| Norwegian norsk |
||
|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | /nɔrsk/ | |
| Spoken in: | Norway and by people in Norwegian settlements in the United States[1] | |
| Total speakers: | 4. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 7 million[2] | |
| Ranking: | 111 | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian[3] Norwegian |
|
| Writing system: | Latin (Norwegian variant) | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: |  Norway Nordic Council |
|
| Regulated by: | Norwegian Language Council | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | no – Norwegian nb – Bokmål nn – Nynorsk |
|
| ISO 639-2: | nor – Norwegian nob – Bokmål nno – Nynorsk |
|
| ISO 639-3: | variously: nor – Norwegian nob – Bokmål nno – Nynorsk |
|
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Danish and Norwegian Alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian and 1955 Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is an intergovernmental forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The Norwegian Language Council (Språkrådet is the Norwegian government's advisory body in matters pertaining to the Norwegian language and Language planning ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
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Bokmål (lit. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. Bokmål (lit "book language" or Dano-Norwegian is the most commonly used of the two official Norwegian written Standard languages the other Landsmål, meaning "national language" was the name Ivar Aasen gave the Norwegian Orthography he created in the 19th century Høgnorsk, meaning "High Norwegian" is a term for conservative varieties of the Norwegian language form Nynorsk. The Norwegian language struggle ( målstriden, språkstriden or sprogstriden) is an ongoing controversy within Norwegian culture and politics The Norwegian dialects are commonly divided into 5 main groups North Norwegian (nordnorsk Trøndelag Norwegian ( Trøndersk[http //www The Danish and Norwegian Alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian and 1955 The sound system of Norwegian is similar to that of Swedish. There is considerable variation among the dialects but the variant generally taught to foreign students is Norwegian literature is literature composed in Norway or by Norwegian people. Norwegian Sign Language (abbreviated NSL) is the preferred Sign language amongst deaf Norwegians NSL is an important language in Norway The Norwegian Language Council (Språkrådet is the Norwegian government's advisory body in matters pertaining to the Norwegian language and Language planning "book language") or Dano-Norwegian[4] is the most commonly used of the two official Norwegian standard languages, the other being Nynorsk. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. Bokmål is used by around 85% of the population in writing, regardless of dialect, and is the standard most commonly taught to foreign students of Norwegian language. The Norwegian dialects are commonly divided into 5 main groups North Norwegian (nordnorsk Trøndelag Norwegian ( Trøndersk[http //www
Contents |
Writing and speech
The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name Riksmål after being under development since 1897. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language [5] It was an adaptation of written Danish, which was commonly used since the past union with Denmark, to the Dano-Norwegian koiné spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe In Linguistics, a koiné language ( common language) is a Standard language or Dialect, that has arisen as a result of contact between two When the large conservative newspaper Aftenposten adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. Aftenposten ( Norwegian for "Evening Post" is Norway 's second largest Newspaper (after Verdens Gang) with a circulation of 250 The name Bokmål was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language Dano-Norwegian lost by a single vote in the Lagting (a chamber in the Norwegian parliament). The Storting ( Stortinget, literally "the Great Thing /Assembly" is the Norwegian Parliament, and is located in the capital city [5]
Unlike most standard languages, there is no codified standard for spoken Bokmål (and Nynorsk). There are, however, spoken varieties of Norwegian that are close or largely identical to written Bokmål. In The Phonology of Norwegian, Gjert Kristoffersen writes that
"Bokmål [. . . ] is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway, with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realization that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian'). "[6]
History
Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, Old Norwegian, was essentially identical to Old Icelandic. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Old Norwegian is a term used for the Old Norse language as spoken and written in Norway in the Middle Ages. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an independent kingdom, the written language remained essentially constant. [7]
In 1380, Norway entered into a union with Denmark, and no longer had its own king. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as Denmark-Norway until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union. Denmark–Norway ( Danish: Danmark-Norge Norwegian: Danmark-Norge or Danmark-Noreg is the historiographical name for a former political entity union During this period written Norwegian was displaced by Danish, which was used for virtually all administrative documents. [7][8]
Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by the urban elite on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a Dano-Norwegian vernacular often called the "educated daily speech" had become the mother tongue of parts of the urban elite. This new Dano-Norwegian koiné could be described as Danish with East Norwegian pronunciation, some Norwegian vocabulary, and a simplified grammar. [9] Or as Kristoffersen puts it:
"Standard Østnorsk can be considered a sociolect that has developed as a result of tension between Danish as the official written, and in some contexts spoken, language used by the upper class before 1814, and the variety of Norwegian used by the lower social classes in the towns of Eastern Norway. In Linguistics, a sociolect is the variety of language characteristic of a social background or status "[6]
In 1814, when Norway had been ceded from Denmark to Sweden, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet Henrik Wergeland (1808-1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language. Henrik Arnold Thaulow Wergeland ( June 17, 1808 in Kristiansand – July 12, 1845 in Christiania) was a Norwegian [8] Haugen indicates that:
"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianization of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start. "[7]
The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like Peter Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform Knud Knudsen, and Knudsen's famous disciple, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, as well as a more cautious Norwegianization by Henrik Ibsen. Peter Christen Asbjørnsen (1812-1885 was a Norwegian writer and scholar Jørgen Engebretsen Moe (1813-1882 was a Norwegian Bishop and Author. Knud Knudsen (1812 in Tvedestrand - 1895 in Kristiania) was a Norwegian linguist. Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson ( 8 December, 1832 – 26 April, 1910) was a Norwegian writer and the 1903 Nobel Prize in "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. [7] [10] In particular, Knudsens work on language reform in the mid 1800s was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917. So much so that he is now often called the "father of Bokmål".
Controversy
Riksmål vs. The Norwegian language struggle ( målstriden, språkstriden or sprogstriden) is an ongoing controversy within Norwegian culture and politics Bokmål
The term Riksmål, meaning National Language, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organized under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organization Riksmålsforbundet in 1907. Riksmålsforbundet (official translation "The Riksmål Society - The Society for the Preservation of Traditional Standard Norwegian" is the main organisation for Riksmål Bjørnson became Riksmålsforbundet's first leader until his death in 1910.
The 1917 reform introduced some elements from Norwegian dialects and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The Norwegian dialects are commonly divided into 5 main groups North Norwegian (nordnorsk Trøndelag Norwegian ( Trøndersk[http //www This was part of an official policy to bring the two Norwegian languages closer together, intending eventually to merge them into one. These changes met resistance from the Riksmål movement, and the Riksmålsvernet (To the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919.
The 1938 reform in Bokmål introduced more elements from dialects and Nynorsk, and more importantly, many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms were excluded. This so called radical Bokmål or Samnorsk (Common Norwegian) met even harder resistance from the Riksmål movement, topping in the 1950s under the leadership of Arnulf Øverland. Ole Peter Arnulf Øverland ( April 27 1889 - March 25 1968) was a Norwegian author born in Kristiansund and raised in The Riksmålsforbundet organized a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. The Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature ( Det Norske Akademi for Sprog og Litteratur) is a Norwegian learned body on matters pertaining to the Norwegian The 1938 reform was partially reverted in 1959, 1981, and 2005.
Currently, Riksmål denotes the conservative, chiefly pre-1938, unofficial variant of Bokmål, which is still in use and is regulated by the Norwegian Academy and promoted by the Riksmålsforbundet. Riksmål has gone through some spelling reforms, but none as profound as the ones having shaped Bokmål. A Riksmål dictionary was published in four volumes in the period 1937 to 1957 by Riksmålsvernet, and two supplementary volumes were published in 1995 by the Norwegian Academy. After the latest Bokmål reforms, the difference between Bokmål and Riksmål has diminished and is comparable to American and British English differences, but the Norwegian Academy still upholds its own standard. This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and
Terminology
In the Norwegian discourse, the term Dano-Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names Riksmål and Bokmål, meaning national language and literary language respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of Nynorsk in the 1800s, a written language based on Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish and Dano-Norwegian. Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. Modern Norwegian is the Norwegian language that emerged after the Middle Norwegian transition period (1350-1536 Linguistic purism (or linguistic protectionism) is the definition of one language variety as purer than other varieties often in reference to a perceived decline Historically, many Nynorsk supporters have held that Nynorsk is the only genuinely Norwegian language, since Bokmål is a relic of the dual monarchy; therefore, the term Dano-Norwegian applied to Bokmål can be used to stigmatize or delegitimize the language. Many Bokmål users consider this use to be offensive, and it is therefore mainly confined to the Nynorsk-supporting side of heated discussions.
Characteristics
Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect
Colloquially, Standard Østnorsk is often called the Oslo dialect. This is misleading since Standard Østnorsk is not confined to Oslo, and since the traditional Oslo dialect is different from Standard Østnorsk. In reality, most natives of Oslo will speak a sociolect somewhere on a scale from traditional Dano-Norwegian at the high end to the traditional Oslo dialect at the low end. [6]
The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and Standard Østnorsk followed Danish rather than the traditional Oslo dialect as it is commonly portrayed in literature about Norwegian dialects. [11][6]. In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect, and these forms are also given. Radical forms that are allowed but not much used, are parenthesized.
| Danish | Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk | Oslo dialect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| traditional | radical | |||
| Differentiation between masculine and feminine a little man a little woman |
no en lille mand en lille kvinde |
no en liten mann en liten kvinne |
yes en liten mann ei lita kvinne |
yes en liten mann ei lita kvinne |
| Differentiation between masc. and fem. definite plural the boats the wagons |
no bådene vognene |
no båtene vognene |
yes båta vognene |
|
| Definite plural neuter suffix the houses |
-ene/erne husene |
-ene husene |
-a husa |
-a husa |
| Weak past participle suffix cycled |
-et cyklet |
-et syklet |
-a sykla |
-a sykla |
| Weak preterite suffix cycled |
-ede cyklede |
-et syklet |
-a sykla |
-a sykla |
| Strong past participle suffix written |
-et skrevet |
-et skrevet |
-i skrivi |
|
| Split infinitive come lay |
no komme ligge |
no komme ligge |
yes komma ligge |
|
| Splitting of masculines ending on unstressed vowel ladder round |
no stige runde |
no stige runde |
yes stega runde |
|
| West Scandinavian diphthongs bone (noun) smoke (noun) soft/wet (adjective) |
no ben røg blød |
no ben røk bløt |
yes bein røyk blaut |
yes bein røyk blaut |
| West Scandinavian u for o bridge (noun) |
no bro |
no bro |
yes bru |
yes bru |
| West Scandinavian a-umlaut floor (noun) |
no gulv |
no gulv |
(yes) (golv) |
yes gølv |
| Stress on first syllable in loan words banana (noun) |
no /ba'na:n/ |
no /ba'na:n/ |
yes /'banan/ |
|
| Retroflex flap /ɽ/ from old Norse /rð/ table, board (noun) |
no /bo:r/ |
no /bu:r/ |
yes /bu:ɽ/ |
|
| Retroflex flap /ɽ/ from old Norse /l/ sun (noun) |
no /so:l/ |
no /su:l/ |
yes /su:ɽ/ |
yes /su:ɽ/ |
| Danish vocabulary eat (verb) why (adverb) |
yes spise hvorfor |
yes spise hvorfor |
no eta åffer |
|
| Danish vocabulary girl (noun) how (adverb) |
yes pige hvordan |
yes pike hvordan |
no jente (åssen) |
no jente åssen |
Differences from Danish
The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish. In Germanic languages, including English, weak verbs are by far the largest group of verbs which are therefore often regarded as the norm though historically they In Germanic languages, including English, weak verbs are by far the largest group of verbs which are therefore often regarded as the norm though historically they In the Germanic languages strong verbs are those which mark their past tenses by means of ablaut. Danish and Norwegian Bokmål (the most common standard form of Norwegian) are very similar Languages but differences between them do exist
| Danish | Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk | Oslo dialect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definite plural suffix either -ene or -erne the women the wagons |
yes kvinderne vognene |
no kvinnene vognene |
no kvinnene vognene |
| West Scandinavian diphthongs heath hay cattle |
no hede hø nød |
yes hei (also hede) høy naut |
yes hei høy naut |
| Softening of p, t and k loss (noun) food (noun) roof (noun) |
yes tab mad tag |
no tap mat tak |
no tap mat tak |
| Retroflexes carnival sport |
no /ka:rneval/ /sport/ |
yes /ka:ɳeval/ /spoʈ/ |
yes /ka:ɳeval/ /spoʈ/ |
| Danish vocabulary afraid (adjective) angry (adjective) boy (noun) frog (noun) |
yes bange vred dreng frø |
no redd sint gutt frosk |
no redd sint gutt frosk |
References
- ^ Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press, 1. ISBN 9780198237655. ; http://www.usenglish.org/foundation/research/lia/languages/norwegian.pdf
- ^ Statistics Norway. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ Henriksen, Petter (ed. ); Aschehoug og Gyldendals Store norske leksikon, 11 Nar-Pd; Kunnskapsforlaget; Oslo; 1998; ISBN 82-573-0703-3
- ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged, v 1. 1, Random House, Inc. ; WordNet®, 3. 0, Princeton University. ; (2004) The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company.
- ^ a b Lundeby, Einar: Stortinget og språksaken. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ a b c d Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198237655.
- ^ a b c d Haugen, Einar (1977). Norwegian English Dictionary. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget.
- ^ a b Gjerset, Knut (1915). History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II. The MacMillan Company. ISBN none.
- ^ Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996). Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848-1865. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd. ISBN 8212006956.
- ^ Larson, Karen (1948). A History of Norway. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane. Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 8276341039.
See also
- Norwegian language
- Norwegian language struggle
- Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
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