Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia (Greek: Βοιωτία - English IPA: /biːˈoʊʃiə/), formerly Cadmeis, was a region of ancient Greece, north of the eastern part of the Gulf of Corinth. Greece consists of 13 administrative regions known as Peripheries of Greece, which are further subdivided into 3 super-prefectures and 54 prefectures or nomes Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. It was bounded on the south by Megaris and the Kithairon mountain range that forms a natural barrier with Attica, on the north by Opuntian Locris and the Euripus Strait at the Gulf of Euboea, and on the west by Phocis. This is also the ancient Greek name of a small island off Naples, site of the Castel dell'Ovo. Cithaeron is also a spider genus ( Cithaeronidae) Kithairon (Κιθαιρών -ῶνος is a mountain range ("No corner of Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece Opuntian Locris or Eastern Locris was an ancient Greek region inhabited by the tribe of the Locri Epicnemidii ( Greek:) or Locri Opuntii The Euripus Strait (Εύριπος pronounced ˈɛvɾipɔs is a narrow channel of water separating the Greek island of Euboea in the Aegean Sea from The Gulf of Euboea or Euboic Sea or Euboic Gulf (modern Greek Ευβοϊκός Κόλπος Evvoïkós Kólpos) is an arm of the Aegean Sea Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture Lake Copais was a large lake in the center of Boeotia. Lake Copais, Kopais, or Kopaida (ancient Greek, modern) used to be in the centre of Boeotia, Greece, west of Thebes until the

The Boeotia Prefecture (IPA: [vio'tia]) is a prefecture of modern Greece with approximately the same boundaries. Boeotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία; - Voiotía, also Viotía) is one of the Prefectures of Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Contents 1 Legends 2 History 3 Pejorative term 4 Natives of Boeotia 5 See also 6 References

Legends

In Greek mythology, Boeotia plays a prominent part. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Of the two great centres of legends, Thebes, with its Cadmean population, figures as a military stronghold, and Orchomenos, the home of the Minyae, as an enterprising commercial city. Thebes (grc Θῆβαι was a Boeotian City-state ( Polis) situated to the north of the Cithaeron range which divides Boeotia Cadmus, or Kadmos (Κάδμος in Greek mythology, was a Phoenician prince son of Agenor and the brother of Phoenix, Cilix According to Greek mythology, the Minyans ( Greek: Μινύες were an Autochthonous group inhabiting the Aegean region

Graia (Γραία), which means ancient or old, was said to be the oldest city of Greece. The word Γραικός is connected to 'Graia' by some authors. Graecus or Græcus ( Ancient Greek:) was according to Hesiod 's "Eoiae" ( Greek: Ηοίαι or Catalogue of Women ^[1] Aristotle said that this city was created before the deluge. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The story of a Great Flood (also known as the Deluge) sent by a Deity or deities to destroy Civilization as an act of Divine retribution is a The same assertion about the origins of Graia city was found also in an ancient marble, the Parian Chronicle, discovered in 1687 and dated in 267-263 BC, that is currently kept in Oxford and on Paros. The Parian Marble (or Parian Chronicle or Marmor Parium) is a Greek chronological table, covering the years from 1581 BC to 264 Events By place Greece Macedonia s King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition Events By place Roman Republic The Romans under the Consul Manius Valerius Messalla secure the alliance of Hiero Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, For the town in Armenia see Nagapetavan. Paros ( Πάρος) is an Island of Greece in the central Aegean Reports about this ancient city can be found also in Homer, in Pausanias, in Thucydides, etc. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek

The origin of Boeotians lays in mountain Boeon^[2] (Epirus-West Macedonia), where Graecus is connected with Epirus by Aristotle. Voio ( Greek: Βόιο Ancient Greek: Boion or Boeon, South Slavic: Горуша, Gorusha or Войнова Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Graecus or Græcus ( Ancient Greek:) was according to Hesiod 's "Eoiae" ( Greek: Ηοίαι or Catalogue of Women Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. They were also related to Thessalians as their aeolic dialect indicates. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken

According to some ancient Greek sources, there were two great kings who ruled in Thebes (and Boeotia) before the Cataclysm (deluge) which happened in the reigns of Deucalion (in Thessaly), Cranaos (in Attica) and the sons of Lycaon (in Arcadia): Calydnos (Κάλυδνος) and Ogygos (Ώγυγος). Thebes ( Classic Greek Θῆβαι, Mod Θήβα) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range which divides This article is about the Greek expression For the event in the Dragonlance series of books see Cataclysm (Dragonlance. In Greek mythology, Deucalion (Δευκαλίων was a son of Prometheus and Pronoia. In Greek mythology, Cranaus ( Κραναός) was the second King of Athens, succeeding Cecrops  I Lycaon was the son of Pelasgus and Meliboea (or of Oread nymph Cyllene) father of Oenotrus and the mythical first king Ogyges, Ogygus or Ogygos ( Greek:) is a primeval mythological ruler in ancient Greece, generally of Boeotia, Ogyges, Ogygus or Ogygos ( Greek:) is a primeval mythological ruler in ancient Greece, generally of Boeotia,

History

Boeotia had significant political importance, owing to its position on the north shore of the Gulf of Corinth, extending westwards between Thessaly and Peloponnesus to the Isthmus of Corinth; the strategic strength of its frontiers; and the ease of communication within its extensive area. The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The Isthmus of Corinth is the narrow landbridge which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with the mainland of Greece, near the city of Corinth On the other hand, the lack of good harbours hindered its maritime development. The Boeotian people, although they included great men like Pindar, Hesiod, Epaminondas, Pelopidas and Plutarch, were portrayed proverbially dull by Athenians (cf. Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Hesiod ( Greek: Hesiodos) was an early Greek Poet and Rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE Epaminondas ( Greek:) (ca 418 BC&ndash362 BC was a Theban General and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Pelopidas (skipper. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Boeotian ears incapable of appreciating music or poetry and Hog-Boeotians ,Cratinus. Cratinus ( Greek Κρᾰτῖνος, ca 520 BC- after 423 BC Athenian comic Poet. 310)

The importance of the legendary Minyae has been confirmed by its archaeological remains (notably the "Treasury of Minyas"). According to Greek mythology, the Minyans ( Greek: Μινύες were an Autochthonous group inhabiting the Aegean region The Boeotian population seems to have entered the land from the north at a date possibly before the Dorian invasion. The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were With the exception of the Minyae, the original peoples were soon absorbed by these immigrants, and the Boeotians henceforth appear as a homogeneous nation.

In historical times, the leading city of Boeotia was Thebes, whose central position and military strength made it a suitable capital; other major towns were Orchomenus, Plataea, and Thespiae. Events and trends 568 BC — Amtalqa succeeds his brother Aspelta as king of Kush. Events and trends 546 BC — Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys Thebes ( Classic Greek Θῆβαι, Mod Θήβα) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range which divides Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία For the Geometer moth Genus, see Plataea (moth. Plataea or Plataeae was an ancient city located in Greece Thespiae ( Greek Θεσπιαι Thespiai) was an ancient Greek city in Boeotia. It was the constant ambition of the Thebans to absorb the other townships into a single state, just as Athens had annexed the Attic communities. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece But the outlying cities successfully resisted this policy, and only allowed the formation of a loose federation which, initially, was merely religious.

While the Boeotians, unlike the Arcadians, generally acted as a united whole against foreign enemies, the constant struggle between the cities was a serious check on the nation's development. Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. Boeotia hardly figures in history before the late 6th century BC. Previous to this, its people are chiefly known as the makers of a type of geometric pottery, similar to the Dipylon ware of Athens. In about 519 BC, the resistance of Plataea to the federating policy of Thebes led to the interference of Athens on behalf of the former; on this occasion, and again in 507 BC, the Athenians defeated the Boeotian levy. Events and trends 519 BC — Zhou Jing Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. For the Geometer moth Genus, see Plataea (moth. Plataea or Plataeae was an ancient city located in Greece

During the Persian invasion of 480 BC, Thebes assisted the invaders. Events By place Greece May — King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace In consequence, for a time, the presidency of the Boeotian League was taken from Thebes, but in 457 BC the Spartans reinstated that city as a bulwark against Athenian aggression after the Battle of Tanagra. Events By place Persian empire Artaxerxes I decrees that the city government of Jerusalem shall be re-established (see Ezra 7 The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη There was a later battle at Tanagra during the Peloponnesian War; see Battle of Tanagra (426 BC. Athens retaliated by a sudden advance upon Boeotia, and after the victory at the Battle of Oenophyta took control of the whole country except the capital. The Battle of Oenophyta took place between Athens and the Boeotian City-states in 457 BC during the First Peloponnesian War. For ten years the land remained under Athenian control, which was exercised through the newly installed democracies; but in 447 BC the people revolted, and after a victory at the Battle of Coronea regained their independence. Events By place Greece Pericles leads Athenian forces in the expulsion of barbarians from the Thracian peninsula of The Battle of Coronea took place between the Athenian -led Delian League and the Boeotian League in 447 BC during the First Peloponnesian

In the Peloponnesian War the Boeotians fought zealously against Athens. Though slightly estranged from Sparta after the peace of Nicias, they never abated their enmity against their neighbours. The Peace of Nicias was a peace Treaty signed between the Greek City-states of Athens and Sparta in the March of 421 BC, They rendered good service at Syracuse and at the Battle of Arginusae in the closing years of the Pelopennesian War; but their greatest achievement was the decisive victory at the Battle of Delium over the Athenian army (424 BC), in which both their heavy infantry and their cavalry displayed unusual efficiency and the Battle of Tanagra in 423 BC in which the Spartans helped to defeat the Athenians. Syracuse (Siracusa Sicilian: Sarausa, Classical Greek: / transliterated Syrakousai) is a historic City in The naval Battle of Arginusae took place in 406 BC during the Peloponnesian War just east of the island of Lesbos. The Battle of Delium or of Delion took place in 424 BC between the Athenians and the Boeotians and ended with the siege of Delium Events By place Persian empire Xerxes II rules as King of Persia for only about 45 days until he is killed The Battle of Tanagra was a battle in the Peloponnesian War in 426 BC between Athens and Tanagra. Events By place Persian empire Ochus, Satrap of Hyrcania and son of Artaxerxes I and a Babylonian concubine The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη However, two months later, the Athenians regrouped and defeated Thebes at the Battle of Oenophyta and took control of Boeotia, taking down the wall the Spartans had built. The Battle of Oenophyta took place between Athens and the Boeotian City-states in 457 BC during the First Peloponnesian War. With the victory the Athenians also occupied Phocis, the original source of the conflict and the Opuntian Locris. Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture The Locrians (Λοκροί were an ancient Greek tribe in Greece. ^[3]

About this time the Boeotian League comprised eleven groups of sovereign cities and associated townships, each of which elected one Boeotarch or minister of war and foreign affairs, contributed sixty delegates to the federal council at Thebes, and supplied a contingent of about a thousand foot and a hundred horse to the federal army. A safeguard against undue encroachment on the part of the central government was provided in the councils of the individual cities, to which all important questions of policy had to be submitted for ratification. These local councils, to which the propertied classes alone were eligible, were subdivided into four sections, resembling the prytaneis of the Athenian council, which took it in turns to vote on all new measures. The Prytaneis were the executives of the boule of Ancient Athens.

Boeotia took a prominent part in the war of the Corinthian League against Sparta, especially at Haliartus and the Battle of Coronea (395-394 BC). The League of Corinth, also sometimes referred to as Hellenic League (original name Hellenes - 'The Greeks' was a federation of Greek states created by Philip The Battle of Coronea in 394 BC was a battle in the Corinthian War, in which the Spartans and their allies under King Agesilaus II defeated a force Events By place Persian Empire The Persian Satrap Tissaphernes ' enemy Parysatis, mother of Cyrus Events By place Greece The allies Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos, gather a large army at Corinth This change of policy seems due mainly to the national resentment against foreign interference. Yet disaffection against Thebes was now growing rife, and Sparta fostered this feeling by stipulating for the complete independence of all the cities in the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC). Events By place Greece Antalcidas, commander of the Spartan navy actively assists Persia against Athens In 374 BC Pelopidas restored the Theban dominion and their control was never significantly challenged again. Events By Place Greece Athens tries to retire from the Theban-Spartan war and makes peace with Sparta. For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Pelopidas (skipper.

Boeotian contingents fought in all the campaigns of Epaminondas against the Spartans, most notably at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, and in the later wars against Phocis (356-346 BC); while in the dealings with Philip of Macedon the cities merely followed Thebes. Epaminondas ( Greek:) (ca 418 BC&ndash362 BC was a Theban General and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek The Battle of Leuctra (or Leuktra was a battle fought between the Thebans and the Spartans and their respective allies amidst the post- Corinthian War conflict Events By place Greece A fresh peace congress is summoned at Sparta. Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture Events By place Persian Empire Having blamed the defeats by Philip II in Thessaly and Chalcidice on his colleagues Chares is Events By place Greece The Peace of Philocrates is signed between Macedonia and Athens. Philip was the name of several Macedonian monarchs Philip I of Macedon (ruled 640–602 BC The federal constitution was also brought into accord with the democratic governments now prevalent throughout the land. The sovereign power was vested in the popular assembly, which elected the Boeotarchs (between seven and twelve in number), and sanctioned all laws. After the Battle of Chaeroneia, in which the Boeotian heavy infantry once again distinguished itself, the land never rose again to prosperity. The Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC, fought near Chaeronea, in Boeotia, was the greatest victory of Philip II of Macedon.

The destruction of Thebes by Alexander the Great (335 BC) seems to have removed the political energy of the Boeotians. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Events By place Greece Returning to Macedonia by way of Delphi (where the Pythian priestess acclaims him "invincible" They never again pursued an independent policy, but followed the lead of protecting powers. Though military training and organization continued, the people proved unable to defend the frontiers, and the land became more than ever the "dancing-ground of Ares". Though enrolled for a short time in the Aetolian League (about 245 BC) Boeotia was generally loyal to Macedon, and supported its later kings against Rome. Events By place Egypt Babylon and Susa fall to the Egyptian armies of Ptolemy III. Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Rome dissolved the league, which, however, was allowed to revive under Augustus, and merged with the other central Greek federations in the Achaean synod. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern The death-blow to the country's prosperity was given by the devastations during the First Mithridatic War. The First Mithridatic War ( 90 &ndash 85 BC) was a conflict fought between the Kingdom of Pontus and revolting Greek cities -Athens being the most prominent-

Pejorative term

Boeotia came to be proverbial for the stupidity of its inhabitants (OED), probably because of Athens' proud assertion of its cultural superiority compared to its rural neighbours.

Natives of Boeotia

• Epaminondas
• Gorgidas
• Hesiod
• Pelopidas
• Pindar
• Plutarch
• Narcissus (mythology)
• Bakis
• Luke the Evangelist (Traditional location of death)

See also

• Aeolic Greek

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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