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For other uses, see Blueberry (disambiguation).
Blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Vaccinium
Section: Cyanococcus
Rydb.
Species

See text. Northern Highbush Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum) is a species of Blueberry native to eastern North America, growing from Nova Scotia and Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The Ericales are a large and diverse order of Dicotyledons including for example Tea, Persimmon, Blueberry, Brazil nut, and The Plant family Ericaceae (also called the heath family or ericaceous plants) are mostly lime -hating ( Calcifuge) Vaccinium is a Genus of Shrubs in the plant Family Ericaceae including the Cranberry, Blueberry, Bilberry Per Axel Rydberg ( July 6 1860 - July 25 1931) was a botanist.

Blueberries are flowering plants in the genus Vaccinium, sect. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Vaccinium is a Genus of Shrubs in the plant Family Ericaceae including the Cranberry, Blueberry, Bilberry Cyanococcus. The species are native only to North America. They are shrubs varying in size from 10 cm tall to 4 m tall; the smaller species are known as "lowbush blueberries", and the larger species as "highbush blueberries". A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, and from 1-8 cm long and 0. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round 5-3. 5 cm broad. The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also

The fruit is a false berry 5-16 mm diameter with a flared "crown" at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally indigo on ripening. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. An epigynous berry or false berry is an Accessory fruit found in certain Plant species with an inferior ovary, distinguishing it from They have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity. Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit from May through October in the Northern Hemisphere; "blueberry season" peaks in July, which is National Blueberry Month in the United States and Canada. [1]

All species whose English common names include "blueberry" are currently classified in section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium. For Wikipedia aspects see WikipediaNaming conventions (common names, WikipediaNaming conventions, and WikipediaStyle manual. Several other plants of the genus Vaccinium also produce blue berries which are sometimes confused with blueberries, mainly the predominantly European bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), which in many languages has a name that means "blueberry" in English. Bilberry is a name given to several species of low-growing Shrubs in the Genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae) that bears fruits See the Identification section for more information.

Although blueberries are native to North America, they are now grown also in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American countries[2], and are air-shipped as fresh produce to markets around the world.

Beginning in 2005, blueberries have been discussed among a category of functional foods called superfruits having the favorable combination of nutrient richness, antioxidant strength, emerging research evidence for health benefits[2] and versatility for manufacturing popular consumer products. Functional food or medicinal food is any fresh or processed Food claimed to have a health-promoting and/or disease-preventing property beyond the basic Nutritional Superfruit, a marketing term first used in the food and beverage industry in 2005 refers to A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules [3][4]

Species

Some other blue-fruited-species of Vaccinium:


Contents

Identification

True wild blueberries (section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium) occur naturally only in eastern and north-central North America. Other sections in the genus, native to other parts of the world including western North America, Europe, and Asia, include other wild shrubs producing similar-looking edible berries such as huckleberries, cranberries, bilberries and cowberries. Cranberries are a group of Evergreen dwarf Shrubs or trailing vines in the genus Vaccinium subgenus Oxycoccos Bilberry is a name given to several species of low-growing Shrubs in the Genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae) that bears fruits The Vaccinium vitis-idaea &ndash often called lingonberry also called cowberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry, red whortleberry These are sometimes colloquially called blueberries and sold as blueberry jam or other products.

The names of blue berries in languages other than English often translate as "blueberry", e. g. Scots Blaeberry and Norwegian Blåbær, although those berries may belong to another species. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language For example, Blåbær and French myrtilles usually refer to the European native bilberry, while bleuets refers to the North American blueberry. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Aside from location of origin, blueberries can be distinguished from bilberries by cutting them in half. Ripe blueberries have white or greenish flesh, while bilberries and huckleberries are colored purple throughout.

Cultivation

Blueberries are cultivated and picked wild. In North America, the most common cultivated species is V. corymbosum, the Northern Highbush Blueberries. Hybrids of this with other Vaccinium species adapted to southern U. S. climates are known collectively as Southern Highbush Blueberries.

Blueberry flowers
Blueberry flowers

Wild blueberries, smaller than cultivated ones, are prized for their intense color. The lowbush blueberry, V. Lowbush Blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium) is a species of Blueberry native to eastern and central Canada and the northeastern United States angustifolium, is found from Newfoundland westward and southward to Michigan and West Virginia. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by In some areas it produces natural blueberry barrens, where it is practically the only species covering large areas. Several First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in harvesting wild blueberries. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Lowbush species are fire-tolerant and blueberry production often increases following a forest fire as the plants regenerate rapidly and benefit from removal of competing vegetation. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire,

There are numerous highbush cultivars of blueberries, each of which have a unique and diverse flavor. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar The most important blueberry breeding program has been the USDA-ARS breeding program based at Beltsville, Maryland, and Chatsworth, New Jersey. The Agricultural Research Service ( ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA This program began when Dr. Frederick Coville of the USDA-ARS collaborated with Ms. Elizabeth White. In the early part of the 20th Century, Ms. White offered wild pickers cash for large-fruited blueberry plants. 'Rubel', one such wild blueberry cultivar, is the origin of many of the current hybrid cultivars.

Rabbiteye Blueberry (V. virgatum, syn. V. ashei) is a southern type of blueberry produced from the Carolinas to the Gulf Coast states.

Other important species in North America include V. pallidum, the Hillside or Dryland Blueberry. It is native to the eastern U. S. , and common in the Appalachians and the Piedmont of the Southeast. Piedmont is a plateau region located in the eastern United States between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the main Appalachian Mountains, stretching Sparkleberry, V. arboreum, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the southeastern U. S. Its fruits are important to wildlife, and the flowers important to beekeepers.

Languages

Dutch: 'bosbes'. French: 'bleuet'. Spanish: 'arándano'. Greek: 'βακκίνιο'. German: 'Blaubeere','Heidelbeere' English: 'blueberry'. Japanese: 'ブルーベリー'. Finnish: 'mustikka'. Danish: 'Blåbær'. Chinese: '蓝莓'. Icelandic: 'Bláber'. Portuguese: 'Mirtilo','Uva-do-monte'.

Growing areas

Blueberries were first cultivated in the United States by Elizabeth Coleman White in the southern New Jersey village of Whitesbog. Elizabeth Coleman White ( October 5, 1871 &ndash November 11, 1954) was a New Jersey agricultural specialist who pioneered the development and New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. [5]

Maine produces 25% of all blueberries in North America, making it the largest producer in the world. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Maine's 24,291 hectares (FAO figures) [60,023 acres] of blueberry were propagated from native plants that occur naturally in the understorey of its coastal forests. The Maine crop requires about 50,000 beehives for pollination, with most of the hives being trucked in from other states for that purpose. A beehive is in a general sense an enclosed structure in which some species of Honey bees (genus Apis) live and raise their young Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Many towns in Maine lay claim to being the blueberry capital and several festivals are centered around the blueberry. The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine and is often as much a symbol of Maine as the lobster.

Quebec has the largest quantity of wild blueberry production, coming especially from the regions of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean and Côte-Nord which provide 40% of Quebec's total provincial production. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Saguenay&ndashLac-Saint-Jean is a region in Quebec, Canada. It contains the Saguenay Fjord, the estuary of the Saguenay River, stretching Côte-Nord ( French for "Northern Shore" area 24762706  km², or 95609 Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Quebec has added 28,717 hectares in blueberry farms since 2001.

Nova Scotia, also a major producer of wild blueberries, recognizes the blueberry as its official provincial berry. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's [6] The town of Oxford, Nova Scotia is known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada. History Oxford was founded in 1791 by settler Richard Thompson New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island are other Canadian provinces with major wild blueberry farming. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P [7]

Significant production of highbush blueberries occurs in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Michigan, New Jersey and North Carolina. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States California is rapidly increasing plantings of southern highbush varieties originating from the University of Florida and North Carolina State University. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The University of Florida ( Florida or UF) is a public land-grant, sea-grant, space-grant major Research North Carolina State University at Raleigh is a public, Coeducational extensive Research University located in Raleigh North Carolina Southern highbush berries are now also cultivated in the Mediterranean regions of Europe.

Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany and the Netherlands in the 1930s and have since been spread to Poland, Italy and other countries of Europe (Nauman, 1993).

"Many growers in France, Austria, and Italy realized too that it pays to cultivate highbush blueberries, and that good economic gain can be obtained," according to an industry researcher. "Even in Belgium and Norway, some very promising trials with special methods of blueberry cultivation resulted in a limited commercial production which is very successful. . . . Except in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain, a blueberry industry is developing in all regions where the production is possible due to the climatic and edaphic conditions . . . " (Nauman, 1993).

In the Southern hemisphere, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia now export blueberries. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s, but the effort was unsuccessful. "In the early 1970s David Jones from the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U. S. and a selection trial was started. This work was continued by Ridley Bell", who imported more American varieties. In the mid-1970s the Australian Blueberry Growers Association (ABGA) was formed. (Clayton-Greene)

By the early 1980s, the blueberry industry was started in New Zealand and is still growing. (BNZ, n. d)

South Africa exports blueberries to Europe.

The industry is even newer in Argentina: "Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent," according to a 2005 report by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. But that increase comes from a tiny base of 400 hectares in 2001 (to 1,600 hectares in 2004). The industry is new in the country and farmers are still learning the business. "Argentine blueberry production has thrived in three different regions: the province of Entre Rios in Northeastern Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires, near the country’s capital city Buenos Aires, and the southern Patagonian valleys," according to the report. (Gain, 2005)

Chile is the biggest producer in South America and the largest exporter to the northern hemisphere, with an estimated surface of 6,800 hectares (as of 2007). Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Introduction of the first plants started in the early 1980s and production started in the late 80s in the southern part of the country. Today production ranges from Copiapó in the north to Puerto Montt in the south, which allows the country to offer blueberries from October through late March. Copiapó is the capital of the Atacama Region and of the Province of Copiapó, in Chile. Puerto Montt is a port city and commune in southern Chile, located at the northern end of the Reloncaví Sound in the Llanquihue Province, Los Lagos The main production area today is the Bio Bio region. Production has evolved rapidly in the last decade, becoming the 4th most important fruit exported in value terms. Fresh market blueberries are exported mainly to North America (80%) followed by Europe (18%). Information from the Fruit Export Association (ASOEX, 2007), Chile exported in 2007 more than 21 thousand MT of fresh blueberries and more than 1,000 MT of frozen product. Most of the production comes from the highbush type, but several rabbiteye blueberries are grown in the country as well. Information taken from the Chilean Fruit Producers Federation (FEDEFRUTA, 2007) and their Blueberry Committee, stands that there are over 800 blueberry producers with surfaces ranging from 50 to 200 hectares. Some grow in Florida.

Growing seasons

A maturing Polaris blueberry (vaccinium 'Polaris')
A maturing Polaris blueberry (vaccinium 'Polaris')

Blueberry production in North America typically starts in mid-May (in Florida) and ends in September, when some fruit is held over in controlled-atmosphere storage in Oregon, Washington, and Canada. (Gaskell, 2006).

Sources give different periods for the growing season in the southern hemisphere. According to the University of California Extension Service, Chile, New Zealand and Argentina begin harvesting in the winter and continue till mid-March, when Chilean blueberries are held over in controlled-atmosphere storage for about six weeks. "As a result, blueberries reach annual peak prices in mid-April. "(Gaskell, 2006)

In Chile, San Jose Farms, which says (according to its Web site) that it is one of the oldest blueberry producers in the country (it started in the early 1990s), states that its harvest season starts in November and continues through March. (San Jose, n. d. )

In Argentina: "The marketing year (MY) for blueberries begins in September and ends in February," according to a U. S. Department of Agriculture report. (Gain, 2005) Blueberries grow in April & May.

Uses

Blueberries are sold fresh or processed as individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried or infused berries which in turn may be used in a variety of consumer goods such as jellies, jams, pies, muffins, snack foods, and cereals. Purée and (more rarely mash are general terms for food usually Vegetables or Legumes that have been ground pressed and/or strained to the A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a Pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or Savoury ingredients A muffin is somewhat like a small Cake, and though it does resemble a Cupcake in that they both have cylindrical bases and rounded conical tops they usually

Blueberry jam is made from blueberries, sugar, water, and fruit pectin. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Pectin (from Greek πηκτικός - pektikos, "congealed curdled" a white to light brown powder is a Heteropolysaccharide Premium blueberry jam, usually made from wild blueberries, is common in Maine, Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C

Beginning around 2003, pure or blended blueberry juice has become a popular product in Canada and the United States.

Nutrients and phytochemicals

Blueberries at market.
Blueberries at market.
Blueberries, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz)
Energy 10 kcal   60 kJ
Carbohydrates     14. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most 5 g
- Dietary fiber  2. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. 4 g  
Fat 0. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water 33 g
Protein 0. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl 74 g
Thiamin (Vit. B1)  0. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 04 mg   3%
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0. Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health 04 mg   3%
Niacin (Vit. B3)  0. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin which prevents the deficiency disease Pellagra. 42 mg   3%
Pantothenic acid (B5)  0. Pantothenic acid, also called Vitamin B5 (a B vitamin) is a water- Soluble vitamin required to sustain life ( 124 mg  2%
Vitamin B6  0. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble Vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of Amino acid metabolism including 052 mg 4%
Vitamin C  10 mg 17%
Vitamin E  6 mg 40%
Calcium  6 mg 1%
Iron  1. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian See also Tocopherol, Tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related Tocopherols and Tocotrienols which are fat-soluble Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 5 mg 12%
Magnesium  6 mg 2% 
Phosphorus  12 mg 2%
Potassium  77 mg   2%
Zinc  0. Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 16 mg 2%
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient
Source: USDA Nutrient database

Blueberries have a diverse range of micronutrients, with notably high levels of the essential dietary mineral iron, and antioxidant vitamins C and E (table). Micronutrients are Nutrients needed for life in small quantities Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules One serving provides a relatively low glycemic load. The glycemic load (GL is a ranking system for Carbohydrate content in food portions based on their Glycemic index (GI and the portion size [8]

Especially in wild species, blueberries contain anthocyanins, other antioxidant pigments and various phytochemicals possibly having a role in reducing risks of some diseases,[9] including cancers. Not to be confused with Anthocyanidin, their sugar free counterparts An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Phytochemicals are plant-derived chemical compounds under scientific research for their potential health-promoting properties but with unproved benefits Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled [10][11][12]

Researchers have shown that blueberry anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, and tannins inhibit mechanisms of cancer cell development in vitro. Not to be confused with Anthocyanidin, their sugar free counterparts Proanthocyanidin (also known as procyanidin oligomeric proanthocyanidin ( OPC) pycnogenol, leukocyanidin and leucoanthocyanin Flavonols (with an "o"are a class of Flavonoids that use the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone (3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one (IUPAC Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what In vitro ( Latin: within the glass refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living Organism [13][14][15] At a 2007 symposium on berry health benefits were reports showing consumption of blueberries (and similar fruits including cranberries) may alleviate the cognitive decline occurring in Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of aging. Cranberries are a group of Evergreen dwarf Shrubs or trailing vines in the genus Vaccinium subgenus Oxycoccos Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. [16]

Feeding blueberries to animals lowers stroke damage. [17][18] Research at Rutgers[19] has also shown that blueberries may help prevent urinary tract infections. A urinary tract infection ( UTI) is a bacterial Infection that affects any part of the Urinary tract. Other animal studies found that blueberry consumption lowered cholesterol and total blood lipid levels, possibly affecting symptoms of heart disease. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. [20] Additional research showed that blueberry consumption in rats altered glycosaminoglycans, vascular cell components that can influence control of blood pressure. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched Polysaccharides consisting of a repeating Disaccharide unit This is an article about vascular tissue in plants For transport in animals see Circulatory system. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories [21]

Most of these studies were conducted using highbush, hybrid cultivars of blueberries. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar Content of polyphenol antioxidants and anthocyanins in lowbush blueberries exceeds the values found in highbush blueberries. A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of Antioxidant containing a Polyphenolic substructure Not to be confused with Anthocyanidin, their sugar free counterparts [22]

References

Industry associations

Footnotes

  1. ^ blueberries. www. berrydoctor. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
  2. ^ Scientists Zero In on Health Benefits of Berry Pigments :: News :: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center. www. npicenter. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
  3. ^ Superfruits — superheroes of functionality - Functional Ingredients Magazine
  4. ^ Superfruits Take Center Stage :: News :: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center
  5. ^ News Items
  6. ^ Nova Scotia: Official emblems and symbols[1]
  7. ^ Wild Blueberries, Carrots, Cranberries, Battered Vegetables
  8. ^ Nutrition Facts and Information for Blueberries, frozen, unsweetened
  9. ^ Scientists Zero In on Health Benefits of Berry Pigments :: News :: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center
  10. ^ http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/antioxidantsprevention][http://newsletter.cancerresearchsociety.ca/bulletin/omni/articles/5835.aspx
  11. ^ Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry,...[J Agric Food Chem. 2006] - PubMed Result
  12. ^ Cranberry and blueberry: evidence for protective e...[Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007] - PubMed Result
  13. ^ Effect of anthocyanin fractions from selected cult...[J Agric Food Chem. 2007] - PubMed Result
  14. ^ Differential effects of blueberry proanthocyanidin...[Cancer Lett. 2006] - PubMed Result
  15. ^ Phenolic compounds from blueberries can inhibit co...[J Agric Food Chem. 2005] - PubMed Result
  16. ^ Scientists Zero In on Health Benefits of Berry Pigments :: News :: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center
  17. ^ Feeding rats diets enriched in lowbush blueberries...[Nutr Neurosci. 2002] - PubMed Result
  18. ^ Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach,...[Exp Neurol. 2005] - PubMed Result
  19. ^ Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry & Cranberry Research & Extension
  20. ^ Blueberries May Lower Blood Fat/Cholesterol
  21. ^ Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumpti...[J Nutr Biochem. 2006] - PubMed Result
  22. ^ Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics...[J Agric Food Chem. 2001] - PubMed Result

See also

Dictionary

blueberry

-noun

  1. An edible round berry belonging to the cowberry family. (A botanically false berry.) It has flared "crowns" at the end that turn blue on ripening.
  2. The shrub of the above-mentioned berry.
  3. (color) A dark blue colour.
  4. (geology) A mineral formation first identified by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in 2004, so-named because of its resemblance to blueberry muffins. We see these strange round objects we're calling “spherules” embedded in the outcrop, like blueberries in a muffin.

-adjective

  1. Containing blueberries or having the flavour of blueberries.
  2. Of a dark blue colour.
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