Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmissions over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices, creating wireless personal area networks (PANs). A personal area network ( PAN) is a Computer network used for Communication among Computer devices (including Telephones and Personal The intent behind the development of Bluetooth was the creation of a single digital wireless protocol, capable of connecting multiple devices and overcoming issues arising from synchronization of these devices. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, GPS receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles over a secure, globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 2. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. The industrial scientific and medical (ISM Radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial scientific and medical 4 GHz short-range radio frequency bandwidth. Radio frequency ( RF) is a Frequency or rate of Oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG is the body that oversees the development of Bluetooth standards and the licensing of the Bluetooth technologies The Bluetooth SIG consists of companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. ^[1]

Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Bluetooth profiles 1.2 List of applications 1.3 Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi in networking 1.3.1 Bluetooth Devices 1.3.2 Wi-Fi 2 Computer requirements 2.1 Operating system support 3 Specifications and features 3.1 Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B 3.2 Bluetooth 1.1 3.3 Bluetooth 1.2 3.4 Bluetooth 2.0 3.5 Bluetooth 2.1 3.6 Future of Bluetooth 3.6.1 High-speed Bluetooth 3.6.2 Bluetooth 3.0 3.6.3 Bluetooth Low Energy 4 Technical Information 4.1 Bluetooth Protocol Stack 4.1.1 Core Protocols 4.1.2 Cable Replacement Protocol 4.1.3 Telephony Control Protocol 4.1.4 Adopted Protocols 4.2 Communication and connection 4.3 Setting up connections 4.4 Pairing 4.5 Air interface 5 Security 5.1 Overview 5.2 Bluejacking 5.3 History of security concerns 5.3.1 2003 5.3.2 2004 5.3.3 2005 5.3.4 2006 5.3.5 2008 6 Health concerns 7 Origin of the name and the logo 8 Bluetooth Special Interest Group 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

Uses

Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. A transceiver is a device that has both a Transmitter and a receiver which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside ^[2] Bluetooth enables these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range. The devices use a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough. Bluetooth device class indicates the type of device and the supported services of which the information is transmitted during the discovery process. ^[3]

Class	Maximum Permitted Power mW(dBm)	Range (approximate)
Class 1	100 mW (20 dBm)	~100 meters
Class 2	2. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. For other uses see DBM (disambiguation dbm was the first of a family of simple Database engines originally written by Ken 5 mW (4 dBm)	~10 meters
Class 3	1 mW (0 dBm)	~1 meter

In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1 transceiver, compared to pure class 2 network. This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity and transmission power of Class 1 devices.

Version	Data Rate
Version 1. 2	1 Mbit/s
Version 2. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission 0 + EDR	3 Mbit/s
WiMedia Alliance (proposed)	53 - 480 Mbit/s

Bluetooth profiles

Main article: Bluetooth profile

In order to use Bluetooth, a device must be compatible with certain Bluetooth profiles. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission A Bluetooth profile is a wireless interface specification for Bluetooth -based communication between devices These define the possible applications and uses of the technology.

List of applications

More prevalent applications of Bluetooth include:

• Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a hands-free headset. A headset is a Headphone combined with a Microphone. Used in call centers and by people in telephone-intensive jobs headsets provide the equivalent functionality Handsfree is an adjective describing equipment that can be used without the use of hands (for example via voice commands or in a wider sense equipment which needs only limited use of A headset is a Headphone combined with a Microphone. Used in call centers and by people in telephone-intensive jobs headsets provide the equivalent functionality This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
• Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.
• Wireless communications with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) In Computing, a keyboard is an Input device partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys
• Transfer of files between devices with OBEX. OBEX (abbreviation of OBject EXchange, also termed IrOBEX) is a communications protocol that facilitates the exchange of binary objects between devices
• Transfer of contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with OBEX.
• Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices. In Telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232 is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting between a DTE ( Data Terminal Equipment Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth
• For controls where infrared was traditionally used. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of
• Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
• Two seventh-generation game consoles, Nintendo's Wii^[4] and Sony's PlayStation 3 use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.
• Dial-up internet access on personal computer or PDA using a data-capable mobile phone as a modem.

Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi in networking

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have different applications in today's offices, homes, and on the move: setting up networks, printing, or transferring presentations and files from PDAs to computers. Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used Both are versions of unlicensed spread spectrum technology. Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which Energy generated in a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the Frequency domain, resulting

Bluetooth differs from Wi-Fi in that the latter provides higher throughput and covers greater distances, but requires more expensive hardware and higher power consumption. Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used They use the same frequency range, but employ different modulation techniques. A frequency range or frequency band is a range of Wave frequencies. While Bluetooth is a replacement for a variety of applications, Wi-Fi is a replacement only for local area network access. Bluetooth can be thought of as wireless USB, whereas Wi-Fi is wireless Ethernet, both operating at much lower bandwidth than cable networking systems. Ethernet is a family of frame -based Computer networking technologies for Local area networks (LANs However, this analogy is not entirely accurate since any Bluetooth device can, in theory, host any other Bluetooth device—something that is not universal to USB devices, therefore it would resemble more a wireless FireWire. The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus Interface standard for high-speed communications and Isochronous real-time data transfer frequently

Bluetooth Devices

Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, printers, modems and headsets. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i. e. with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).

Bluetooth simplifies the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth devices advertise all of the services they provide. This makes using services easier because there is no longer a need to set up network addresses or permissions as in many other network.

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is more like a traditional Ethernet network, and requires configuration to set up shared resources, transmit files, and to set up audio links (for example, headsets and hands-free devices). Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used It uses the same radio frequencies as Bluetooth, but with higher power resulting in a stronger connection. Wi-Fi is sometimes called "wireless Ethernet. Ethernet is a family of frame -based Computer networking technologies for Local area networks (LANs " This description is accurate as it also provides an indication of its relative strengths and weaknesses. Wi-Fi requires more setup, but is better suited for operating full-scale networks because it enables a faster connection, better range from the base station, and better security than Bluetooths.

Computer requirements

A personal computer must have a Bluetooth adapter in order to be able to communicate with other Bluetooth devices (such as mobile phones, mice and keyboards). A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) In Computing, a keyboard is an Input device partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys While some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth adapter, others will require an external one in the form of a dongle. A desktop computer is a Personal computer (PC in a form intended for regular use at a single location as opposed to a mobile Laptop or portable computer A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. A dongle is a small piece of hardware that connects to a Computer.

Unlike its predecessor, IrDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth allows multiple devices to communicate with a computer over a single adapter. The Infrared Data Association ( IrDA) defines physical specifications Communications protocol standards for the short-range exchange of Data

Operating system support

For more details on this topic, see Bluetooth stack. A Bluetooth stack refers to an Implementation of the Bluetooth Protocol stack.

Apple has supported Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2 released in 2002. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Mac OS X version 102 “Jaguar” was the third major release of Mac OS X, Apple’s desktop and server Operating system. ^[5]

For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later releases have native support for Bluetooth. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft. ^[6] Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2.

Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks, BlueZ and Affix. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks A Bluetooth stack refers to an Implementation of the Bluetooth Protocol stack. A Bluetooth stack refers to an Implementation of the Bluetooth Protocol stack. An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word The BlueZ^[7] stack is included with most Linux kernels and it was originally developed by Qualcomm. A Bluetooth stack refers to an Implementation of the Bluetooth Protocol stack. Qualcomm ( is a wireless telecommunications research and development company based in San Diego California The Affix stack was developed by Nokia. An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/),,) is a Finnish multinational Communications Corporation, headquartered FreeBSD features Bluetooth support since its 5. FreeBSD is a Unix-like free Operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD branch through 0 release. NetBSD features Bluetooth support since its 4. NetBSD is a freely redistributable Open source version of the Unix -derivative Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD Computer Operating 0 release. Its Bluetooth stack has been ported to OpenBSD as well. OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer Operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD a Unix derivative developed at the

Specifications and features

The Bluetooth specification was developed in 1994 by Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson, who were working for Ericsson Mobile Platforms in Lund, Sweden. Ericsson ( Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson) () one of the largest Swedish companies is a leading provider of telecommunication and data communication systems (lɵnd is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105000 "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. ^[8] The specification is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using

The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG is the body that oversees the development of Bluetooth standards and the licensing of the Bluetooth technologies This article is about computer associations For political advocates see Interest group. The SIG was formally announced on May 20, 1998. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Today it has a membership of over 7000 companies worldwide. It was established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, and Nokia, and later joined by many other companies. Ericsson ( Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson) () one of the largest Swedish companies is a leading provider of telecommunication and data communication systems International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology ( is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/),,) is a Finnish multinational Communications Corporation, headquartered

Bluetooth 1. 0 and 1. 0B

Versions 1. 0 and 1. 0B had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable. Versions 1. 0 and 1. 0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth 1. 1

• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002. IEEE 80215 is the 15 th Working group of the IEEE 802 which specializes in Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network standards
• Many errors found in the 1. 0B specifications were fixed.
• Added support for non-encrypted channels.
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). In Telecommunications, Received Signal Strength Indication ( RSSI) is a measurement of the power present in a received Radio signal

Bluetooth 1. 2

This version is backward-compatible with 1. 1 and the major enhancements include the following:

• Faster Connection and Discovery
• Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using
• Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbit/s, as in 1. 1.
• Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better support for concurrent data transfer.
• Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for three-wire UART. A host controller interface (HCI is a register level Interface which allows a Host controller for USB or FireWire to communicate with the A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART and ˈjuːɑrt is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter" a piece of Computer
• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005. IEEE 80215 is the 15 th Working group of the IEEE 802 which specializes in Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network standards

Bluetooth 2. 0

This version, specified on November 10, 2004, is backward-compatible with 1. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 1. The main enhancement is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) of 3. 0 Mbit/s for both data (ACL) and voice (eSCO) packets. This has the following effects:^[9]

• Three times faster transmission speed—up to 10 times in certain cases (up to 2. 1 Mbit/s). In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission
• Lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle. In Telecommunications and Electronics, the term duty cycle is used to describe the fraction of time that a system is in an "active" state
• Simplification of multi-link scenarios due to more available bandwidth.

The practical data transfer rate is 2. 1 megabits per second and the basic signalling rate is about 3 megabits per second. ^[10] The "Bluetooth 2. 0 + EDR" specification given at the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) includes EDR and there is no specification "Bluetooth 2. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG is the body that oversees the development of Bluetooth standards and the licensing of the Bluetooth technologies 0" as used by many vendors. The HTC TyTN pocket PC phone, shows "Bluetooth 2. See also HTC Titan. The HTC TyTN (also known as the HTC Hermes and the HTC P4500 is an Internet -enabled Windows Mobile 0 without EDR" on its data sheet. ^[11] In many cases it is not clear whether a product claiming to support "Bluetooth 2. 0" actually supports the EDR higher transfer rate.

Bluetooth 2. 1

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2. 1 is fully backward-compatible with 1. 1, and was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on July 26, 2007. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[9] This specification includes the following features:

• Extended inquiry response: provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection. This information includes the name of the device, a list of services the device supports, as well as other information like the time of day, and pairing information.

• Sniff subrating: reduces the power consumption when devices are in the sniff low-power mode, especially on links with asymmetric data flows. Human interface devices (HID) are expected to benefit the most, with mouse and keyboard devices increasing the battery life by a factor of 3 to 10. A human interface device or HID is a type of Computer device that Interacts directly with and most often takes Input from It lets devices decide how long they will wait before sending keepalive messages to one another. Previous Bluetooth implementations featured keep alive message frequencies of up to several times per second. In contrast, the 2. 1 specification allows pairs of devices to negotiate this value between them to as infrequently as once every 5 or 10 seconds.

• Encryption Pause Resume: enables an encryption key to be refreshed, enabling much stronger encryption for connections that stay up for longer than 23. 3 hours (one Bluetooth day).

• Secure Simple Pairing: radically improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. It is expected that this feature will significantly increase the use of Bluetooth. ^[12]

• Near Field Communication (NFC) cooperation: automatic creation of secure Bluetooth connections when NFC radio interface is also available. Near Field Communication or NFC is a short-range High frequency wireless communication technology which enables the exchange of data between devices over about a 10 centimetre For example, a headset should be paired with a Bluetooth 2. 1 phone including NFC just by bringing the two devices close to each other (a few centimeters). Another example is automatic uploading of photos from a mobile phone or camera to a digital picture frame just by bringing the phone or camera close to the frame. ^[13][14]

Future of Bluetooth

• Broadcast Channel: enables Bluetooth information points. This will drive the adoption of Bluetooth into mobile phones, and enable advertising models based around users pulling information from the information points, and not based around the object push model that is used in a limited way today.

• Topology Management: enables the automatic configuration of the piconet topologies especially in scatternet situations that are becoming more common today. The original Piconet was a USB-style expansion port on RM Nimbus computers A scatternet is a type of ad-hoc Computer network consisting of two or more Piconets Both of the terms 'scatternet' and 'piconet' are typically applied to Bluetooth This should all be invisible to the users of the technology, while also making the technology just work.

• Alternate MAC PHY: enables the use of alternative MAC and PHY's for transporting Bluetooth profile data. In Computer networking a Media Access Control address ( MAC address) or Ethernet Hardware Address ( EHA) hardware address PHY (often ˈfaɪ "fye" is a common abbreviation for the Physical layer of the OSI model. The Bluetooth Radio will still be used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration, however when lots of data needs to be sent, the high speed alternate MAC PHY's will be used to transport the data. This means that the proven low power connection models of Bluetooth are used when the system is idle, and the low power per bit radios are used when lots of data needs to be sent.

• QoS improvements: enable audio and video data to be transmitted at a higher quality, especially when best effort traffic is being transmitted in the same piconet. The original Piconet was a USB-style expansion port on RM Nimbus computers

High-speed Bluetooth

On 28 March 2006, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group announced its selection of the WiMedia Alliance Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) version of UWB for integration with current Bluetooth wireless technology. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The WiMedia Alliance is a non-profit open industry association that promotes and enables the rapid adoption regulation standardization and multi-vendor interoperability of ultra-wideband

UWB integration will create a version of Bluetooth wireless technology with a high-speed/high-data-rate option. This new version of Bluetooth technology will meet the high-speed demands of synchronizing and transferring large amounts of data, as well as enabling high-quality video and audio applications for portable devices, multi-media projectors and television sets, and wireless VOIP.

At the same time, Bluetooth technology will continue catering to the needs of very low power applications such as mouse, keyboards, and mono headsets, enabling devices to select the most appropriate physical radio for the application requirements, thereby offering the best of both worlds.

Bluetooth 3. 0

The next version of Bluetooth after v2. 1, code-named Seattle (the version number of which is TBD) has many of the same features, but is most notable for plans to adopt ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology. Ultra-wideband (aka UWB, ultra-wide band, ultraband, etc is a radio technology that can be used at very low energy levels for short-range high-bandwidth This will allow Bluetooth use over UWB radio, enabling very fast data transfers of up to 480 Mbit/s, while building on the very low-power idle modes of Bluetooth.

Bluetooth Low Energy

On June 12, 2007, Nokia and Bluetooth SIG announced that Wibree will be a part of the Bluetooth specification as an ultra low power Bluetooth technology. Wibree is a Digital radio technology (intended to become an Open standard of Wireless communications designed for ultra low power consumption ( button ^[15] Expected use cases include watches displaying Caller ID information, sports sensors monitoring your heart rate during exercise, as well as medical devices. The Medical Devices Working Group is also creating a medical devices profile and associated protocols to enable this market. Battery life for devices using Bluetooth low energy technology is designed to be up to one year.

Technical Information

Bluetooth Protocol Stack

“Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable replacement protocols, telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols”. ^[16]

Core Protocols

Bluetooth’s core protocols form a five-layer stack, consisting of the following:

Bluetooth Radio – specifics details of the air interface, including frequency, frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmission power.

Baseband – concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing, packet format, timing, and power control.

Link Manager Protocol (LMP) – establishes the link setup between Bluetooth devices and manages ongoing links, including security aspects (e. g. authentication and encryption), and control and negotiation of baseband packet size

Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) – adapts the upper-layer protocols to the baseband layer, providing both connectionless and connection-oriented services.

Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) – handles device information, services, and queries for service characteristics between two or more Bluetooth devices.

Cable Replacement Protocol

Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is the cable replacement protocol used to create a virtual serial port used to make replacement of cable technologies transparent through minimal modification of existing devices. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 (formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer.

Telephony Control Protocol

Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, “TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices”[

Adopted Protocols

Adapted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth’s protocol stack. , allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) – Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link

TCP/IP/UDP – Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP protocol suite

Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX) – Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation

Wireless Application Environment / Wireless Application Protocol (WAE/WAP) – WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services. ^[17]

Communication and connection

A master Bluetooth device can communicate with up to seven devices. This network group of up to eight devices is called a piconet. The original Piconet was a USB-style expansion port on RM Nimbus computers

A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network, using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow one master device to interconnect with up to seven active devices. Up to 255 further devices can be inactive, or parked, which the master device can bring into active status at any time.

At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device, however, the devices can switch roles and the slave can become the master at any time. The master switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Round-robin (RR is one of the simplest Scheduling algorithms for processes in an Operating system, which assigns time slices to each process in equal portions (Simultaneous transmission from the master to multiple other devices is possible, but not used much. )

Bluetooth specification allows connecting two or more piconets together to form a scatternet, with some devices acting as a bridge by simultaneously playing the master role and the slave role in one piconet. A scatternet is a type of ad-hoc Computer network consisting of two or more Piconets Both of the terms 'scatternet' and 'piconet' are typically applied to Bluetooth

Many USB Bluetooth adapters are available, some of which also include an IrDA adapter. In Computing, adapter is a hardware device or software component that converts transmitted data from one presentation form to another The Infrared Data Association ( IrDA) defines physical specifications Communications protocol standards for the short-range exchange of Data Older (pre-2003) Bluetooth adapters, however, have limited services, offering only the Bluetooth Enumerator and a less-powerful Bluetooth Radio incarnation. Such devices can link computers with Bluetooth, but they do not offer much in the way of services that modern adapters do.

Setting up connections

Any Bluetooth device will transmit the following information on demand:

• Device name.
• Device class.
• List of services.
• Technical information, for example, device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset.

Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows the address of the device, it always responds to direct connection requests and transmits the information shown in the list above if requested. Use of device services may require pairing or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated by any device and held until it goes out of range. Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting to them prevents them from connecting to other devices and appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the other device.

Every device has a unique 48-bit address. However these addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices.

Most phones have the Bluetooth name set to the manufacturer and model of the phone by default. Most phones and laptops show only the Bluetooth names and special programs that are required to get additional information about remote devices. This can be confusing as, for example, there could be several phones in range named T610 (see Bluejacking). The Sony Ericsson T610, released in 2003 is a Mobile phone manufactured by Sony Ericsson. Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as Mobile phones PDAs or laptop computers

Pairing

Pairs of devices may establish a trusted relationship by learning (by user input) a shared secret known as a passkey. In Cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data only known to the parties involved in a secure communication A device that wants to communicate only with a trusted device can cryptographically authenticate the identity of the other device. Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" Authentication (from Greek αυθεντικός real or genuine from authentes author is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone as Trusted devices may also encrypt the data that they exchange over the airwaves so that no one can listen in. The encryption can, however, be turned off, and passkeys are stored on the device file system, not on the Bluetooth chip itself. Since the Bluetooth address is permanent, a pairing is preserved, even if the Bluetooth name is changed. Pairs can be deleted at any time by either device. Devices generally require pairing or prompt the owner before they allow a remote device to use any or most of their services. Some devices, such as mobile phones, usually accept OBEX business cards and notes without any pairing or prompts.

Certain printers and access points allow any device to use its services by default, much like unsecured Wi-Fi networks. Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used Pairing algorithms are sometimes manufacturer-specific for transmitters and receivers used in applications such as music and entertainment.

Bluetooth 2. 1 has an optional "touch-to-pair" feature based on NFC. By simply bringing two devices into close range (around 10cm), pairing can securely take place without entering a passkey or manual configuration.

Air interface

The protocol operates in the license-free ISM band at 2. In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection Communication, and Data transfer between two computing The industrial scientific and medical (ISM Radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial scientific and medical 4-2. 4835 GHz. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. To avoid interfering with other protocols that use the 2. 45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 79 channels (each 1 MHz wide) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second. Implementations with versions 1. 1 and 1. 2 reach speeds of 723. 1 kbit/s. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission Version 2. 0 implementations feature Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) and reach 2. 1 Mbit/s. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission Technically, version 2. 0 devices have a higher power consumption, but the three times faster rate reduces the transmission times, effectively reducing power consumption to half that of 1. x devices (assuming equal traffic load)

Security

Overview

Bluetooth implements confidentiality, authentication and key derivation with custom algorithms based on the SAFER+ block cipher. Authentication (from Greek αυθεντικός real or genuine from authentes author is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone as In Cryptography, a key is a piece of information (a Parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm In Cryptography, SAFER ( Secure And Fast Encryption Routine) is the name of a family of Block ciphers designed primarily by James Massey (one of In Cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key Cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of Bits termed blocks, with an In Bluetooth, key generation is generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered into both devices. This procedure might be modified if one of the devices has a fixed PIN, e. g. for headsets or similar devices with a restricted user interface. During pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated, using the E22 algorithm. ^[18] The E0 stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting confidentiality and is based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key. E0 is a Stream cipher used in the Bluetooth protocol It generates a sequence of Pseudorandom numbers and combines it with the data using the XOR Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both devices.

An overview of Bluetooth vulnerabilities exploits has been published by Andreas Becker. ^[19]

Bluejacking

Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from one user to an unsuspecting user through Bluetooth wireless technology. Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as Mobile phones PDAs or laptop computers Common applications are short messages (e. g. you’ve just been bluejacked!), advertisements (e. g. eat at Joe’s). and business information. ^[20] Bluejacking does NOT involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. These business cards often have a clever or flirtatious message rather than the typical name and phone number. Bluejackers often look for the receiving phone to ping or the user to react. They then send another, more personal message to that device. Once again, in order to carry out a bluejacking, the sending and receiving devices must be within range of each other, which is typically 10 meters for most mobile devices. Devices that are set in non-discoverable mode are not susceptible to bluejacking. However, the Linux application Redfang claims to find non-discoverable Bluetooth devices. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks

History of security concerns

2003

In November 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A. L. Digital Ltd. discovered that serious flaws in Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data. ^[21] It should be noted, however, that the reported security problems concerned some poor implementations of Bluetooth, rather than the protocol itself.

In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite. group was able to do a field-trial at the CeBIT fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world. CeBIT ( Ce ntrum der B üro- und I nformations' t' echnik; German for "Centre of Office and Information technology" is the A new attack called BlueBug was used for this experiment. ^[22] This is one of a number of concerns that have been raised over the security of Bluetooth communications.

2004

In 2004 the first purported virus using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones appeared on the Symbian OS. A computer virus is a Computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user Symbian OS is an open Operating system, designed for Mobile devices with associated libraries, User interface frameworks and ^[23] The virus was first described by Kaspersky Lab and requires users to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate. Kaspersky Lab (pronounced /kæsˈpɝski læb/) is a Computer security company co-founded by Natalia Kasperskaya and Eugene Kaspersky in The virus was written as a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as "29A" and sent to anti-virus groups. Thus, it should be regarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Bluetooth or Symbian OS since the virus has never spread in the wild. Symbian OS is an open Operating system, designed for Mobile devices with associated libraries, User interface frameworks and

In August 2004, a world-record-setting experiment (see also Bluetooth sniping) showed that the range of Class 2 Bluetooth radios could be extended to 1. Bluesniping has emerged as a method for Bluesnarfing, or simply identifying Bluetooth -enabled devices at longer ranges than normally possible 78 km (1. 08 mile) with directional antennas and signal amplifiers. ^[24] This poses a potential security threat because it enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth-devices from a distance beyond expectation. The attacker must also be able to receive information from the victim to set up a connection. No attack can be made against a Bluetooth device unless the attacker knows its Bluetooth address and which channels to transmit on.

2005

In January 2005, a mobile malware worm known as Lasco. A began targeting mobile phones using Symbian OS (Series 60 platform) using Bluetooth-enabled devices to replicate itself and spread to other devices. The worm is self-installing and begins once the mobile user approves the transfer of the file (velasco. sis ) from another device. Once installed, the worm begins looking for other Bluetooth-enabled devices to infect. Additionally, the worm infects other . SIS files on the device, allowing replication to another device through use of removable media (SanDisk, Compact Flash, etc. ). The worm can render the mobile device unstable. ^[25]

In April 2005, Cambridge University security researchers published results of their actual implementation of passive attacks against the PIN-based pairing between commercial Bluetooth devices, confirming the attacks to be practicably fast and the Bluetooth symmetric key establishment method to be vulnerable. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the To rectify this vulnerability, they carried out an implementation which showed that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for certain classes of devices, such as mobile phones. ^[26]

In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked and Avishai Wool published a paper describing both passive and active methods for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. The passive attack allows a suitably equipped attacker to eavesdrop on communications and spoof, if the attacker was present at the time of initial pairing. The active method makes use of a specially constructed message that must be inserted at a specific point in the protocol, to make the master and slave repeat the pairing process. After that, the first method can be used to crack the PIN. This attack's major weakness is that it requires the user of the devices under attack to re-enter the PIN during the attack when the device prompts them to. Also, this active attack probably requires custom hardware, since most commercially available Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing necessary. ^[27]

In August 2005, police in Cambridgeshire, England, issued warnings about thieves using Bluetooth-enabled phones to track other devices left in cars. History Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of some of the earliest known Neolithic permanent settlement in the United Kingdom, along with sites at Fengate Police are advising users to ensure that any mobile networking connections are de-activated if laptops and other devices are left in this way. ^[28]

2006

In April 2006, researchers from Secure Network and F-Secure published a report that warns of the large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on the spread of various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an eventual Bluetooth worm. Secure Network is a small research and consulting company focusing on Information Security based near Milano, in Italy. F-Secure plc (formerly Data Fellows) is an anti-virus and Computer security software company based in Helsinki, Finland ^[29]

In October 2006, at the Luxemburgish Hack. lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10. 3. 9 and v10. 4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based on the research of Wool and Shaked.

2008

As of 2008, despite the hype and warnings of earlier years, no major worm or virus has yet materialized.

Health concerns

Bluetooth uses the microwave radio frequency spectrum in the 2. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 Radio frequency ( RF) is a Frequency or rate of Oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz 4 GHz to 2. 4835 GHz range. Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100 mW, 2. 5 mW, and 1 mW for Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 devices respectively, which puts Class 1 at roughly the same level as mobile phones, and the other two classes much lower. ^[30] Accordingly, Class 2 and Class 3 Bluetooth devices are considered less of a potential hazard than mobile phones, and Class 1 may be comparable to that of mobile phones.

Origin of the name and the logo

Bluetooth was named after a tenth-century king, Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark and Norway. Harald Bluetooth Gormson (Harald Blåtand Haraldr blátönn, Harald Blåtann was born around 935 the son of King Gorm the Old and of Thyra (also The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Bluetooth is an anglicized version of Harald Blaatand,^[31] who was known for his unification of previously warring tribes from Denmark (including now Swedish Scania, where the Bluetooth technology was invented), and Norway. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Bluetooth likewise was intended to unify different technologies, such as personal computers and mobile phones. ^[32][33]

The name may have been inspired less by the historical Harald than the loose interpretation of him in The Long Ships by Frans Gunnar Bengtsson, a Swedish Viking-inspired novel. The Long Ships or Red Orm (original Swedish Röde Orm) is a best-selling Swedish novel written by Frans Gunnar Bengtsson Frans Gunnar Bengtsson ( October 4, 1894 - December 19, 1954) was a Swedish novelist essayist poet and biographer A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas

The Bluetooth logo merges the Germanic runes analogous to the modern Latin letter H and B:  (for Harald Bluetooth) (Hagall) and (Berkanan) merged together, forming a bind rune. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic *Haglaz or *Hagalaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the h - Rune, meaning " Hail " (the precipitation *Berkanan is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the b Rune, meaning " Birch " A bind rune is a ligature of two or more runes. They are extremely rare in Viking Age inscription

Bluetooth Special Interest Group

Initially (circa 1996-1997) the technology later known as Bluetooth was an Ericsson-internal project named multi-communicator link or short MC link. Cooperation with Intel was initiated in 1997. ^[34]

In 1998, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, and Nokia, formed a consortium and adopted the code name Bluetooth for their proposed open specification. Ericsson ( Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson) () one of the largest Swedish companies is a leading provider of telecommunication and data communication systems International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology ( is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/),,) is a Finnish multinational Communications Corporation, headquartered In December 1999, 3Com, Lucent Technologies, Microsoft, and Motorola joined the initial founders as the promoter of Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Lucent Technologies was a technology company composed of what was formerly AT&T Technologies, which included Western Electric and Bell Labs. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. Since that time, Lucent Technologies transferred their membership to their spinoff Agere Systems, and 3Com has left the promoter group. Lucent Technologies was a technology company composed of what was formerly AT&T Technologies, which included Western Electric and Bell Labs. Agere Systems Inc was an Integrated circuit components company based in Allentown Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania Agere Systems was later merged with LSI Corporation and left the Bluetooth promoters group in August 2007. LSI Corporation is an electronics company based in Milpitas California that designs ASICs Host bus adapters RAID adapters Storage

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) is a privately held, not-for-profit trade association with headquarters in Bellevue, Washington. As of January 2008, the SIG is composed of over 10,000 member companies that are leaders in the telecommunications, computing, automotive, music, apparel, industrial automation, and network industries, and a small group of dedicated staff in Hong Kong, Sweden, and the USA. SIG members drive the development of Bluetooth wireless technology, and implement and market the technology in their products varying from mobile phones to printers. The Bluetooth SIG itself does not make, manufacture, or sell Bluetooth enabled products. The executive director of the Bluetooth SIG is Michael W. Foley. Michael W Foley (born March 2 1964 is an electrical engineer wireless expert and executive director of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, a consortium of over 10000 companies

See also

References

External links

• http://www.bluetooth.org — Bluetooth Special Interest Group Site (includes specifications)
• http://www.bluetooth.com — Official Bluetooth site aimed at users
• How Bluetooth Works
• http://www.gsmfavorites.com/documents/bluetooth — Introduction and detailed information

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