Boeing 747
707 · 717 · 727 · 737 · 747 · 757 · 767 · 777 · 787
Virgin Atlantic Airways Boeing 747-400
Type	Wide-body jet airliner
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Boeing Commercial Airplanes
Maiden flight	9 February 1969[1]
Introduction	1970 with Pan Am and TWA[1]
Status	Active
Primary users	British Airways Japan Airlines Cathay Pacific Korean Air
Produced	1969–present
Number built	1,402 as of April 2008[2]
Unit cost	747-100 US$24 million (1967) 747-200 $39 million (1976) 747-300 $83 million (1982) 747-400 $228-260 million (2007)[3] 747-8 $285. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout wide-body aircraft is a large Airliner with twin aisles and typically a fuselage diameter of 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 ft A jet airliner, sometimes contracted to jetliner, is a passenger Airplane (passenger Aeroplane) that is powered by Jet engines. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Boeing Commercial Airplanes is a unit of The Boeing Company, based in Renton, Washington consisting of the Seattle -based former Boeing The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Trans World Airlines ( TWA) renamed TWA Airlines LLC in 2001 was a major U British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe ( or JAL, is an airline of Japan It is one of the largest Airline operators in Asia. Cathay Pacific Airways Limited () is the largest Airline and Flag carrier of Hong Kong. Korean Air Lines Co Ltd ( Operating as Korean Air, is the national and largest Airline of South Korea; its global headquarters The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5-300 million (2007)[3][4]
Variants	Boeing 747SP Boeing VC-25 Boeing 747-400 Boeing 747-8 Boeing 747 LCF

The Boeing 747, often referred to by the nickname "Jumbo Jet",^[5][6] is among the world's most recognizable aircraft,^[7] and was the first wide-body commercial airliner ever produced. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 The Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter ( LCF) known as the Dreamlifter, is a modified Boeing 747-400 used exclusively for transporting aircraft wide-body aircraft is a large Airliner with twin aisles and typically a fuselage diameter of 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 ft An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707,^[8] one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E Boeing Commercial Airplanes is a unit of The Boeing Company, based in Renton, Washington consisting of the Seattle -based former Boeing WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The aircraft's wingspan is actually longer than the length of the Wright Brothers' first flight. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout First flown commercially in 1970, it held the passenger capacity record for 37 years, until it was surpassed by the Airbus A380. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

The four-engine 747 uses a double deck configuration for part of its length. A Double-deck aircraft has two decks for passengers the second deck may be only a partial deck and may be above or below the main deck It is available in passenger, freighter and other versions. The 747's hump created by the upper deck allows for a front cargo door on freighter versions, and serves as additional seating in most versions. The 747-400, the latest version in service, is among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid 85 (567 mph or 913 km/h). It has an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles (8,350 mi or 13,450 km). A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. ^[9] The 747-400 passenger version can accommodate 416 passengers in a typical three-class layout or 524 passengers in a typical two-class layout. A travel class is a quality of accommodation on public Transport.

The 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold because of the development of supersonic airliners,^[10] but exceeded its critics' expectations with production passing the 1,000 mark in 1993. A supersonic transport (SST is a civil Aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the Speed of sound. ^[11] As of April 2008, 1,402 aircraft had been built, with 122 more in various configurations on order. ^[2] The latest version of the aircraft, the 747-8, is scheduled to enter service in 2009. The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 ^[12]

Development

Background

In 1963, the US Air Force started a series of study projects on a very large "strategic" transport aircraft. Although the C-141 Starlifter was in the process of being introduced, they felt that a much larger and more capable aircraft was needed, especially the capability to carry "outsized" cargo that would not fit in any existing aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout These studies led to the "CX-X" (Cargo, Experimental, no number) design that called for a load capacity of 180,000 pounds (81,600 kg) and a speed of Mach 0. 75 (500 mph/805 km/h), and an unrefueled range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,260 km) with a payload of 115,000 pounds (52,200 kg). The payload bay had to be 17 feet (5. 18 m) wide by 13. 5 feet (4. 11 m) high and 100 feet (30. 5 m) long with access through doors at the front and rear.

The initial design was met by a series of proposals featuring six engines. However the designs were all considered not enough of an advance over the C-141 to be worthwhile committing to development. A new set of criteria was finalized and an official Request for Proposal was sent out on 27 April 1964 for the "Heavy Logistics System" (CX-HLS). Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Featuring only four engines, the design also required new engine designs with greatly increased power and better fuel economy. On 18 May 1964, airframe proposals arrived from Boeing, Douglas, General Dynamics, Lockheed and Martin Marietta; while engine proposals were submitted by General Electric, Curtiss-Wright and Pratt and Whitney. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. After a downselect, Boeing, Douglas and Lockheed were given additional study contracts for the airframe, along with General Electric and Pratt and Whitney for the engines. ^[13]

All three of the airframe proposals shared a number of features, but one in particular would become iconic on the 747. As the CX-HLS aircraft was designed to carry heavy cargo, a cockpit at a conventional location in the nose represented a serious risk during a crash landing, as the cargo would move forward and potentially crush the pilots. All of the companies took this problem into account by moving the cockpit above the cargo area; Douglas had a small "pod" just forward and above the wing, Lockheed used a long "spine" running the length of the aircraft with the wing spar passing through it, while Boeing blended the two, with a longer pod that ran from just behind the nose to just behind the wing. ^[14]

In 1965 Lockheed's aircraft design and General Electric's engine design were selected for the new transport, the C-5 Galaxy. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Airliner proposal

The 747 was conceived while air travel was increasing in the 1960s. The era of commercial jet transportation, led by the enormous popularity of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, had revolutionized long-distance travel. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[15] Even before it lost the CX-HLS contract, Boeing was pressed by Juan Trippe, president of Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), one of its most important airline customers, to build a passenger airplane more than twice the size of the 707. Juan Terry Trippe ( June 27 1899 – April 3 1981) was a US Airline Entrepreneur and pioneer and the During this time, airport congestion, worsened by increasing numbers of passengers carried on relatively small planes, became a problem that Trippe thought could be addressed by a large new aircraft. ^[16]

In 1965, Joe Sutter was transferred from Boeing's 737 development team to manage the studies for a new airliner, already assigned the model number 747. Joseph F "Joe" Sutter was an Engineer for the Boeing Airplane Company and chief engineer for the Boeing 747. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[17] Sutter initiated a design study with Pan Am and other airlines, in order to better understand their requirements. At the time, it was widely thought that the 747 would eventually be superseded by supersonic transport aircraft. A supersonic transport (SST is a civil Aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the Speed of sound. ^[18] Boeing responded by designing the 747 so that it could be adapted easily to carry freight and remain in production even if sales of the passenger version declined. In the freighter role, the clear need was to support the containerized shipping methodologies that were being widely introduced at about the same time. Containerization (or containerisation) is a system of Intermodal freight transport Cargo Transport using standard ISO containers Standard containers are 8 feet square at the front (slightly higher due to attachment points) and either 20 or 40 feet long. This meant that it would be possible to support a 2-wide 2-high stack of containers two or three ranks deep with a fuselage size similar to the earlier CX-HLS project.

In April 1966, Pan Am ordered twenty-five 747-100 aircraft for US$525 million. During the ceremonial 747 contract-signing banquet in Seattle on Boeing's 50th Anniversary, Juan Trippe predicted that the 747 would be ". . . a great weapon for peace, competing with intercontinental missiles for mankind's destiny", according to Malcolm T. Stamper, one of the senior management for the 747 program at the time. Malcolm Stamper, the longest serving President in Boeing ’s history is best known for leading 50000 people in the race to build the 747 jetliner ^[7] As launch customer,^[1][19] and because of its early involvement before placing a formal order, Pan Am was able to influence the design and development of the 747 to an extent unmatched by a single airline before or since. ^[20]

Design effort

Ultimately, the high-winged CX-HLS Boeing design was not used for the 747, although technologies developed for their bid had an influence. ^[21] The original design included a full-length double-deck fuselage with rows of eight-across seating and two aisles on the lower deck and seven-across seating and two aisles on the upper deck. ^[22] However, concern over evacuation routes and limited cargo-carrying capability caused this idea to be scrapped in early 1966 in favor of a wider single deck design. ^[1] The cockpit was, therefore, placed on a shortened upper deck so that a freight-loading door could be included in the nose cone; this design feature produced the 747's distinctive "bulge". ^[23] In early models it was not clear what to do with the small space in the pod behind the cockpit, and this was initially specified as a "lounge" area with no permanent seating.

One of the principal technologies that enabled an airplane as large as the 747 to be conceived was the high-bypass turbofan engine. A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine ^[24] The engine technology was thought to be capable of delivering double the power of the earlier turbojets while consuming a third less fuel. TurboJET (噴射飛航 is the brand name for the operations of the Hong Kong -based Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management Limited (信德中旅船務管理有限公司 General Electric had pioneered the concept but was committed to developing the engine for the C-5 Galaxy and did not enter the commercial market until later. GE Aviation, a subsidiary of General Electric, is headquartered in Evendale Ohio (a Cincinnati suburb WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[25][26] Pratt & Whitney was also working on the same principle and, by late 1966, Boeing, Pan-Am and Pratt & Whitney agreed to develop a new engine, designated JT9D, to power the 747. Pratt & Whitney is an American Aircraft engine manufacturer of products widely used in both civil and military aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[26]

The project was designed with a new methodology called fault tree analysis, which allowed the effects of a failure of a single part to be studied to determine its impact on other systems. Fault tree analysis (FTA is a failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is analyzed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events ^[1] To address concerns about safety and flyability, the 747's design included structural redundancy, redundant hydraulic systems, quadruple main landing gear and dual control surfaces. For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering ^[27] Additionally, some of the most advanced high-lift devices used in the industry were included in the new design, in order to allow it to operate from existing airports. In Aircraft design high-lift devices are a variety of mechanisms intended to add lift during certain portions of flight These included leading-edge slats running almost the entire length of the wing, as well as complex three-part slotted flaps along the rear. Slats is also a nickname for Australian cricketer Michael Slater, and NHL executive Glen Sather Slats are Aerodynamic The wing's low mounting allows the flaps to capture airflow under them, increasing ground effects. Aircraft may be affected by a number of ground effects, aerodynamic effects due to a flying body's proximity to the ground

Boeing agreed to deliver the first 747 to Pan Am by the end of 1969. The delivery date left 28 months to design the aircraft, which was two-thirds the normal time. ^[28] The schedule was so fast that the people who worked on it were given the nickname "The Incredibles". ^[29] Developing the aircraft was such a technical and financial challenge that management was said to have "bet the company" when it started the project. ^[1]

Production plant

Because Boeing did not have a plant large enough to assemble the giant airliner, it chose to build a new one. The Museum of Flight is a private non-profit air and space Museum at King County International Airport/Boeing Field in Tukwila Washington Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The company considered locations in about 50 cities,^[30] and eventually decided to build the new plant some 30 miles (48 km) north of Seattle on a site adjoining a military base at Paine Field near Everett, Washington. Paine Field, also known as Snohomish County Airport is located between Mukilteo, Washington and Everett, Washington. Everett is the County seat and largest city in Snohomish County, Washington located north of Seattle. ^[31] It bought the 780 acre (316 hectare) site in June 1966. ^[32]

Developing the 747 had been a major challenge, and building its assembly plant was also a huge undertaking. Boeing president William M. Allen asked Malcolm T. William McPherson Allen (1900 - 1985 was a US Aircraft Businessman. Stamper, then head of the company's turbine division, to oversee construction of the Everett factory and to start production of the 747. The Boeing Company 's Everett Washington Factory is where Boeing 747s 767s 777s and the new 787 Dreamliner are built ^[33] To level the site, more than 4 million cubic yards (3. 1 million m³) of earth had to be moved. ^[34] Time was so short that the 747's full-scale mock-up was built before the factory roof above it was finished. ^[35] The plant is the largest building by volume ever built. ^[31]

Development and testing

Before the first 747 was fully assembled, testing began on many components and systems. One important test involved evacuation of 560 volunteers from a cabin mock-up via the plane's emergency chutes. The first full-scale evacuation took two and a half minutes instead of the maximum of 90 seconds mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration, and several volunteers were injured. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Subsequent test evacuations achieved the 90-second goal but caused more injuries. Most problematic was evacuation from the airplane's upper deck; volunteer passengers, instead of using a conventional slide, escaped by using a harness attached to a reel. ^[36]

Boeing built an unusual training device known as "Waddell's Wagon" (named for a 747 test pilot, Jack Waddell) that consisted of a mock-up cockpit mounted on the roof of a truck. While the first 747s were still being built, the device allowed pilots to practice taxi maneuvers from a high upper-deck position. ^[37]

On 30 September 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the Everett assembly building before the world's press and representatives of the 26 airlines that had ordered the plane. Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as stewards air hosts/hostesses or stewardesses) are members of an Aircrew Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[38]

Over the following months, preparations were made for the first flight, which took place on 9 February 1969, with test pilots Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle at the controls^[39][40] and Jess Wallick at the flight engineer's station. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Despite a minor problem with one of the flaps, the flight confirmed that the 747 handled extremely well. The plane was found to be largely immune to "Dutch roll", a phenomenon that had been a major hazard to the early swept-wing jets. Dutch roll is a type of Aircraft motion consisting of an out-of- phase combination of "tail-wagging" and rocking from side to side ^[41]

During later stages of the flight test program, flutter testing showed that the wings suffered oscillation under certain conditions. Aeroelasticity is the science which studies the interaction among inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces This difficulty was partly solved by reducing the stiffness of some wing components. However, a particularly severe high-speed flutter problem was solved only by inserting depleted uranium counterweights as ballast in the outboard engine nacelles of the early 747s. Depleted uranium (DU is Uranium primarily composed of the Isotope Uranium-238 (U-238 The word nacelle is derived from the Old French nacele, which means a small Boat or Dinghy, which was in turn derived from the ^[42] This measure caused anxiety when these aircraft crashed, as did China Airlines Flight 358 at Wanli in 1991 and El Al Flight 1862 at Amsterdam in 1992. China Airlines Flight 358 was a Boeing 747-2R7F freighter plane that crashed on December 29, 1991 shortly after takeoff from Wanli ( is a rural township in the northeastern part of Taipei County, Taiwan. On October 4, 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo plane of the Israeli airline El Al, crashed into the Groeneveen and Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west ^[43][44]

The flight test program was hampered by problems with the plane's JT9D engines. Flight test is a branch of Aeronautical engineering that develops and gathers data during flight of an aircraft and then analyses the data to evaluate the flight characteristics Difficulties included engine stalls caused by rapid movements of the throttles and distortion of the turbine casings after a short period of service. ^[45] The problems delayed 747 deliveries for several months and stranded up to 20 planes at the Everett plant while they awaited engine installation. ^[46] The program was further delayed when one of the five test aircraft suffered serious damage during a landing attempt at Renton Municipal Airport, site of Boeing's Renton plant. Renton is a city in King County, Washington, United States. A suburb situated 13 miles (21 km southeast of Seattle Washington, Renton The test aircraft was being taken to have its test equipment removed and a cabin installed when pilot Ralph C. Cokely undershot the short runway and sheared off the 747's landing gear. ^[47] However, these difficulties did not prevent Boeing from taking one of the test aircraft to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969, where it was displayed to the general public for the first time. The Paris Air Show ( Salon International de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Paris-Le Bourget) is an international trade fair for the aerospace business ^[48] The 747 achieved its FAA airworthiness certificate in December 1969, making it ready for introduction into service. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of ^[49]

The huge cost of developing the 747 and building the Everett factory meant that Boeing had to borrow heavily from a banking syndicate. During the final months before delivery of the first airplane, the company had to repeatedly request additional funding to complete the project. Had this been refused, Boeing's survival would have been threatened. ^[50][19] Ultimately, the gamble succeeded, and Boeing held a monopoly in very large passenger aircraft production for many years. ^[51]

Entry into service

On 15 January 1970, First Lady of the United States Pat Nixon christened Pan Am's first 747 at Dulles International Airport (later renamed Washington Dulles International Airport) in the presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Thelma Catherine " Pat " Ryan Nixon (March 16 1912 &ndash June 22 1993 was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United Washington Dulles International Airport is a public Airport located 25 miles (40 km) west of the Central business district of Washington D Najeeb Halaby (نجيب إلياس حلبي November 19 1915 - July 2 2003) was a U Instead of champagne, red, white and blue water was sprayed on the plane. The 747 entered service on 22 January 1970, on Pan Am's New York–London route;^[52] the flight had been planned for the evening of 21 January, but engine overheating made the original airplane unusable. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Finding a substitute delayed the flight by more than six hours to the following day. ^[53]

The 747 enjoyed a fairly smooth introduction into service, overcoming concerns that some airports would not be able to accommodate an airplane that large. ^[54] Though technical problems occurred, they were relatively minor and quickly solved. ^[55] After the aircraft's introduction with Pan Am, other airlines that had bought the 747 in order to stay competitive began to put their own planes into service. ^[56][57] Boeing estimated that half of the early 747 sales were to airlines requiring the airplane's long range rather than its payload capacity. ^[58] But though the 747 had the lowest potential operating cost per seat, this could only be achieved when the aircraft was fully loaded; costs per seat increased rapidly as occupancy declined. Fuel consumption for a moderately loaded 747, one with only 70 percent of its seats occupied, used more than 95 percent of the fuel needed by a fully occupied 747. ^[59]

When economic problems in the United States and other countries after the 1973 oil crisis led to reduced passenger traffic, several airlines found they did not have enough passengers to fly the 747 economically, and they replaced them with the smaller and recently introduced McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar wide bodies^[60] (and later the twinjet 767 and A300). The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A twinjet is a Jet aircraft powered by two engines There are two common configurations of the engines one sees either engine slung under a wing and the other sees WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Having tried replacing coach seats on its 747s with piano bars in an attempt to attract more customers, American Airlines eventually relegated its 747s to cargo service and in 1983 exchanged them with Pan Am for smaller aircraft;^[61] Delta Airlines also removed its 747s from service after several years. Delta Air Lines Inc ( is a United States Airline based and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. ^[62]

International flights that bypassed traditional hub airports and landed at smaller cities became more common throughout the 1980s, and this eroded the 747's original market. ^[63] However, many international carriers continued to use the 747 on Pacific routes. ^[64] In Japan, 747s on domestic routes are configured to carry close to the maximum passenger capacity. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[65]

The 747 rapidly achieved iconic status, appearing in various film productions such as the Airport series of disaster films, Air Force One and Executive Decision. An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. G-BDXJ is the registration of a Boeing 747-236B aircraft purchased by British Airways in 1980 and after retirement found a new life as a film prop Airport 1975 is a 1974 Disaster film and the first sequel to the successful 1970 hit Airport. Air Force One is a 1997 action thriller film starring Harrison Ford and Gary Oldman, and featuring Glenn Close Executive Decision is a 1996 Action film, directed by Stuart Baird and starring Kurt Russell, Halle Berry, John Leguizamo ^[66][67]

Further developments

After the initial 747-100 model, Boeing developed the higher Maximum Takeoff Weight -100B variant and higher passenger capacity -100SR (Short Range) variant. The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off ^[68] Increased maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) can allow an aircraft to carry more fuel and have longer range. ^[69] The -200 model followed, entering service in 1971. It featured more powerful engines and higher takeoff weight. Passenger, freighter and combination passenger-freighter versions were produced. ^[68] The shortened 747SP (special performance) with a longer range was also developed in the mid-1970s. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[70]

The 747 line was further developed with the launching of the 747-300 in 1980. The -300 resulted from Boeing studies to increase the seating capacity of the 747. Solutions such as fuselage plugs and extending the upper deck over the entire length of the fuselage were rejected. The early designation of the -300 was 747SUD for "stretched upper deck" then 747-200 SUD,^[71] followed by 747EUD, before the 747-300 designation was used. ^[72] The 300 model was first produced in 1983. It included a stretched upper deck (SUD), increased cruise speed and increased seating capacity. Passenger, short range and combination freighter-passenger versions were produced. ^[68]

In 1985, development of the longer range 747-400 was begun. ^[73] The new variant had a new glass cockpit, which allowed for a cockpit crew of two instead of three. A glass cockpit is an Aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. ^[74] Development cost soared, and production delays occurred as new technologies were incorporated at the request of airlines. Insufficient workforce experience and reliance on overtime contributed to early production problems on the 747-400. ^[1] The -400 entered service in 1989. ^[75]

Since the arrival of the 747-400, several stretching schemes for the 747 have been proposed. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Boeing announced the larger 747-500X and -600X designs in 1996. ^[76] The new variants would have cost more than $5 billion to develop,^[76] and interest was not sufficient to launch the program. ^[77] Boeing offered the more modest 747X and 747X stretch derivatives in 2000 as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout However, the 747X family was unable to attract enough interest to enter production. Boeing switched from the 747X studies to pursue the Sonic Cruiser in 2001^[78] and, after the Sonic Cruiser program was put on hold, the 787. The Boeing Sonic Cruiser was a Subsonic concept aircraft proposed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in 2001. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[79] Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[80] After several variants were proposed but later abandoned, some industry observers became skeptical of new aircraft proposals from Boeing. ^[81] However, in early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar in nature to the 747-X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from the 787 to modernize the design and its systems.

On 14 November 2005, Boeing announced it was launching the 747 Advanced as the Boeing 747-8. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 ^[82] Long delays in production of the Airbus A380 helped the 747-8 order book. Two Airbus customers signed additional 747-8 orders;^[83][84] two customers cancelled their A380 orders, and several launch customers deferred delivery or considered switching to the 747-8 and 777F aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[85][86]

The 747 remained the largest passenger airliner in service until the Airbus A380 began airline service in 2007. An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[87] In 1991, a record-breaking 1,087 passengers were airlifted aboard a 747 to Israel as part of Operation Solomon. Operation Solomon was a 1991 covert Israeli military operation to take Ethiopian Jews to Israel ^[88] The 747 was the heaviest airliner in regular service until the use of the Antonov An-124 Ruslan in 1982. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The 747-400ER model regained that distinction in 2000. The Antonov An-225 cargo transport remains the world's largest aircraft by several measures (including the most accepted measures of maximum gross takeoff weight and length). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A cargo aircraft (also known as freighters or freight aircraft) is an Fixed-wing aircraft designed or converted for the carriage of goods rather The Hughes H-4 Hercules is the largest aircraft by wingspan, but it only flew once. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip ^[89] Only two An-225 aircraft have been produced, and only one is still flying as of 2007, while the 747 and A380 are made for serial mass production.

Some 747 aircraft have been converted for special uses. A 747-100 owned by General Electric is used as a testbed for their engines^[90][91] such as General Electric GEnx. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[92] A firefighting prototype has been constructed by Evergreen International. ^[90] Eventually, the 747 may be replaced by a new design dubbed "Y3". Yellowstone is a Boeing Commercial Airplanes project to replace its entire civil aircraft portfolio with advanced technology aircraft

Design

The Boeing 747 is a large, wide-body (two-aisle) airliner with four wing-mounted engines. The wings have a high sweep angle of 37. A swept-wing is a wing Planform common on high-speed Aircraft, with the wing swept back instead of being set at right angles to the Fuselage. 5 degrees for a fast, efficient cruise^[93] of Mach 0. 84 to 0. 88, depending on the variant. The sweep also allows the 747 to use existing hangars. A hangar is an enclosed structure to hold Aircraft in protective storage ^[1][94] Seating capacity is more than 366 with a 3-4-3 seat arrangement (a cross section of 3 seats, an aisle, 4 seats, another aisle, and 3 seats) in economy class and a 2-3-2 arrangement in first class on the main deck. The upper deck has a 3-3 seat arrangement in economy class and a 2-2 arrangement in first class. ^[95]

Raised above the main deck, the cockpit creates a hump. Section 41 is the forward portion of a Boeing aircraft from the nose to aft of the cockpit. The raised cockpit is to allow front loading of cargo on freight variants. ^[93] The upper deck behind the cockpit provides space for a lounge or extra seating. The "stretched upper deck" became available as an option on the 747-100B variant and later as standard on the 747-300.

The 747's maximum takeoff weight ranges from 735,000 pounds (333,400 kg) for the -100 to 970,000 lb (439,985 kg) for the -8. Cargolux Airlines International SA, Trading as Cargolux, is a Cargo airline based in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Its range has increased from 5,300 nautical miles (6,100 mi, 9,800 km) on the -100 to 8,000 nmi (9,200 mi, 14,815 km) on the -8I. ^[96][97]

The 747 has multiple structural redundancy including four redundant hydraulic systems and four main landing gears with 16 wheels, which provide a good spread of support on the ground and safety in case of tire blow-outs. For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering The redundant main gear allows for landing on two opposing landing gears if the others do not function properly. ^[98] In addition, the 747 has split control surfaces and sophisticated triple-slotted flaps that minimize landing speeds and allow the plane to use standard-length runways. Flaps are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings of a Fixed-wing aircraft. ^[99] For transportation of spare engines, early 747s could accommodate a non-functioning fifth-pod engine under the port wing of the aircraft between the nearest functioning engine and the fuselage. ^[100][101]

Variants

The 747-100 was the original variant launched in 1966. The 747-200 soon followed, with an order in 1968. The 747-300 was launched in 1980 and was followed in 1985 by the 747-400. Lastly, the 747-8 was announced in 2005. Several versions of each variant have been produced. Many of the early variants were in production simultaneously.

747-100

The first 747-100s were built with six upper-deck windows (three per side) to accommodate upstairs lounge areas. Later, as airlines began to use the upper-deck for premium passenger seating instead of lounge space, Boeing offered a 10-window upper deck as an option. Some -100s were retrofitted with the new configuration. ^[102]

A 747-100B version, which has a stronger airframe and undercarriage design as well as an increased maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 750,000 pounds (340,000 kg) was offered. The 747-100B was delivered only to Iran Air and Saudia (now Saudi Arabian Airlines). Iran Air ( is the Flag carrier Airline of Iran, based in Tehran. ^[103] Optional engine models were offered by Rolls-Royce (RB211) and GE (CF6), but only Saudia ordered the Rolls-Royce option. Rolls-Royce plc ( is a British Aircraft engine maker and the second-largest in the world behind GE Aviation. The Rolls-Royce RB211 is a family of high-bypass Turbofan engines made by Rolls-Royce plc and capable of generating 37400 to 60600 pounds-force (166 GE Aviation, a subsidiary of General Electric, is headquartered in Evendale Ohio (a Cincinnati suburb WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Saudi Arabian Airlines ( Arabic: الخطوط الجوية العربية السعودية is the national Airline of Saudi Arabia, based ^[104]

No freighter version of this model was developed by Boeing. However, 747-100s have been converted to freighters. ^[105] A total of 250 -100s (all versions, including the 747SP) were produced; the last one was delivered in 1986. ^[106] Of these, 167 were 747-100, 45 were SP, 29 were SR and 9 were 100B. ^[107]

747-100SR

Responding to requests from Japanese airlines, Boeing developed the 747-100SR as a "short range" variant of the 747-100. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The SR has a lower fuel capacity but can carry more passengers, up to 498 in early versions and more than 550 in later models,^[68] because of increased economy class seating. The 747SR has a modified body structure to accommodate the added stress accumulated from a greater number of takeoffs and landings. ^[108] The -100SR entered service with Japan Airlines (then Japan Air Lines) on 7 October 1973. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ^[32] Specifically, the SR has extra structural support at the wings, fuselage, and the landing gear along with a 20% reduction in fuel capacity. ^[109] Later, short range versions of the -100B and the -300 were also developed. The SR airplanes are used primarily on domestic flights in Japan. ^[110]

Two 747-100B/SRs were delivered to Japan Airlines (JAL) with a stretched upper deck to accommodate more passengers. ( or JAL, is an airline of Japan It is one of the largest Airline operators in Asia. This modification is known as the "SUD" (stretched upper deck). ^[111][112]

All Nippon Airways (ANA) operated 747SRs on domestic Japanese routes with 455 or 456 seats but retired the last aircraft on 10 March 2006. also known as or ANA, is an airline headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[113] JAL operated the 747-100B/SR/SUD variant with 563 seats on domestic routes, and retired these planes in the third quarter of 2006. JAL and JALways have operated the -300SRs on domestic leisure routes and to other parts of Asia. is an Airline subsidiary of Japan Airlines. It operates more than 200 flights each week with daily scheduled flights from three airports in Japan to Bangkok

747SP

Main article: Boeing 747SP

The 747SP is 48 feet 4 inches (14. 7 m) shorter than the 747-100. Except for the planned 747-8, the SP is the only 747 with a fuselage of modified length. The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 Fuselage sections were eliminated fore and aft of the wing, and the center section of the fuselage was redesigned. Single-slotted flaps replaced the complex triple-slotted Fowler flaps of the 100 series. ^[114] The under-wing "canoes", which housed the flap mechanisms on full-size 747s, were eliminated entirely on the SP. ^[115] The 747SP, compared to earlier variants, had a tapering of the aft upper fuselage into the empennage, a double-hinged rudder, and longer vertical and horizontal stabilizers. Empennage émpənij is an Aviation term used to describe the Tail portion of an Aircraft. ^[116]

The Boeing 747SP was granted a supplemental certificate on 4 February 1976 and entered service with Pan American World Airways, the launch customer, that same year. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[115] The aircraft was chosen by airlines wishing to serve major airports with short runways. ^[117]

A total of forty-five 747SPs were built. ^[118] The 44th 747SP was delivered on 30 August 1982. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Boeing re-opened the 747SP production line to build one last 747SP five years later in 1987 for an order by the United Arab Emirates government. ^[115] As of August 2007, 17 Boeing 747SP aircraft were in service with Iran Air (3), Saudi Arabian Airlines (1), Syrian Arab Airlines (2) and as executive versions. Iran Air ( is the Flag carrier Airline of Iran, based in Tehran. Saudi Arabian Airlines ( Arabic: الخطوط الجوية العربية السعودية is the national Airline of Saudi Arabia, based Syrian Arab Airlines ( Arabic: مؤسسة الطيران العربية السورية alternative name Syrianair (السورية is the Flag carrier NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center has one modified for the SOFIA experiment. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC located inside Edwards Air Force Base, is an aeronautical research center operated by NASA. The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA is a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR ^[119]

747-200

The 747-200 has more powerful engines, higher takeoff weights (MTOW), and range than the -100. A few early -200s retained the three-window configuration of the -100 on the upper deck, but most were built with a 10-window configuration on each side. ^[120]

Several versions in addition to the -200 were produced. Air France (formally Société Air France) is one of the world's largest Airlines Air France is based in Paris, France, and is a subsidiary of The 747-200B is an improved version of the 747-200, with increased fuel capacity and more powerful engines; it first entered service in February 1971. ^[121] The -200B aircraft has a full load range of about 6,857 nmi (12,700 km). The 747-200F is the freighter version of the -200 model. It could be fitted with or without a side cargo door. ^[121] It has a capacity of 105 tons (95. 3 tonnes) and an MTOW of up to 833,000 lb (378,000 kg). It entered first service in 1972 with Lufthansa. ^[122] The 747-200C Convertible is a version that can be converted between a passenger and a freighter or used in mixed configurations. ^[68] The seats are removable, and the model has a nose cargo door. ^[121] The -200C could be fitted with an optional side cargo door on the main deck. ^[123]

The 747-200M is a combination version that has a side cargo door on the main deck and can carry freight in the rear section of the main deck. A removable partition on the main deck separates the cargo area at the rear from the passengers at the front. This model can carry up to 238 passengers in a 3-class configuration if cargo is carried on the main deck. The model is also known as the 747-200 Combi. ^[121] As on the -100, a stretched upper deck (SUD) modification was later offered. A total of 10 converted 747-200s were operated by KLM. ^[121] UTA French Airlines also had two of these aircraft converted. ^[124][125]

A total of 393 of the -200 versions had been built when production ended in 1991. ^[126] Of these, 225 were 747-200s, 73 were 747-200F, 13 were 747-200C, 78 were 747-200M, and 4 were military. ^[127]

Many 747-200s are still in operation, although most large carriers have retired them from their fleets and sold them to smaller operators. Large carriers have speeded up fleet retirement following the September 11th attacks, scrapping some or turning others into freighters. ^[128][129]

747-300

The most visible difference between the -300 and previous models was a stretched upper deck with two new emergency exit doors and an optional flight-crew rest area immediately aft of the flight deck as standard. Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA ( Urdu: پی آئی اے or پاکستان is an Airline subsidiary of Japan Airlines. It operates more than 200 flights each week with daily scheduled flights from three airports in Japan to Bangkok (The stretched upper deck had previously been offered as a retrofit and first appeared on two Japanese 747-100 SR models. ^[130]) Compared to the -200, the upper deck is 23 feet 4 inches (7. 11 m) longer than the -200. ^[130] A new straight stairway to the upper deck instead of a spiral staircase is another difference between the -300 and earlier variants. ^[68] The staircase creates room below and above for more seats. With minor aerodynamic changes, Boeing increased the cruise speed of the -300 to Mach 0. 85 from Mach 0. 84 on the -100/-200. ^[130] The -300 features the same takeoff weight. Two of the three engine choices from the -200 were unchanged in the -300, but the General Electric CF6-80C2B1 was offered instead of the CF6-50E2 offered on the -200. ^[68]

The 747-300 name, which was proposed for a variant that was never launched, was revived for this new version, which was introduced in 1980. Swissair ordered the first 747-300 on 11 June 1980. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) ^[131] The 747-300 first flew on 5 October 1982. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Swissair was the first customer to accept delivery on 23 March 1983. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) ^[32]

In addition to the passenger version, other versions were available. The 747-300M has cargo capacity in the rear portion of the main deck similar to the -200M, but with the stretched upper deck it can carry more passengers. ^[132] The 747-300SR is a short range version to meet the need for a high-capacity domestic model. Japan Airlines operated such aircraft with more than 600 seats on the Okinawa–Tokyo route and elsewhere. Boeing never launched a newly built freighter version of the 747-300, but it modified used passenger -300 models into freighters starting in 2000. ^[133]

A total of 81 aircraft were ordered, 56 for passenger use, 21 -300M and 4 -300SR versions. ^[134] The 747-300 was soon superseded by the launch of the more advanced 747-400 in 1985, just two years after the -300 entered service. ^[135] The last 747-300 was delivered in September 1990 to Sabena. ^[68][136]

Today, most -300 aircraft are still active, despite a significant loss of interest in the series amongst large carriers who have since sold them to other smaller airlines. A few of these aircraft have surprisingly been converted to cargo operations, though none of any -300s have been delivered new as freighters. Carriers still using these aircraft include Japan Airlines, Qantas, Air India and Saudi Arabian Airlines. ( or JAL, is an airline of Japan It is one of the largest Airline operators in Asia. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Air India Limited ( एअर इंडिया) is the national Airline of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services Saudi Arabian Airlines ( Arabic: الخطوط الجوية العربية السعودية is the national Airline of Saudi Arabia, based

747-400

Main article: Boeing 747-400

The 747-400 is an improved model with increased range. It has wing-tip extensions of 6 ft (1. 8 m), winglets of 6 ft (1. Wingtip devices are usually intended to improve the efficiency of Fixed-wing aircraft. 8 m), and a new glass cockpit designed for a flight crew of two instead of three. The use of electronics reduced the number of dials, gauges and knobs from 971 to 365. It has tail fuel tanks, revised engines and a new interior. The longer range was used by some airlines to bypass traditional fuel stops, such as Anchorage. ^[137] The -400 was offered in passenger (400), freighter (400F), combi (400C), domestic (400D), extended range passenger (400ER) and extended range freighter (400ERF) versions. The freighter version does not have an extended upper deck. ^[138] The 747-400D was built for short range operations and does not include winglets, but these can be retrofitted. ^[139]

The passenger version first entered service in February 1989 with Northwest Airlines on the Minneapolis to Phoenix route. Air New Zealand Limited (, Air New Zealand is a scheduled passenger Airline based in Auckland, New Zealand, and the national Flag carrier Northwest Airlines Inc (often abbreviated NWA) is the principal subsidiary ^[75] The combi version entered service in September 1989 with KLM. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation The freighter version entered service in November 1993 with Cargolux. Cargolux Airlines International SA, Trading as Cargolux, is a Cargo airline based in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. The 747-400ERF entered service in October 2002 and the 747-400ER entered service the following month with Qantas,^[140] the only airline ever to order the passenger version. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia.

The last passenger version of the 747-400 was delivered in April 2005. Boeing announced in March 2007 that it had no plans to produce further passenger versions of the -400. ^[141] However, orders for 36 -400F and -400ERF freighters were already in place at the time of the announcement. ^[141]

In October 2007, a total of 670 of the 747-400 series aircraft had been delivered. ^[142] At various times, the largest 747-400 operator has been Singapore Airlines,^[143] Japan Airlines,^[143] and British Airways. Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the ^[144]

747 LCF Dreamlifter

Main article: Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter

The 747-400 Dreamlifter^[145] (originally called the 747 Large Cargo Freighter or LCF^[146]) is a Boeing-designed modification of existing 747-400s to a larger configuration to ferry Boeing 787 sub-assemblies to the Boeing plant in Everett, Washington, for final assembly. The Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter ( LCF) known as the Dreamlifter, is a modified Boeing 747-400 used exclusively for transporting aircraft WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Evergreen Aviation Technologies Corporation is completing modifications of 747-400s into Dreamlifters in Taiwan. The aircraft flew for the first time on 9 September 2006. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[147] The Dreamlifter's only intended purpose is to transport sub-assemblies for the Boeing 787. ^[148] The aircraft is certified to carry only essential crew and not passengers. ^[149] Two aircraft have been built, and two more are on order. ^[146]

747-8

Main article: Boeing 747-8

Boeing announced a new 747 variant, the 747-8 (referred to as the 747 Advanced prior to launch) on November 14, 2005, which will use the same engine and cockpit technology as the 787. The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout (It was decided to call it the 747-8 because of the technology it will share with the 787 Dreamliner. ) Plans call for the new design to be quieter, more economical and more environmentally friendly. The 747-8 is stretched to add more payload capacity. This involves lengthening from 232 to 251 feet (70. 8 to 76. 4 m), surpassing the Airbus A340-600 to become the world's longest airliner. ^[150]

The passenger version, dubbed 747-8 Intercontinental or 747-8I, will be able to carry up to 467 passengers in a 3-class configuration and fly more than 8,000 nmi (15,000 km) at Mach 0. Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid 855. As a derivative of the already common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training and interchangeable parts. ^[151] The 747-8I is scheduled to enter service in 2010. ^[152]

Also offered is the 747-8 Freighter or 747-8F, which derives from the 747-400ERF. The 747-8F can accommodate 154 tons (140 tonnes) of cargo. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. To aid loading and unloading, it features an overhead nose-door. It has 16 percent more payload capacity than the 747-400F and can hold seven additional standard air cargo containers. The 747-8F is scheduled to enter service in 2009. ^[153]

As of December 2007, there were 78 firm orders for the Boeing 747-8F, from Cathay Pacific (10), Atlas Air (12), Nippon Cargo Airlines (14), Cargolux (13), Emirates SkyCargo (10), Volga-Dnepr (5), Guggenheim Aviation Partners (4) and Korean Air (5). Cathay Pacific Airways Limited () is the largest Airline and Flag carrier of Hong Kong. Atlas Air is an American Cargo airline based in Purchase New York, United States. or NCA, is a Cargo airline based in Tokyo, Japan. It operates scheduled cargo services in Asia and to Europe and the North Cargolux Airlines International SA, Trading as Cargolux, is a Cargo airline based in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Korean Air Lines Co Ltd ( Operating as Korean Air, is the national and largest Airline of South Korea; its global headquarters A total of 25 firm orders had been placed for the Boeing 747-8I; of these, 5 were from Boeing Business Jet and 20 from Lufthansa. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[154]

Government and military variants

• C-19 – The U. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The, or JASDF, is the Aviation branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces responsible for the defense of Japanese Airspace and other aerospace S. Air Force gave this designation to the 747-100s used by some U. S. airlines and modified for use in the Civil Reserve Airlift Fleet. ^[155]
• VC-25 – This aircraft is the U. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout S. Air Force Very Important Person (VIP) version of the 747-200B. The U. S. Air Force operates two of them in VIP configuration as the VC-25A. A Very Important Person, or VIP is a person who is accorded special privileges due to his or her status or importance Tail numbers 28000 and 29000 are popularly known as Air Force One, which is technically the air-traffic call sign for any United States Air Force aircraft carrying the U.S. President. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Although based on the 747-200B design, they contain many of the innovations introduced on the 747-400, such as an updated flight deck and engines. Partially completed aircraft from Everett, Washington, were flown to Wichita, Kansas, for final assembly, in contrast with civilian aircraft, which are completed in Everett.
• E-4B – Formerly known as the National Emergency Airborne Command Post (referred to colloquially as "Kneecap"), this aircraft is now referred to as the National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
• YAL-1 – This is the experimental Airborne Laser, a component of the National Missile Defense plan. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout National missile defense (NMD as a generic term is a type of Missile defense: a military strategy and associated systems to shield an entire country against incoming
• Shuttle Carrier Aircraft – Two 747s were modified to carry the Space Shuttle. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States One is a 747-100 (N905NA), acquired in 1974 from American Airlines; the other is a 747-100SR (N911NA), acquired from Japan Airlines in 1988. It first carried a shuttle in 1991.
• A number of other governments also use the 747 as a VIP transport, including Bahrain, Brunei, India, Iran, Japan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Some nations maintain one or more special aircraft to transport their heads of state and government For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Some nations maintain one or more special aircraft to transport their heads of state and government The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Several new Boeing 747-8s have been ordered by Boeing Business Jet for conversion to VIP transport for several unidentified customers. The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[156]
• C-33 – This aircraft was a proposed U. The Boeing C-33 is the US military designation for Boeing 747-400 series intended to augment the C-17 Globemaster III fleet but the plan was cancelled in favor of S. military version of the 747-400 intended to augment the C-17 fleet. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The plan was canceled in favor of additional C-17 military transports.
• KC-33A – A proposed 747 was also adapted as an aerial refueling tanker and was bid against the DC-10-30 during the 1970s Advanced Cargo Transport Aircraft (ACTA) program that produced the KC-10A Extender. Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is Before the Khomeini-led revolution, Iran bought four 747-100 aircraft with air-refueling boom conversions to support a fleet of F-4 Phantoms. Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 ^[157][158] It is unknown whether these aircraft remain usable as tankers. Since then, other proposals have emerged for adaptation of later 747-400 aircraft for this role. ^[157]
• 747 CMCA – This variant was considered by the U. S. Air Force as a Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft during the development of the B-1 Lancer strategic bomber. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It would have been equipped with 50 to 100 AGM-86 ALCM cruise missiles on rotary launchers. The Boeing AGM-86 ALCM ( AGM-86A, AGM-86B and AGM-86C) is an American Subsonic air-launched Cruise missile A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow This plan was abandoned in favor of more conventional strategic bombers. ^[159]

Undeveloped variants

Boeing has studied a number of 747 variants that have not gone beyond the concept stage.

747-300 Trijet

During the 1970s, Boeing studied the development of a shorter body, three-engined 747 to compete with the smaller L-1011 TriStar and DC-10, which had lower trip costs than the 747SP. The 747-300 Trijet would have had more payload, range and passenger capacity. The center engine would have been fitted in the tail with an S-duct intake similar to the L-1011's. However, engineering studies showed that a time-consuming and costly redesign of the 747 wing would be necessary. ^[160]

747-500X, -600X and -700X

Boeing announced the 747-500X and -600X at the 1996 Farnborough Air Show. ^[76] The proposed models would have combined the 747's fuselage with a new 251 ft (77 m) span wing derived from the 777. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Other changes included adding more powerful engines and increasing the number of tires from two to four on the nose landing gear and from 16 to 20 on the main landing gear. ^[161]

The 747-500X concept featured an 18 ft (5. 5 m) stretch to 250 ft (76. 2 m) long, and the aircraft was to carry 462 passengers over a range up to 8,700 nautical miles (10,000 mi, 16,100 km), with a gross weight of over 1. 0 Mlb (450 Mg). Mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, 1000000 (one Million This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. ^[161] The 747-600X concept featured a greater stretch to 279 ft (85 m) with seating for 548 passengers, a range of up to 7,700 nmi (8,900 mi, 14,300 km), and a gross weight of 1. 2 Mlb (540 Mg). ^[161] A third study concept, the 747-700X, would have combined the wing of the 747-600X with a widened fuselage, allowing it to carry 650 passengers over the same range as a 747-400. ^[76] The cost of the changes from previous 747 models, in particular the new wing for the 747-500X and -600X, was estimated to be more than $5 billion. ^[76] Boeing was not able to attract enough interest to launch the aircraft. ^[77]

747X and 747X Stretch

As Airbus progressed with its A3XX study, Boeing in 2000 offered the market a 747 derivative as an alternative. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This was a more modest proposal than the previous -500X and -600X that would retain the 747's overall wing design and add a segment at the root, increasing the span to 229 ft (69. 8 m). ^[162] Power would have been supplied by either the Engine Alliance GP7172 or the Rolls-Royce Trent 600, which were also proposed for the 767-400ERX. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[163] A new flight deck based on the 777's would be used. The 747X aircraft was to carry 430 passengers over ranges of up to 8,700 nmi (10,000 mi, 16,100 km). The 747X Stretch would be extended to 263 ft (80. 2 m) long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers over ranges of up to 7,800 nmi (9,000 mi, 14,500 km). ^[162] Both would feature an interior based on the 777's signature architecture. ^[164] Freighter versions of the 747X and 747X Stretch were also studied. ^[165]

Like its predecessor, the 747X family was unable to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. The Boeing Sonic Cruiser was a Subsonic concept aircraft proposed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in 2001. ^[78] Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing 747-400. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[166]

747-400XQLR

After the end of the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements that could be made to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long Range) was meant to have an increased range of 7,980 nmi (9,200 mi, 14,800 km), with improvements to improve efficiency and reduce noise. ^[167] Improvements studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER and a sawtooth engine nacelle for noise reduction. ^[168] Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were used for the 747 Advanced, which has now been launched as the 747-8. The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005

Accidents and incidents

Main article: Boeing 747 hull losses

As of May 2007, a total of 45 hull-loss accidents involving 747s had occurred,^[169] and these had caused 3,707 fatalities. A total of 47 Boeing 747 aircraft have been involved in accidents and incidents resulting in the complete destruction of the aircraft or it being declared as damaged beyond economical Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. An aviation accident is defined in the International Civil Aviation Organization Annex 13 ^[170]

Very few crashes have been attributed to design flaws of the 747. The Tenerife disaster resulted from pilot error, air traffic control (ATC) error and communications failure, while the Japan Airlines Flight 123 crash stemmed from improper aircraft repair. Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a Japan Airlines domestic flight from Tokyo International Airport (Haneda to Osaka International Airport (Itami United Airlines Flight 811, which suffered an explosive decompression mid-flight on 24 February 1989, led the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) to issue a recommendation that 747-200 cargo doors similar to those on the Flight 811 aircraft be modified. United Airlines Flight 811 experienced a cargo door failure in flight on Friday 24 February 1989 after its last stopover at Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB is an independent U Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by the Soviets in 1983 after it had strayed into Soviet territory, caused President Reagan to authorize the then strictly military Global Positioning System (GPS) for civilian use. Korean Air Lines Flight 007, also known as KAL 007, was a Korean Air Lines civilian Airliner shot down by Soviet jet interceptors Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth TWA Flight 800, a 747-100 that exploded in midair on 17 July 1996, led the Federal Aviation Administration to propose a rule requiring installation of an inerting system in the center fuel tank of most large aircraft. Trans World Airlines (TWA Flight 800 was a scheduled international passenger flight from John F Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of An inerting system is a device that attempts to increase the safety of a fuel tank, Ball mill, or other sealed or closed-in tank that contains highly flammable material

Aircraft on display

Boeing 747 on display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Germany. The Technik Museum Speyer is a Museum in Speyer ( Rhineland-Palatinate) Germany.

Boeing 747 restaurant in Seoul, South Korea. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː

As increasing numbers of "classic" 747-100 and 747-200 series aircraft have been retired, some have found their way into museums or being converted into restaurants. The City of Everett, the first 747 and prototype is at the Museum of Flight, Seattle, Washington, USA where it is sometimes leased to Boeing for test purposes. The Museum of Flight is a private non-profit air and space Museum at King County International Airport/Boeing Field in Tukwila Washington Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[171]

Other 747s in museums include those at the National Aviation Theme Park Aviodrome, Lelystad, Netherlands; the Qantas Founders Outback Museum, Longreach, Queensland, Australia; Rand Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa; Technik Museum Speyer, Speyer, Germany; Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris, France; Tehran Aerospace Exhibition, Tehran, Iran; Jeongseok Aviation Center, Jeju, South Korea,^[172] and the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.^[173]

Specifications

Measurement	747-100	747-200B	747-300	747-400 747-400ER	747-8I
Cockpit Crew	Three			Two
Typical Seating capacity	452 (2-class) 366 (3-class)			524 (2-class) 416 (3-class)	467 (3-class)
Length	231 ft 10 in (70. The Nationaal Luchtvaart-Themapark Aviodrome (short also Aviodrome) is a large aerospace Museum in The Netherlands located on Lelystad Airport Lelystad ( is a Municipality and a City in the centre of the Netherlands, and it is the Capital of the Province of Flevoland The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Qantas Founders Outback Museum is a transport museum at Longreach, Queensland, Australia. Longreach is a Town located in central western Queensland, Australia and is approximately 700 kilometres from the coast west of Rockhampton Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Rand Airport is an Airport in Germiston, South Africa. It was constructed in the 1920s as the main airport for Johannesburg, but the city Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Technik Museum Speyer is a Museum in Speyer ( Rhineland-Palatinate) Germany. Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a City in Germany ( Rhineland-Palatinate) with approx Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (The Museum of Air and Space is a French Museum, located in the south-eastern edge of Le Bourget Airport, which is 10 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Jeju may refer to Jeju-do, an island of South Korea Jeju City, the biggest city on that island South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The National Air and Space Museum (NASM of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 6 m)				250 ft 8 in (76. 4 m)
Wingspan	195 ft 8 in (59. 6 m)			211 ft 5 in (64. 4 m)	224 ft 9 in (68. 5 m)
Height	63 ft 5 in (19. 3 m)			63 ft 8 in (19. 4 m)	63 ft 6 in (19. 4 m)
Weight empty	358,000 lb (162,400 kg)	383,000 lb (174,000 kg)	392,800 lb (178,100 kg)	393,263 lb (178,756 kg) ER: 406,900 lb (184,600 kg)	410,000 lb (185,972 kg)
Maximum takeoff weight	735,000 lb (333,390 kg)	833,000 lb (377,842 kg)		875,000 lb (396,890 kg) ER: 910,000 lb (412,775 kg)	970,000 lb (439,985 kg)
Cruising speed (at 35,000 ft altitude)	Mach 0. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass Takeoff is the phase of Flight in which an Aircraft goes through a transition from moving along the ground ( Taxiing) to flying in the air usually Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid 84 (555 mph, 895 km/h, 481 knots )			Mach 0. 85 (567 mph, 913 km/h, 487 kt) ER: Mach 0. 855 (570 mph, 918 km/h, 493 kt)	Mach 0. 855 (570 mph, 918 km/h, 493 kt)
Maximum speed	Mach 0. 89 (587 mph, 945 km/h, 510 kt)			Mach 0. 92 (608 mph, 977 km/h, 527 kt)
Takeoff run at MTOW	10,466 ft (3,190 m)		10,893 ft (3,320 m)	9,902 ft (3,018 m) ER: 10,138 ft (3,090 m)	10,138 ft (3,090 m)
Range fully loaded	5,300 nmi (9,800 km)	6,850 nmi (12,700 km)	6,700 nmi (12,400 km)	7,260 nmi (13,450 km) ER: 7,670 nmi (14,205 km)	8,000 nmi (14,815 km)
Max. A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. fuel capacity	48,445 U.S. gal (40,339 imp gal/183,380 L)	52,410 U. US customary units, also known in the United States as English units or Imperial units (in reference to the British Empire) (but see English Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824 The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. S. gal (43,640 imp gal/199,158 L)		57,285 U. S. gal (47,700 imp gal/216,840 L) ER: 63,705 U. S. gal (53,045 imp gal/241,140 L)	64,225 U. S. gal (53,478 imp gal/243,120 L)
Engine models (x 4)	PW JT9D-7A RR RB211-524B2	PW JT9D-7R4G2 GE CF6-50E2 RR RB211-524D4	PW JT9D-7R4G2 GE CF6-80C2B1 RR RB211-524D4	PW 4062 GE CF6-80C2B5F RR RB211-524G/H ER: GE CF6-80C2B5F	GEnx-2B67
Engine thrust (per engine)	PW 46,500 lbf (207 kN) RR 50,100 lbf (223 kN)	PW 54,750 lbf (244 kN) GE 52,500 lbf (234 kN) RR 53,000 lbf (236 kN)	PW 54,750 lbf (244 kN) GE 55,640 lbf (247 kN) RR 53,000 lbf (236 kN)	PW 63,300 lbf (282 kN) GE 62,100 lbf (276 kN) RR 59,500/60,600 lbf (265/270 kN) ER: GE 62,100 lbf (276 kN)	66,500 lbf (296 kN)

Sources: 747 specifications,^[174] 747 airport report^[175]

The 747 parasitic drag, C_DP, is 0. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Rolls-Royce RB211 is a family of high-bypass Turbofan engines made by Rolls-Royce plc and capable of generating 37400 to 60600 pounds-force (166 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Pratt & Whitney PW4000 is a family of high-bypass turbofan Aircraft Engines with certified Thrust ranging from 52000 to 99040 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This article deals with the unit of force For the unit of mass see Pound (mass. 022, and the wing area is 5,500 square feet (511 m²), so that f equals about 121 sq ft or 11. 2 m². The parasitic drag is given by ½ f ρ_air v² in which f is the product of drag coefficient C_Dp and the wing area. Parasitic drag (also called parasite drag) is drag caused by moving a solid object through a fluid ^[176]

Deliveries

2008	2007	2006	2005	2004	2003	2002	2001	2000	1999	1998	1997	1996	1995	1994	1993	1992	1991	1990	1989
6	16	14	13	15	19	27	31	25	47	53	39	26	25	40	56	61	64	70	45
1988	1987	1986	1985	1984	1983	1982	1981	1980	1979	1978	1977	1976	1975	1974	1973	1972	1971	1970	1969
24	23	35	24	16	22	26	53	73	67	32	20	27	21	22	30	30	69	92	4

• Data through April 2008. Updated on 9 May 2008. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[57]

See also

Comparable aircraft

• Airbus A380
• Airbus A340-600
• Antonov An-124
• C-5 Galaxy
  

Related lists

• List of Boeing 747 operators
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Boeing 747-8 e-brochure – Flash animation
• Boeing 747 product page
• Boeing 747 profile on FlightGlobal.com

Adobe Flash (previously called Shockwave Flash and Macromedia Flash) is a set of Multimedia software created by Macromedia and currently

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