Bobcat[1]
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Lynx Species: L. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre Felidae is the biological family of the cats a member of this family is called a felid. A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify rufus
Binomial name
Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)
Bobcat range
Synonyms
Felis rufus Schreber

The Bobcat (Lynx rufus) is a North American mammal of the cat family, Felidae. Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber ( Weißensee Thuringia, 1739 — Erlangen, 1810 was a German naturalist. In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Felidae is the biological family of the cats a member of this family is called a felid. With twelve recognized subspecies, it ranges from southern Canada to northern Mexico, including most of the continental United States. In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District The Bobcat is an adaptable predator that inhabits wooded areas, as well as semi-desert, urban edge, and swampland environments. It persists in much of its original range and populations are healthy.

With a gray to brown coat, whiskered face, and black-tufted ears, the Bobcat resembles the other species of the mid-sized Lynx genus. A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify It is smaller than the Canadian Lynx, with which it shares parts of its range, but is about twice as large as the domestic cat. The Canadian lynx ( Lynx canadensis) is a North American Mammal of the cat family Felidae. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic It has distinctive black bars on its forelegs and a black-tipped, stubby tail, from which it derives its name.

Though the Bobcat prefers rabbits and hares, it will hunt anything from insects and small rodents to deer. Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world Hares and jackrabbits are Leporids belonging to the Genus Lepus. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Prey selection depends on location and habitat, season, and abundance. Like most cats, the Bobcat is territorial and largely solitary, although there is some overlap in home ranges. It uses several methods to mark its territorial boundaries, including claw marks and deposits of urine or feces. The Bobcat breeds from winter into spring and has a gestation period of about two months.

Although the Bobcat has been subject to extensive hunting by humans, both for sport and fur, its population has proven resilient. The elusive predator features in Native American mythology and the folklore of European settlers. Like other religions Native American belief systems include many sacred narratives

Taxonomy

There had been debate over whether to classify this species as Lynx rufus or Felis rufus as part of a wider issue regarding whether the four species of Lynx should be given their own genus, or be placed as a subgenus of Felis. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. Felis is a Genus of cats in the family Felidae. The genus is composed of these species Chinese Mountain Cat, Felis ^[3][4] The Lynx genus is now accepted, and the Bobcat is listed as Lynx rufus in modern taxonomic sources.

Johnson et al. report that Lynx shared a clade with the Puma, Leopard Cat (Prionailurus), and Domestic Cat (Felis) lineages, dated to 7. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family Prionailurus is a Genus comprised of a number of Asian small Cats Cats usually considered to be members of this genus are 15 million years ago (mya); Lynx diverged first, approximately 3. In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". 24 mya. ^[5]

The Bobcat is believed to have evolved from the Eurasian Lynx, which crossed into North America by way of the Bering land bridge during the Pleistocene, with progenitors arriving as early as 2. The Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat native to European and Siberian forests where it is one of the predators The Bering land bridge was a Land bridge roughly 1000 miles (1600 km north to south at its greatest extent which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period 6 mya. ^[4] The first wave moved into the southern portion of North America, which was soon cut off from the north by glaciers. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. This population evolved into modern Bobcats around 20,000 years ago. A second population arrived from Asia and settled in the north, developing into the modern Canadian Lynx. ^[3] Hybridization between the Bobcat and the Canadian Lynx may sometimes occur (see felid hybrid). There are a number of hybrids between various Felid species This article deals with hybrids between the smaller felid species and those between smaller felids and ^[6]

Subspecies

Twelve Bobcat subspecies are currently recognised:

• L. rufus rufus (Schreber) – eastern and midwestern United States
• L. rufus gigas (Bangs) – northern New York to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
• L. rufus floridanus (Rafinesque) – southeastern United States and inland to the Mississippi valley, up to southwestern Missouri and southern Illinois
• L. rufus superiorensis (Peterson & Downing) – western Great Lakes area, including upper Michigan, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and most of Minnesota
• L. rufus baileyi (Merriam) – southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
• L. rufus californicus (Mearns) – California west of the Sierra Nevada
• L. rufus escuinipae (J. A. Allen) – central Mexico, with a northern extension along the west coast to southern Sonora
• L. rufus fasciatus (Rafinesque) – Oregon, Washington west of the Cascade Range, northwestern California, and southwestern British Columbia
• L. rufus oaxacensis (Goodwin) – Oaxaca
• L. rufus pallescens (Merriam) – northwestern United States and southern British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan
• L. rufus peninsularis (Thomas) – Baja California
• L. rufus texensis (Mearns) – western Louisiana, eastern Texas, south central Oklahoma, and south into Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Coahuila^[7][1]

The subspecies division has been challenged, given a lack of clear geographic breaks in the Bobcat range and the minor differences between subspecies. ^[8]

Physical characteristics

A Bobcat finds water in Tucson.

The Bobcat resembles other species of the Lynx genus but is on average the smallest of the four. Its coat is variable, though generally tan to grayish brown, with black streaks on the body and dark bars on the forelegs and tail. Its spotted patterning acts as camouflage. The ears are black-tipped and pointed, with short black tufts. There is generally an off-white color on the lips, chin, and underparts. Bobcats in the desert regions of the southwest have the lightest colored coats, while those in the northern, forested regions are darkest. Kittens are born well-furred and already have their spots. ^[9] A few melanistic Bobcats have been sighted and captured in Florida. Melanism μέλας is an increased amount of black or nearly black Pigmentation (as of Skin, Feathers or Hair) of an organism resulting from Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the They appear black, but may actually still exhibit a spot pattern. ^[10]

The face appears wide due to ruffs of extended hair beneath the ears. The fur is brittle but quite long and dense. The nose of the Bobcat is pinkish-red, and it has a base color of gray or yellowish- or brownish-red on its face, sides, and back. Bobcat eyes are yellow with black pupils. ^[11] The pupils are elongated vertically and will widen during nocturnal activity to maximize light reception. ^[12] The cat has sharp hearing and vision, and a good sense of smell. It is an excellent climber, and will swim when it needs to, but will normally avoid water. ^[13]

The adult male Bobcat is 28 to 47 inches (70–120 cm) long, averaging 36 inches (90 cm); this includes a stubby 4 to 7 inch (10–18 cm) tail,^[11] which has a "bobbed" appearance and gives the species its name. An adult stands about 14 or 15 inches (36–38 cm) at the shoulders. ^[9] Adult males usually range from 16 to 30 pounds (7–14 kg); females average about 20 pounds (9 kg). The Bobcat is muscular, and its hind legs are longer than its front legs, giving it a bobbing gait. At birth it weighs 0. 6 to 0. 75 pounds (280–340 g) and is about 10 inches (25 cm) in length. By its first year it will reach about 10 pounds (4. 5 kg). ^[13]

The cat is larger in its northern range and in open habitats. ^[14] A morphological size comparison study in the eastern United States found a divergence in the location of the largest male and female specimens, suggesting differing selection constraints for the sexes. The term morphology in Biology refers to the outward appearance ( Shape, Structure, Colour, Pattern) of an Organism Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of ^[15]

Behavior

The Bobcat is crepuscular (generally most active at twilight and dawn). Crepuscular is a term used to describe animals that are primarily active during Twilight, hence at Dawn and at Dusk. It keeps on the move from three hours before sunset until about midnight, and then again from before dawn until three hours after sunrise. Each night it will move from 2 to 7 miles (3–11 km) along its habitual route. ^[13] This behavior may vary seasonally, as Bobcats become more diurnal during fall and winter. In Animal behavior, diurnality indicates an Animal that is active during the Daytime and rests during the Night. This is a response to the activity of their prey, which are more active during the day in colder months. ^[12]

Social structure and home range

A Bobcat on the Calero Creek Trail

Bobcat activities are confined to well-defined territories, which vary in size depending on sex and the distribution of prey. The home range is marked with feces, urine scent, and by clawing prominent trees in the area. Territorial marking is Behavior used by Animals to identify their territory. In its territory the Bobcat will have numerous places of shelter: usually a main den, and several auxiliary shelters on the outer extent of its range, such as hollow logs, brush piles, thickets, or under rock ledges. Its den smells strongly of the Bobcat. ^[16]

The sizes of Bobcat home ranges vary significantly; a World Conservation Union (IUCN) summary of research suggests ranges anywhere from 0. 02 to 126 sq mi (0. 6 to 326 km²). The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand ^[14] One study in Kansas found resident males to have roughly an 8 sq mi (20 km²) range and females less than half that area. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Transient Bobcats were found to have both a larger (roughly 22 sq mi/57 km²) and less well-defined home range. Kittens had the smallest range at about 3 sq mi (7 km²). ^[17] Research has shown that dispersal from the natal range is most pronounced with males. Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth Offspring. ^[18]

Reports on seasonal variation in range size have been equivocal. One study found a large variation in male range sizes, from 16 sq mi (41 km²) in summer up to 40 sq mi (100 km²) in winter. ^[16] Another found that female Bobcats, especially those which were reproductively active, expanded their home range in winter, but that males merely shifted their range without expanding it, which was consistent with numerous earlier studies. ^[19] Other research in various American states has shown little or no seasonal variation. ^[17][20][21]

Like most felines, the Bobcat is largely solitary but ranges will often overlap. Unusually for a cat, males are more tolerant of overlap, while females rarely wander into others' ranges. ^[19] Given their smaller range sizes, two or more females may reside within a male's home range. When multiple male territories overlap a dominance hierarchy is often established resulting in the exclusion of some transients from favored areas.

In line with widely differing estimates of home range size, population density figures are divergent: anywhere from 1 to 38 Bobcats per 25 sq mi (65 km²) in one survey. ^[14] The average is estimated at one Bobcat per every 5 sq mi (13 km²), or slightly less. ^[16] A link has been observed between population density and sex ratio. One study noted that a dense, unharvested population in California had a sex ratio of 2. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. 1 males per female. When the density decreased, the sex ratio skewed to 0. 86 males per female. Another study observed a similar ratio, and suggested that males may be better able to cope with the increased competition, and that this would help limit reproduction until various factors lowered the density. ^[22]

Hunting and diet

The Snowshoe Hare is a principal prey species of the Bobcat. The Snowshoe Hare ( Lepus americanus) also called the Varying Hare, is a species of Hare found in North America. Rabbits and hares, along with rodents, are taken most often by the cat.

The Bobcat is able to go for long periods without food, but will eat heavily when prey is abundant. During lean periods, it will often prey on larger animals that it can kill and return to feed on later. The Bobcat hunts by stalking its prey and then ambushing it with a short chase or pounce. Its preference is for mammals about 1. 5 to 12. 5 pounds (0. 7 to 5. 7 kg). Its main prey varies by region. In the eastern United States it is cottontail rabbit species, and in the north it is the Snowshoe Hare. The Snowshoe Hare ( Lepus americanus) also called the Varying Hare, is a species of Hare found in North America. When these prey species exist together, as in New England, they are the primary food sources of the Bobcat. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the In the far south, the rabbits and hare are sometimes replaced by Cotton Rats as the primary food source. A cotton rat is any member of the Sigmodon genus of Rodents. They are called cotton rats because they build their Nests out of Cotton The Bobcat is an opportunistic predator that, unlike the more specialized Canadian Lynx, will readily vary its prey selection. A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example a Heterotroph ^[14] Research has shown that diet diversification positively correlates to a decline in numbers of the Bobcat's principal prey; the abundance of its main prey species is thus the main determinant of overall diet. ^[23]

The Bobcat hunts animals of different sizes, and will adjust its hunting techniques accordingly. With small animals, such as rodents, squirrels, birds, fish and insects, it will hunt in areas known to be abundant in prey, and will lie, crouch, or stand and wait for victims to wander close. It will then pounce, grabbing its prey with its sharp, retractable claws. For slightly larger animals, such as rabbits and hares, it will stalk from cover and wait until they come within 20 to 35 feet (6 to 10 m) before rushing in to attack. Less commonly it will feed on larger animals such as foxes, minks, skunks, small dogs and house cats. ^[16] Bobcats are also occasional hunters of livestock and poultry. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or While larger species such as cattle and horses are not known to be attacked, Bobcats do present a threat to smaller ruminants such as sheep and goats. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service, Bobcats killed 11,100 sheep in 2004, comprising 4. The National Agricultural Statistics Service or NASS is the statistical branch of the U 9% of all sheep predator deaths. ^[24] However, some amount of Bobcat predation may be misidentified, as Bobcats have been known to scavenge on the remains of livestock kills by other animals. Scavenging, or necrophagy, is a Carnivorous Feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes Corpses or Carrion that were killed ^[25]

It has been known to kill deer, especially in winter when smaller prey is scarce, or when deer populations become more abundant. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. One study in the Everglades showed a large majority of kills (33 of 39) were fawns, but that prey up to eight times the Bobcat's weight could be successfully taken. Everglades is also the name of a city in Collier County Florida A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. ^[26] It stalks the deer, often when the deer is lying down, then rushes in and grabs it by the neck before biting through the throat, base of the skull, or chest. On the rare occasions that a Bobcat kills a deer, it eats its fill and then buries the carcass under snow or leaves, often returning to it several times to feed. ^[16]

The Bobcat prey base overlaps with that of other mid-sized predators of a similar ecological niche. In Ecology, a niche (pronounced nich nēsh or nish A shorthand definition of niche is how an organism makes a living Research in Maine has shown little evidence of competitive relationships between the Bobcat and Coyote or Red Fox; separation distances and territory overlap appeared random amongst simultaneously monitored animals. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes) is a Mammal of the order Carnivora. ^[27] With the Canadian Lynx, however, the interspecific relationship affects distribution patterns: competitive exclusion by the Bobcat is likely to have prevented any further southward expansion of the range of its felid cousin. Interspecific competition, in Ecology, is a form of competition in which individuals of different Species vie for the same resource in an ecosystem ^[4]

Reproduction and life cycle

A captive Bobcat resting in a Sweetgum

Bobcats typically live to six or eight years of age, with a few reaching beyond ten. The longest they have been known to live is 16 years in the wild and 32 years in captivity. ^[22]

They generally begin breeding by their second summer, though females may start as early as their first year. In Biology, mating is the pairing of opposite- Sex or hermaphroditic Organisms for copulation and in Social animals also to raise their Sperm production begins each year by September or October, and the male will be fertile into the summer. A dominant male will travel with a female and mate with her several times, generally from winter until early spring; this varies by location, but most mating takes place during February and March. The pair may undertake a number of different behaviors, including bumping, chasing, and ambushing. Other males may be in attendance, but remain uninvolved. Once the male recognizes that the female is receptive, he grasps her in the typical felid neck grip. The female may later go on to mate with other males,^[16] and males will generally mate with several females. ^[28] During courtship, the otherwise silent Bobcat may let out loud screams, hisses, or other sounds. ^[29] Research in Texas has suggested that establishing a home range is necessary for breeding; studied animals with no set range had no identified offspring. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. ^[18] The female has an estrous cycle of 44 days, with the estrus lasting five to ten days. Oestrus is also the biological genus name of the gadfly. The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; derived from Latin Bobcats remain reproductively active throughout their lives. ^[28][12]

The female raises the young alone. One to six, but usually two to four, kittens are born in April or May, after roughly 60 to 70 days of gestation. Gestation is the carrying of an Embryo or Fetus inside a Female Viviparous Animal. There may sometimes be a second litter, with births as late as September. The female generally gives birth in some sort of enclosed space, usually a small cave or hollow log. The young open their eyes by the ninth or tenth day. They start exploring their surroundings at four weeks and are weaned at about two months. Within three to five months they begin to travel with their mother. ^[29] They will be hunting by themselves by fall of their first year and usually disperse shortly thereafter. ^[16] In Michigan, however, they have been observed staying with their mother as late as the next spring. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. ^[28]

Tracks

Bobcat tracks in mud. Note the hind print (top) partially covering the fore print (center).

Bobcat tracks show four toes without claw marks, due to their retractable claws. The tracks can range in size from 1 to 3 inches (2–8 cm); the average is about 1. 8 inches^[30] (as seen in photograph at left). When walking or trotting, the tracks are spaced roughly 8 to 18 inches (20–46 cm) apart. The Bobcat can make great strides when running, often from 4 to 8 feet (1–3 m). ^[31]

Like all cats, the Bobcat directly registers, meaning its hind prints usually fall exactly on top of its fore prints (not seen in photograph). Bobcat tracks can be generally distinguished from feral or house cat tracks by their larger size: approximately 2 square inches (13 cm²) versus 1½ square inches (10 cm²). A feral cat (or stray cat, alley cat) is a Cat which has been separated from Domestication through abandonment loss or running away and becomes ^[32]

Ecology

Skull of a Bobcat

The adult Bobcat has few predators other than man, although it may be killed in interspecific conflict. Cougars and Gray Wolves will kill adult Bobcats, a behavior repeatedly observed in Yellowstone National Park. The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora ^[33] Kittens may be taken by several predators including owls, eagles, Coyotes, foxes, as well as other adult male Bobcats; when prey populations are not abundant, fewer kittens are likely to reach adulthood.

Diseases, accidents, hunters, automobiles, and starvation are the other leading causes of death. Juveniles show high mortality shortly after leaving their mothers, while still perfecting their hunting technique. One study of 15 Bobcats showed yearly survival rates for both sexes averaged 0. 62, in line with other research suggesting rates of 0. 56 to 0. 67. ^[34] There have also been reports of cannibalism occurring when prey levels are low, but it is very rare and does not significantly influence the population. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος ^[22]

The Bobcat may harbor external parasites, mostly ticks and fleas, and will often carry the parasites of its prey, especially those of rabbits and squirrels. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Internal parasites (endoparasites) are especially common in Bobcats. One study found an average infection rate of 52% from Toxoplasma gondii, but with great regional variation. Toxoplasma gondii is a species of parasitic Protozoa in the Genus Toxoplasma. ^[35] One mite in particular, Lynxacarus morlani, has to date only been found on the Bobcat. It is still unclear how large a role parasites and diseases play in the mortality of the Bobcat, but they may account for greater mortality than starvation, accidents, and predation. ^[22]

Distribution and habitat

A Bobcat in urban surroundings. The species' range does not seem to be limited by human populations, as long as it can still find a suitable habitat

The Bobcat is an exceptionally adaptable animal. It prefers woodlands—deciduous, coniferous, or mixed—but unlike the other Lynx species it does not depend exclusively on the deep forest. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including It ranges from the humid swamps of Florida to rugged mountain areas. It will make its home near agricultural areas, if rocky ledges, swamps, or forested tracts are present, its spotted coat serving as camouflage. ^[16] The population of the Bobcat depends primarily on the population of its prey; other principal factors in the selection of habitat type include protection from severe weather, availability of resting and den sites, dense cover for hunting and escape, and freedom from disturbance. ^[8]

The Bobcat's range does not seem to be limited by human populations, as long as it can still find a suitable habitat; only large, intensively cultivated tracts are unsuitable for the species. ^[14] The animal may appear in backyards in "urban edge" environments, where human development intersects with natural habitats. ^[36] If chased by a dog it will usually climb up a tree. ^[16]

The historical range of the Bobcat was from southern Canada, throughout the United States, and as far south as the Mexican state of Oaxaca, and it still persists across much of this area. The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), in Spanish phonemically /oa'xaka/ named for its largest city, is one of the Range maps typically show a pocket of territory in the U. S. Midwest and parts of the Northeast where it is no longer thought to exist, including southern Minnesota, eastern South Dakota, Iowa, and much of Missouri, mostly due to habitat changes from modern agricultural practices. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee ^[16][14][12] While thought to no longer exist in western New York and Pennsylvania, multiple confirmed sightings of Bobcats (including dead specimens) have been recently reported in New York's Southern Tier and in central New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Southern Tier is a geographical term that refers to the counties of New York State west of the Central New York is a term used to broadly describe the central region of New York State, roughly including the following counties and cities ^[37]

Its population in Canada is limited due to both snow depth and the presence of the Canadian Lynx. The Bobcat does not tolerate deep snow, and will wait out heavy storms in sheltered areas;^[38] it lacks the large, padded feet of the Canadian Lynx and can not support its weight on snow as efficiently. The Bobcat is not entirely at a disadvantage where its range meets that of the larger felid: displacement of the Canadian Lynx by the aggressive Bobcat has been observed where they interact in Nova Scotia, while the clearing of coniferous forests for agriculture has led to a northward retreat of the Canadian Lynx's range to the advantage of the Bobcat. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's ^[14] In northern and central Mexico, the cat is found in dry scrubland and forests of pine and oak; its range ends at the tropical southern portion of the country. Scrubland is a Plant community characterized by scrub Vegetation. ^[14]

Conservation

The Bobcat population has seen declines in the American Midwest, but is generally stable and healthy

The Bobcat is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),^[39] which means it is not considered threatened with extinction, but that hunting and trading must be closely monitored. CITES (the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments drafted The animal is regulated in all three of its range countries and it is found in a number of protected areas of the United States, its principal territory. The Protected areas of the United States are managed by an array of different federal state tribal and local level authorities and receive widely varying levels ^[14] Estimates from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service placed Bobcat numbers between 700,000 and 1,500,000 in the U. S. in 1988, with increased range and population density suggesting even greater numbers in subsequent years; for these reasons, the U. S. has petitioned CITES to remove the cat from Appendix II. ^[8] Populations in Canada and Mexico remain stable and healthy. The IUCN lists it as a species of "least concern", noting that it is relatively widespread and abundant, but that information from southern Mexico is poor. Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category ^[2]

Today the species is considered endangered in Ohio and Indiana. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union It was removed from the threatened list of Illinois in 1999 and of Iowa in 2003. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. In Pennsylvania limited hunting and trapping is once again allowed, after having been banned from 1970 to 1999. The Bobcat also suffered population declines in New Jersey at the turn of the nineteenth century, mainly because of commercial and agricultural developments causing habitat fragmentation; by 1972, the Bobcat was given full legal protection, and was listed as endangered in the state in 1991. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. ^[12] L. rufus escuinipae, the subspecies found in Mexico, was for a time considered endangered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, but was delisted in 2005. ^[40]

The Bobcat has long been valued both for fur and sport; it has been hunted and trapped by humans, but has maintained a high population, even in the southern United States where it is extensively hunted. Indirectly, kittens are most vulnerable to hunting given their dependence on an adult female for the first few months of life. The 1970s and 1980s saw an unprecedented rise in price for Bobcat fur causing further interest in hunting, but by the early 1990s prices had dropped significantly. Fur clothing is Clothing made entirely of or partially of the Fur of animals ^[41] Regulated hunting still continues, with half of mortality of some populations being attributed to this cause. As a result, the rate of Bobcat deaths is skewed in winter, when hunting season is generally open. ^[22]

In mythology

In Native American mythology the Bobcat is often twinned with the figure of the Coyote in a theme of duality. Like other religions Native American belief systems include many sacred narratives Coyote is a Mythological character common to many Native American cultures based on the Coyote ( Canis latrans) animal ^[42] The lynx and Coyote are associated with the wind and fog, respectively—two elements representing opposites in Amerindian folklore. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. This basic story, in many variations, is found in the native cultures of North America (with parallels in South America), but they diverge in the telling. One version, which appears in the Nez Perce folklore for instance, represents the lynx and the Coyote as opposed, antithetical beings. The Nez Perce (ˌnɛzˈpɝs are a Tribe of Native Americans who live in the Pacific Northwest region ( Columbia River Plateau) of the United ^[43] However, another version represents them with equality and identicality. Claude Lévi-Strauss argues that the former concept, that of twins representing opposites, is an inherent theme in New World mythologies, but that they are not equally balanced figures, representing an open-ended dualism rather than the symmetric duality of Old World cultures. Claude Lévi-Strauss (klod levi stʁos born 28 November 1908 is a French Anthropologist. The latter notion then, Lévi-Strauss suggests, is the result of regular contact between Europeans and native cultures. Additionally, the version found in the Nez Perce story is of much greater complexity, while the version of equality seems to have lost the tale's original meaning. ^[44]

In a Shawnee tale, the Bobcat is outwitted by a rabbit, which gives rise to its spots. The Shawnee, or Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are a people native to North America. After trapping the rabbit in a tree, the Bobcat is persuaded to build a fire, only to have the embers scattered on its fur, leaving it singed with dark brown spots. ^[45] Mohave believed dreaming habitually of beings or objects would afford them their characteristics as supernatural powers. Mohave and Mojave are both tribally accepted and interchangeably used phonetic spellings for a Native American people known among themselves as the Dreaming of two deities, the Cougar and lynx, they thought, would grant them the superior hunting skills of other tribes. ^[46] European settlers to the Americas also admired the cat, both for its ferocity and grace, and in the United States it "rests prominently in the anthology of…national folklore. "^[47]

References