland 's rulers since the early 12th century. The Polish School of Mathematics was the remarkably creative Mathematics community that flourished in Poland in the 20th century particularly [b] "Our national life," wrote Prus, "will take a normal course only when we have become a useful, indispensable element of civilization, when we have become able to give nothing for free and to demand nothing for free. "[9] The social importance of science and technology would recur as a theme in his novels The Doll (1889) and Pharaoh (1895). The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus.

Of contemporary thinkers, the one who most greatly influenced Prus and other writers of the Polish "Positivist" period (roughly 1864–1900) was Herbert Spencer, the English sociologist who coined the phrase, "survival of the fittest. Positivism in Poland defined progressive thought in Literature and other walks of life following the disastrous January 1863 Uprising until the turn of Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" "Survival of the fittest" is a Phrase which is shorthand for a concept relating to competition for survival or predominance " Prus would call Spencer "the Aristotle of the 19th century" and would write: "I grew up under the influence of Spencerian evolutionary philosophy and heeded its counsels, not those of Idealist or Comtean philosophy. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called Auguste Comte (full name Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; 17 January 1798 – 5 September 1857 was a French thinker who is generally credited for having Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language "[10] Prus interpreted "survival of the fittest," in the societal sphere, as involving not only competition but also cooperation; and he adopted Spencer's metaphor of society as organism. [11] He would use this metaphor to striking effect in his 1884 micro-story "Mold of the Earth," and in the introduction to his 1895 historical novel, Pharaoh. Flash fiction is Fiction characterized by its extreme brevity " Mold of the Earth " ( Polish: " Pleśń świata " is one of the shortest micro-stories by the Polish journalist and novelist An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus.

Coat-of-arms that inspired the pen-name "Bolesław Prus"
Coat-of-arms that inspired the pen-name "Bolesław Prus"

After Prus began writing regular weekly newspaper columns, his finances stabilized, permitting him on January 14, 1875, to marry a distant cousin on his mother's side, Oktawia Trembińska. Prus I is a Polish coat-of-arms. It was used by a number of Szlachta (noble families under Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Cousin coupleThis is a list of prominent individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a Cousin, Niece, Nephew, Aunt [12] The couple never had children of their own. They did adopt a son, Emil Trembiński (born September 11, 1886, the son of Prus's wife's brother Michał Trembiński, who had died on November 10, 1888). Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [13] Emil would be the model for "Rascal" in chapter 48 of Prus's 1895 novel, Pharaoh. Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. [14] Tragically, on February 18, 1904, at age seventeen, Emil would shoot himself dead on the doorstep of an unrequited love. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on [15] In 1906, at the age of fifty-nine, Prus may have had a son who would become one of his legatees and an engineer and would die in a German camp after the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of August–October 1944. A legatee, in the Law of wills, is any individual or organization bequeathed any portion of a Testator 's estate Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Warsaw Uprising ( Powstanie Warszawskie) was a World War II struggle by the Polish Home Army ( Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw [16]

Though Prus was a gifted writer, initially best known for his humorist work, early on he thought little of his journalistic and literary productions. Hence at the inception of his career in 1872, at age 25, he adopted for his newspaper columns and fiction the pen name "Prus"—"Prus I" being his family coat-of-arms—while reserving his actual name, Aleksander Głowacki, for "serious" writings. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Prus I is a Polish coat-of-arms. It was used by a number of Szlachta (noble families under A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people [17]

In 1878 an incident occurred that illustrated the strong feelings that could be aroused in susceptible readers of newspaper columns. In one of his columns, Prus had criticized the loud and, in his view, inappropriate behavior of some youths at a lecture about the poet Wincenty Pol. Wincenty Pol (20 April 1807 - 2 December 1872 was a Polish Poet and Geographer. The University of Warsaw students in question demanded that Prus retract what he had written. University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski is the largest University in Poland, ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second best Polish After he refused, on March 26, 1878, several of them surrounded him outside his home, to which he had just returned in the company of two fellow-writers, and one of the students, Jan Sawicki, slapped Prus in the face. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [18] Prus summoned police, but subsequently declined to press charges against the students. [19] He remembered the incident, however; and seventeen years later, during his 1895 visit to Paris, he refused, by some accounts, to meet with one of his erstwhile assailants, whom he blamed for having "ruined [his] life," perhaps by having caused or exacerbated his agoraphobia. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Agoraphobia is an Anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a Panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape [20]

In 1882 Prus succeeded the prophet of Polish Positivism, Aleksander Świętochowski, to the editorship of the Warsaw daily Nowiny (News). Positivism in Poland defined progressive thought in Literature and other walks of life following the disastrous January 1863 Uprising until the turn of Aleksander Świętochowski (1849-1938 was a Polish writer of that country's Positivist period following the January 1863 Uprising. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. He resolved, in the best Positivist fashion, to make it "an observatory of societal facts"—an instrument for advancing the development of his country. Positivism in Poland defined progressive thought in Literature and other walks of life following the disastrous January 1863 Uprising until the turn of After less than a year, however, Nowiny folded and Prus resumed writing columns. A column is a recurring piece or article in a Newspaper, Magazine or other publication [21] He continued working as a journalist to the very end of his life, even well after he had achieved success as an author of short stories and novels.

Fiction

Portrait by Antoni Kamieński celebrating Prus' 25 years as journalist and literary artist, 1897
Portrait by Antoni Kamieński celebrating Prus' 25 years as journalist and literary artist, 1897

In time, Prus adopted the French Positivist critic Hippolyte Taine's concept of the arts, including literature, as a second means, alongside the sciences, of studying reality,[22] and he devoted more attention to his sideline of short-story writer. Hippolyte Adolphe Taine ( April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French Critic and Historian. The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such Prus's stories, which met with great acclaim, owed much to the Polish novelist Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and, among English-language writers, to Charles Dickens and Mark Twain. Józef Ignacy Kraszewski ( Warsaw, July 28, 1812 – March 19, 1887, Geneva) was a Polish novelist Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist [23] His fiction would also be influenced by French writers Victor Hugo, Gustave Flaubert, Alphonse Daudet and Émile Zola. Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among Alphonse Daudet ( 13 May 1840 &ndash 16 December 1897) was a French Novelist. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of [24]

Prus wrote several dozen stories, originally published in newspapers and ranging in length from micro-story to novella. Flash fiction is Fiction characterized by its extreme brevity A novella is a written, Fictional Prose Narrative longer than a Novelette but shorter than a Novel. Characteristic of Prus's stories are his keen observation of everyday life and his sense of humor, which he had honed early on as a contributor to humor magazines. [25] The prevalence of themes from everyday life is consistent with the Polish Positivist artistic program, which sought to portray the circumstances of the general populace rather than those of the erstwhile Romantic heroes of an earlier generation of writers. A populace is a group of people forming the total population of a certain place Romanticism largely began as a reaction against the prevailing Enlightenment ideals of the day The literary period in which Prus wrote was ostensibly a prosaic age, by contrast with the poetry of the Romantics; but Prus' prose is often a poetic prose. For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. This article refers to a poetic form For the competitive speech event see Prose & Poetry. His stories also often contain elements of fantasy or whimsy. Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting A fair number of his stories originally appeared in New Year's issues of newspapers. The New Year is an event that happens when a Culture celebrates the end of one Year and the beginning of the next year

Prus long eschewed writing historical fiction, arguing that it must inevitably distort history. Historical fiction is a sub-genre of Fiction that often portrays alternate accounts or dramatization of historical figures or events History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology He criticized contemporary historical novelists for their lapses in historic accuracy, including Henryk Sienkiewicz's failure, in the military scenes in his Trilogy portraying 17th-century Polish history, to describe the logistics of warfare. An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author For the general use of the term "trilogy" see Trilogy. Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point It would only be in 1888, when Prus was forty, that he would write his first historical fiction, the stunning short story, "A Legend of Old Egypt. " A Legend of Old Egypt " ( Polish: "Z legend dawnego Egiptu") is a Short story by Bolesław Prus, originally published January " This story would, a few years later, serve as a preliminary sketch for his only historical novel, Pharaoh (1895). Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. [26]

Eventually Prus would compose four novels on what he had referred to in an 1884 letter as "great questions of our age":[27] The Outpost (Placówka, 1886) on the Polish peasant; The Doll (Lalka, 1889) on the aristocracy and townspeople and on idealists struggling to bring about social reforms; The New Woman (Emancypantki, 1893) on feminist concerns; and his only historical novel, Pharaoh (Faraon, 1895), on mechanisms of political power. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Outpost ( Polish title Placówka) was the first of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations An ideal is a Principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. Reform Movement redirects here For specific organizations by that name see Reform Movement (disambiguation A reform movement is a kind The New Woman (Emancypantki is the third of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of The work of greatest sweep and most universal appeal is Pharaoh. [28] Prus' novels, like his stories, were originally published in newspaper serialization. The term " serial " refers to the intrinsic property of a series &mdash namely its order.

After having sold Pharaoh to the publishing firm of Gebethner and Wolff, Prus embarked on May 16, 1895, on a four-month journey abroad. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He visited Berlin, Dresden, Karlsbad, Nuremberg, Stuttgart and Rapperswil. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Karlsbad is an administrative area in the district of Karlsruhe, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Rapperswil-Jona is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency of See-Gaster in the canton of St At the latter Swiss town he stayed two months (July–August), nursing his agoraphobia and spending much time with his friends, the promising young writer Stefan Żeromski and his wife Oktawia. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Agoraphobia is an Anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a Panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape Stefan Żeromski (; Strawczyn near Kielce October 14, 1864 – November 20, 1925, Warsaw) was a Polish The couple sought Prus's help for the Polish National Museum where Żeromski was librarian. The Polish Museum Rapperswil, was founded in Rapperswil, Switzerland, on October 23, 1870, by Polish Count Władysław Broel-Plater [29]

The final stage of Prus's journey took him to Paris, where he was prevented by his agoraphobia from crossing the Seine River to visit the city's southern Left Bank. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one [30] He was nevertheless pleased to find that his descriptions of Paris in The Doll had been on the mark (he had based them mainly on French-language publications). [31] From Paris he hurried home to recuperate at Nałęczów from his journey, the last that he would make abroad. Nałęczów Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Nałęczów is a Spa town (population 4800 situated on the Nałęczów Plateau in Poland 's Lublin Province [32]

Later years

Over the years, Prus lent his name and support to many charitable and social causes. There was one event that he would come to rue, for the broad criticism that it brought him: it involved helping to welcome Russia's Tsar Nicholas II during an 1897 visit to Warsaw. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. [33] Prus held to the principle of not affiliating himself with political parties; such affiliation might have compromised his journalistic objectivity. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral His associations, by design and temperament, were with individuals and with select worthy causes rather than with large groups.

Prus's experiences in the January 1863 Uprising had persuaded him to urge society's advancement through work, learning and commerce rather than through potentially disastrous social upheavals. The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m He departed from this stance, however, in 1905, when Tsarist Russia experienced defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and his compatriots demanded autonomy and reforms. The Tsardom of Rus' (Царство Русское was the official name for the Russian state between Ivan IV 's assumption of the title of Tsar (Emperor in 1547 The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September On December 20, 1905, in the first issue of a short-lived new periodical, Młodość (Youth), he published an article, "Oda do młodości" ("Ode to Youth"), whose title harked back to, and was an updated paraphrase of, the 1820 poem by Adam Mickiewicz. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December In it Prus wrote, in reference to his earlier position on revolution and strikes: ". . . with the greatest pleasure I admit it—I was wrong!"[34]

In 1908 Prus serialized in the Warsaw Illustrated Weekly (Tygodnik Ilustrowany) his novel, Children (Dzieci), describing the young revolutionaries, terrorists and anarchists of the day; it was an uncharacteristically humorless work. Three years later a final novel, Changes (Przemiany), was to have been a panorama of the society and of its vital concerns, not unlike The Doll. The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. The beginning, however, had barely been serialized in the Illustrated Weekly in 1911-12 when the novel's composition was cut short by Prus's death. [35] Neither of the two late novels is generally regarded as part of the essential Prus canon; the Polish writer Czesław Miłosz called Children one of Prus's weakest works. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator [36]

Prus's tomb at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery
Prus's tomb at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery

Prus's last novel to meet with popular acclaim was Pharaoh, completed in 1895. Powązki Cemetery ( Polish Cmentarz Powązkowski) is the oldest and most famous cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, and is situated in the Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Pharaoh, depicting the demise of ancient Egypt's Twentieth Dynasty and New Kingdom three thousand years earlier, had also reflected Poland's loss of independence a century before in 1795[37]—an independence whose post-World War I restoration Prus would not live to see. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

On May 19, 1912, in his Warsaw apartment at 12 Wolf Street (ulica Wilcza 12), Prus's forty-year journalistic and literary career ended with his death. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting [38]

The beloved agoraphobic author was mourned by the nation that he had striven, as soldier, thinker and writer, to rescue from oblivion. Agoraphobia is an Anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a Panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape [39] Thousands attended his May 22, 1912, funeral service at St. Alexander's Church on nearby Triple Cross Square (Plac Trzech Krzyży) and his interment at Powązki Cemetery. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Kościół św Aleksandra (St Alexander's Church is a Roman Catholic church on Plac Trzech Krzyży ( Triple Cross Square) in Plac Trzech Krzyży (Triple Cross Square is a large square in downtown Warsaw, Poland, lying on the Royal Route between ulica Nowy Świat Powązki Cemetery ( Polish Cmentarz Powązkowski) is the oldest and most famous cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, and is situated in the [40]

Prus's tomb was designed by his nephew, the noted sculptor Stanisław Jackowski. Stanisław Jackowski (1887 in Warsaw – 1951 in Katowice) was a Polish Sculptor, and nephew of novelist Bolesław Prus. On three sides, respectively, it bears the novelist's actual name, Aleksander Głowacki, his years of birth and death, and his pen name Bolesław Prus. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity On the fourth side is the inscription "Serce serc" ("Heart of hearts"), borrowed from the Latin inscription ("Cor cordium") on the tomb of English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in Rome's Protestant Cemetery. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Protestant Cemetery (Cimitero protestante officially called the Cimitero acattolico ("Non-Catholic Cemetery" and often referred to as the Cimitero [41] Below the inscription is the figure of a little girl embracing Prus's tomb — a figure emblematic of Prus's well-known empathy and affection for children. [42] [43]

Legacy

On December 3, 1961, nearly half a century after Prus' death, a museum devoted to him was opened in the 18th-century Małachowski Palace at Nałęczów, near Lublin, a city in eastern Poland. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nałęczów Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Nałęczów is a Spa town (population 4800 situated on the Nałęczów Plateau in Poland 's Lublin Province Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 It was at Nałęczów that Prus had vacationed for thirty years from 1882 until his death, and that he had met the young Stefan Żeromski. Stefan Żeromski (; Strawczyn near Kielce October 14, 1864 – November 20, 1925, Warsaw) was a Polish Prus had served as witness at Żeromski's 1892 wedding and had helped foster the younger man's writing career.

While Prus espoused a positivist and realist outlook, much in his fiction shows qualities compatible with pre-1863-Uprising Polish Romantic literature. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Literary realism most often refers to the trend beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Indeed, he held the Polish Romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz in high regard. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December [44] Prus's novels in turn, especially The Doll and Pharaoh, with their innovative composition techniques, blazed the way for the 20th-century Polish novel. The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. [45]

Prus's novel The Doll was considered by Czesław Miłosz to be the best Polish novel. The Doll ( Polish title Lalka) is the second of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator [46]

The New Woman was pronounced by Joseph Conrad to be "better than Dickens"—Dickens being a favorite author of Conrad's. The New Woman (Emancypantki is the third of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist [47] Czesław Miłosz, however, thought that the novel was "as a whole. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator . . an artistic failure. . . "[48] Zygmunt Szweykowski similarly faulted The New Woman's loose, tangential construction; this, in his view, was partly redeemed by Prus' humor and by some superb episodes, while "The tragedy of Mrs. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Latter and the picture of [the town of] Iksinów are among the peak achievements of [Polish] novel-writing. "[49]

Pharaoh, a study of political power, became the favorite novel of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, prefigured the fate of U. Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party S. President John F. Kennedy, and continues to point analogies to more recent times. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of [50] Pharaoh is often described as Prus's "best-composed novel"[51]—indeed, "one of the best-composed [of all] Polish novels. "[52] This was due in part to Pharaoh having been composed complete prior to newspaper serialization, rather than being written in instalments just before printing, as was the case with Prus' earlier major novels.

The Doll and Pharaoh, which made Prus a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in literature, are available in English versions. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred [53] The Doll has been translated into sixteen languages, and Pharaoh into twenty. In addition, The Doll has been filmed several times and been produced as a late-1970s television miniseries, while Pharaoh was adapted into a 1966 feature film. A miniseries (also mini-series) in a serial Storytelling medium is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes Pharaoh ( Polish: Faraon) is a 1966 Polish film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and adapted from the eponymous

In 1897-99 Prus serialized in the Warsaw Daily Courier (Kurier Codzienny) a monograph on The Most General Life Ideals (Najogólniejsze ideały życiowe), which systematized ethical ideas that he had developed over his career regarding happiness, utility and perfection in the lives of individuals and societies. The term " serial " refers to the intrinsic property of a series &mdash namely its order. A monograph ( Classical Greek, "One Writer" or "Single Writing") is a work of writing upon a single subject usually also by a single [54] In it he returned to the society-organizing (i. e. , political) interests that had been frustrated during his Nowiny editorship fifteen years earlier. A book edition appeared in 1901 (2nd, revised edition, 1905). This work, rooted in Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian philosophy and Herbert Spencer's view of society-as-organism, retains interest especially for philosophers and social scientists. Jeremy Bentham ( IPA: or) (15 February 1748&ndash6 June 1832 was an English Jurist, Philosopher, and legal and Social reformer Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies

Another of Prus's learned projects remained incomplete at his death. He had sought over his writing career to develop a coherent theory of literary composition. Notes of his from 1886-1912 were never put together into a finished book as he had intended. [55][c] Some particularly intriguing fragments describe Prus's combinatorial calculations of the millions of potential "individual types" of human characters, given a stated number of "individual traits. Combinatorics is a branch of Pure mathematics concerning the study of discrete (and usually finite) objects A calculation is a deliberate process for transforming one or more inputs into one or more results with variable change A character structure is a system of relatively permanent motivational and other traits that are manifested in the specific ways that an individual relates and reacts to others to various In Psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. "

A curious comparative-literature aspect has been noted to Prus's career, which paralleled that of his American contemporary, Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914). Comparative literature (sometimes abbreviated "Comp lit" is critical scholarship dealing with the Literature of two or more different Linguistic The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24 1842 &ndash 1914? was an American Editorialist Journalist, short-story writer and Satirist. Each became a war casualty with combat head trauma—Prus in 1863 in the Polish 1863-65 Uprising; Bierce in 1864 in the American Civil War. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units A casualty is a person who is the victim of an accident injury or trauma. The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979. Traumatic brain injury. THIS PAGE IS FOR INFORMATION ON HEAD INJURY (NOT SPECIFICALLY THE BRAIN--> Head injury is The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Each experienced false starts in other occupations, and at twenty-five became a journalist for the next forty years; failed to sustain a career as editor-in-chief; achieved celebrity as a short-story writer; lost a son in tragic circumstances (Prus, an adopted son; Bierce, both his sons); attained superb humorous effects by portraying human egoism (Prus especially in Pharaoh, Bierce in The Devil's Dictionary); was dogged from early adulthood by a health problem (Prus, agoraphobia; Bierce, asthma); and died within two years of the other (Prus in 1912; Bierce presumably in 1914). Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. The Devil's Dictionary, by Ambrose Bierce, is a satirical book published in 1911 Agoraphobia is an Anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a Panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Prus, however, unlike Bierce, went on from short stories to write novels. [56]

Statue of Prus on Warsaw's Krakowskie Przedmieście. (The man is 180 cm tall.)
Statue of Prus on Warsaw's Krakowskie Przedmieście. Krakowskie Przedmieście, in Warsaw (literal English meaning " Kraków Suburb" until the 19th century also known by the French (The man is 180 cm tall. )

In Prus's lifetime and since, his contributions to Polish literature and culture have been memorialized without regard to the nature of the political system prevailing in Poland in the respective periods:

Notable works

Bolesław Prus Park and monument in Hrubieszów
Bolesław Prus Park and monument in Hrubieszów

The following is a chronological list of works by Bolesław Prus. Hrubieszów is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of 18661 (2004 Translated titles, when available, are given, followed by original titles and dates of publication.

Novels

Stories

Nonfiction

Film versions

See also

Notes

a. The New Woman (Emancypantki is the third of four major Novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. The history of philosophy in Poland parallels the evolution of Philosophy in Europe generally Positivism in Poland defined progressive thought in Literature and other walks of life following the disastrous January 1863 Uprising until the turn of ^  In a January 1909 newspaper column, Prus discussed H.G. Wells' 1901 book, Anticipations, including Wells' prediction that by the year 2000, following the defeat of German imperialism "on land and at sea," there would be a European Union that would reach eastward to include the western Slavs—the Poles, Czechs and Slovaks. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The West Slavs are Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The latter peoples, along with the Hungarians and six other countries, did in fact join the European Union in 2004. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [64]

b. ^  Prus was not alone in advocating the development of science and technology. It was part of the spirit of the times. The great Polish mathematician Kazimierz Kuratowski writes that in the period when Poland was under complete foreign rule (1795–1918) "It was a common belief that the cultivation of science and the growth of its potential would somehow guarantee the [survival] of the [Polish] nation. Kazimierz Kuratowski ( Warsaw, February 2, 1896 &ndash June 18, 1980) was a Polish Mathematician and Logician "[65]

c. ^  In 1890 Prus wrote: "When I was starting out as a writer, I wrote in part instinctively, in part by inadvertent imitation. My productions were a collection of haphazard observations, put together no doubt against the backdrop of what I had read. Every beginning author does the same. To be sure, this kind of work was to me a great mortification. [. . . ] Then I began asking older authors, and they told me that 'there are no rules, nor can there be any, for the art of novel-writing. ' [. . . ] Then [about 1880], brought to desperation, I set about trying to resolve for myself the question: 'Can literary art be reduced to general rules?' After several years of observing and thinking, the matter began to get clearer for me, and as early as August 1886 I set down my first notes [. . . ] and, God willing, I hope to publish a scientific theory of literary art. I expect that it will contain some fairly new things. "[66]

Citations

  1. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 146–47.  
  2. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita. Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości, 45-46.  
  3. ^ Fita, Stanisław (Ed. ) (1962). Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie (Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus), 113.  
  4. ^ a b Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 147.  
  5. ^ a b Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 148.  
  6. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt (1947). Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 18-23, 31-32, 293-94 and passim. P Q R  
  7. ^ Kasparek, Christopher (1997). Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. "Prus' Pharaoh and the Wieliczka Salt Mine". The Polish Review 42 (3): 349-55. The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America  
  8. ^ Kasparek, Christopher (1997). Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. "Prus' Pharaoh and the Solar Eclipse". The Polish Review 42 (4): 471-78. The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America  
  9. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 49.  
  10. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt (1947). Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 21-22.  
  11. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt (1947). Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 32-33.  
  12. ^ After Prus' death in 1912, she would survive him until her own death on October 25, 1936. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tadeusz Hiż, "Godzina u pani Oktawii" ("An Hour at Oktawia Głowacka's"), in the book Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 281.
  13. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita. Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości, 387.
  14. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita. Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości, 605.  
  15. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita. Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości, 604.  
  16. ^ Pauszer-Klonowska, Gabriela. Ostatnia miłość w życiu Bolesława Prusa.  
  17. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 148.  
  18. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita. Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości, 187–90.  
  19. ^ Lorentowicz, Jan, in the book, Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 106.
  20. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita. Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości, 474.  
  21. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward, Bolesław Prus, 152.
  22. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa, 109.  
  23. ^ Miłosz, Czesław. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator The History of Polish Literature, 293.  
  24. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa, 66, 84, 122 and passim. P Q R  
  25. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa, passim.  
  26. ^ Hiż, Tadeusz, in Stanisław Fita, ed. , Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 277-78.
  27. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward, Bolesław Prus, 67.
  28. ^ Kasparek, Christopher, "Prus' Pharaoh and Curtin's Translation," The Polish Review, vol. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America XXXI, nos. 2-3 (1986), 127.
  29. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 157.  
  30. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 157.  
  31. ^ Oral account by Prus' widow, Oktawia Głowacka, cited by Tadeusz Hiż, "Godzina u pani Oktawii" ("An Hour at Oktawia Głowacka's"), in the book, Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 278.
  32. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 157-58.  
  33. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 159-60.  
  34. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita. Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości, 626.  
  35. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 142-43, 165-67.  
  36. ^ Miłosz, Czesław (1983). Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator The History of Polish Literature, 303. ISBN 0-520-04477-0.  
  37. ^ Kasparek, Christopher (1994), "Prus' Pharaoh: the Creation of a Historical Novel," The Polish Review, 39 (1), 46. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America
  38. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward, Bolesław Prus, 167.
  39. ^ Wróblewski, Zbigniew. To samo ramię.  
  40. ^ Kotarbiński, Miłosz, "Kilka luźnych wspomnień o Bolesławie Prusie" ("Several Loose Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus"), in Stanisław Fita, ed. , Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 147-48.
  41. ^ Kotarbiński, Miłosz, "Kilka luźnych wspomnień o Bolesławie Prusie" ("Several Loose Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus"), in Stanisław Fita, ed. , Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 148, 151.
  42. ^ Hiż, Tadeusz, "Godzina u pani Oktawii" ("An Hour at Oktawia Głowacka's"), in Stanisław Fita, ed. , Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 279.
  43. ^ Pauszer-Klonowska, Gabriela, Ostatnia miłość w życiu Bolesława Prusa, passim.
  44. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt. Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa, 111-12.  
  45. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 10-14.  
  46. ^ Miłosz, Czesław. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator The History of Polish Literature, 296.  
  47. ^ Najder, Zdzisław. Zdzisław Najder (born in Warsaw, Poland, October 31, 1930) is a Polish historian of literature a former opponent of the government of the Conrad under Familial Eyes, 215.  
  48. ^ Miłosz, Czesław. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator The History of Polish Literature, 299.  
  49. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa, 288.  
  50. ^ Kasparek, Christopher (1986). Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. "Prus' Pharaoh and Curtin's Translation". The Polish Review 31 (2-3): 127-35. The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America  
  51. ^ For example, by Janina Kulczycka-Saloni, in Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed. , Literatura polska od średniowiecza do pozytywizmu p. 631.
  52. ^ Wilhelm Feldman, cited in Teresa Tyszkiewicz, Bolesław Prus, p. 339.
  53. ^ Bolesław Prus, The Doll, translation by David Welsh, revised by Dariusz Tołczyk and Anna Zaranko, 1996; Pharaoh, translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek, 2nd ed. Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. , 2001.
  54. ^ Szweykowski, Zygmunt (1947). Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978 was a foremost historian of Polish literature. Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 295-97 and passim. P Q R  
  55. ^ Melkowski, Stefan. Poglądy estetyczne i działalność krytycznoliteracka Bolesława Prusa, 84-146.  
  56. ^ Kasparek, Christopher (1995). Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. "Two Micro-stories by Bolesław Prus". Flash fiction is Fiction characterized by its extreme brevity The Polish Review 40 (1): 99-103. The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America  
  57. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 94-95, 159 and passim.  
  58. ^ Kotarbiński, Miłosz, "Kilka luźnych wspomnień o Bolesławie Prusie" ("Several Loose Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus"), in Stanisław Fita, ed. , Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie, 147-48, 151.
  59. ^ Tokarzówna, Krystyna, and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912, photo facing p. 705.
  60. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 136–37.  
  61. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward, Bolesław Prus, 68-69.
  62. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 144-45.  
  63. ^ Bolesław Prus. Polish Ocean Lines. Retrieved on 2008-03-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good
  64. ^ Kasparek, Christopher (2003). Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. "A Futurological Note: Prus on H. G. Wells and the Year 2000". The Polish Review (1): 89-100. The Polish Review is an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America  
  65. ^ Kuratowski, Kazimierz (1980). Kazimierz Kuratowski ( Warsaw, February 2, 1896 &ndash June 18, 1980) was a Polish Mathematician and Logician A Half Century of Polish Mathematics: Remembrances and Reflections. Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-023046-6.  
  66. ^ Pieścikowski, Edward. Bolesław Prus, 74-75.  

References

External links

Persondata
NAME Prus, Bolesław
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Głowacki, Aleksander
SHORT DESCRIPTION Polish journalist, short-story writer and novelist
DATE OF BIRTH August 20, 1847
PLACE OF BIRTH Hrubieszów, Poland
DATE OF DEATH May 19, 1912
PLACE OF DEATH Warsaw, Poland
The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc The Columbia Encyclopedia is a highly regarded one-volume Encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and sold by the Gale Group. Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. Encyklopedia Internautica is a Polish Internet encyclopedia based on the Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna (Popular Universal Encyclopedia of Pinnex WIEM Encyklopedia (full name in Wielka Interaktywna Encyklopedia Multimedialna - Great Interactive Multimedia Encyclopedia 'wiem' in Polish language also means 'I know' is a Polish Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Hrubieszów is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of 18661 (2004 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
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