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For other incidents referred to by this name, see Bloody Sunday.
The Bogside area viewed from the city walls. At the time of the incident the street of houses had not yet been built.
The Bogside area viewed from the city walls. At the time of the incident the street of houses had not yet been built.
Banner and Crosses carried by the families of the Bloody Sunday victims on the annual commemoration march.
Banner and Crosses carried by the families of the Bloody Sunday victims on the annual commemoration march.

Bloody Sunday (Irish: Domhnach na Fola)[1] is the term used to describe an incident in Derry,[2] Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26 civil rights protesters were shot by members of the 1st Battalion of the British Parachute Regiment during a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in the Bogside area of the city. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( Cumann Chearta Sibhialta Thuaisceart Éireann) was an organisation which campaigned for Civil rights in Northern The Bogside is a neighbourhood outside the city walls of Derry, Northern Ireland. Thirteen people, seven of whom were teenagers, died immediately, while the death of another person 4½ months later has been attributed to the injuries he received on the day. Two protesters were injured when they were run down by army vehicles. [3] Many witnesses including bystanders and journalists testify that all those shot were unarmed. Five of those wounded were shot in the back. [4]

Two investigations have been held by the British Government:

The Provisional Irish Republican Army's (IRA) campaign against Northern Ireland being a part of the United Kingdom had begun in the two years prior to Bloody Sunday, but perceptions of the day boosted the status of and recruitment into the organisation. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920, (and sometimes called the Fourth Home Rule Act) was an Act [9] Bloody Sunday remains among the most significant events in the recent troubles of Northern Ireland, arguably because it was carried out by the army and not paramilitaries, and in full public and press view. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status [10]

Contents

Background

On 8 July 1971 in Derry's Bogside two rioters were shot dead by soldiers in disputed circumstances. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. The Bogside is a neighbourhood outside the city walls of Derry, Northern Ireland. [11] Soldiers claimed the pair were armed which was denied by local people, and moderate nationalists including John Hume and Gerry Fitt walked out of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in protest. John Hume (born 18 January 1937) is a former Politician in Northern Ireland, founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party Gerard "Gerry" Fitt Baron Fitt ( 9 April 1926 &ndash 26 August 2005) was a Northern Irish politician The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule Legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, [11][12] A British Army memorandum states as a result of this the situation "changed overnight", with the Provisional IRA's campaign in the city beginning at that time after previously being regarded as "quiescent". [12] In response to escalating levels of violence across Northern Ireland, internment without trial was introduced on 9 August 1971. Operation Demetrius, or Internment as it is more commonly known began in Northern Ireland on the morning of Monday 9 August 1971 Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. [11] In a quid pro quo gesture to nationalists, all marches and parades were banned, including the flashpoint march by the Protestant Apprentice Boys of Derry which was due to take place on 12 August. Quid pro quo ( Latin for "something for something") indicates a more-or-less equal exchange or substitution of goods or services The Apprentice Boys Of Derry are a Protestant fraternal society with a worldwide membership founded in 1814 Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid [13] There was disorder across Northern Ireland following the introduction of internment, with 21 people being killed in three days of rioting. [14] On 10 August Bombardier Paul Challenor became the first soldier to be killed by the Provisional IRA in Derry, when he was shot by a sniper on the Creggan estate. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire [12] A further six soldiers had been killed in Derry by mid-December 1971. [15] 1,932 rounds were fired at the British Army, who fired 364 rounds in return, in addition to having to face 211 explosions and 180 nail bombs. The nail bomb is an Anti-personnel Explosive device packed with nails to increase its wounding ability [15] Provisional IRA activity also increased across Northern Ireland with thirty British soldiers being killed in the remaining months of 1971, in contrast to the ten soldiers killed during the pre-internment period of the year. [14] Both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA had established "no-go" areas for the British Army and RUC in Derry through the use of barricades. [16] By the end of 1971, 29 barricades were in place to prevent access to what was known as Free Derry, 16 of them impassible even to the British Army's one-ton armoured vehicles. Free Derry ( was a self-declared autonomous nationalist area of Derry, Northern Ireland, between 1969 and 1972 [16] IRA members openly mounted roadblocks in front of the media, and daily clashes took place between nationalist youths and the British Army at a spot known as "aggro corner". [16] Due to rioting and damage to shops caused by incendiary devices, an estimated total of £4 million worth of damage had been done to local businesses. Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are Bombs designed to start Fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as Napalm, Thermite [16]

Events of the day

"Free Derry" mural in the Bogside
"Free Derry" mural in the Bogside
Westland Road in the Bogside viewed from the city wall (July 31, 2007).
Westland Road in the Bogside viewed from the city wall (July 31, 2007). The Bogside is a neighbourhood outside the city walls of Derry, Northern Ireland. The Bogside is a neighbourhood outside the city walls of Derry, Northern Ireland. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Many details of the day's events are in dispute, with no agreement even on the number of marchers present that day. The organisers, "Insight", claimed that there were 30,000 marchers; Lord Widgery, in his tribunal, said that there were only 3,000 to 5,000. Brigadier John Passmore Widgery Baron Widgery, OBE, TD, QC ( July 24, 1911 - July 26, 1981) was a In The Road To Bloody Sunday, local GP Dr. A general practitioner, or GP is a medical practitioner who provides Primary care and specializes in Family medicine. Raymond McClean estimated the crowd as 15,000, which is the figure used by Bernadette Devlin McAliskey in Parliament. Josephine Bernadette Devlin McAliskey (born 23 April 1947, in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland) also known as Bernadette Devlin The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords

A wealth of material has been produced relating to the day, including numerous books and articles, as well as documentary films made on the subject. [17]

The march's planned route had taken it to the Guildhall, but because of army barricades designed to reroute the march it was redirected to Free Derry Corner. Free Derry ( was a self-declared autonomous nationalist area of Derry, Northern Ireland, between 1969 and 1972 A small group of teenagers broke off from the main march and persisted in pushing the barricade and marching on the Guildhall. They attacked the British army barricade with stones and shouted insults at the troops. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. A barricade is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control block passage or force the flow of Traffic in the desired direction At this point, a water cannon, tear gas and rubber bullets were used to disperse the rioters. Such confrontations between soldiers and youths were common, though observers reported that the rioting was not intense. [18] Two civilians, Damien Donaghy and John Johnston, were shot and wounded by soldiers on William Street who claimed the former was carrying a black cylindrical object. [19]

At a certain point, reports of an IRA sniper operating in the area were allegedly given to the Army command centre. At 4:07 pm Brigade gave British Parachute Regiment permission to go in to the Bogside. The order to fire live rounds was given, and one young man was shot and killed when he ran down Chamberlain Street away from the advancing troops. This first fatality, Jackie Duddy, was among a crowd who were running away. He was running alongside a priest, Father Edward Daly, when he was shot in the back. Edward Daly (b December 5 1933, Belleek County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland) was the Catholic Bishop of Derry Continuing violence by and against British troops escalated, and eventually the order was given to mobilise the troops in an arrest operation, chasing the tail of the main group of marchers to the edge of the field by Free Derry Corner.

Despite a cease-fire order from the army HQ, over a hundred rounds were fired directly into the fleeing crowds by troops under the command of Major Ted Loden. Twelve more were killed [1], many of them as they attempted to aid the fallen. Fourteen others were wounded, twelve by shots from the soldiers and two knocked down by armoured personnel carriers. Armoured personnel carriers (APCs are Armoured fighting vehicles developed to transport Infantry on the Battlefield They usually have only a Machine

The deceased

Belt worn by Patrick Doherty, the notch was made by the bullet that killed him.
Belt worn by Patrick Doherty, the notch was made by the bullet that killed him.
Mural by Bogside Artists depicting all who were killed by the British Army on the day.
Mural by Bogside Artists depicting all who were killed by the British Army on the day. A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface The Bogside Artists are a trio of Mural painters from Derry, Northern Ireland, consisting of Tom Kelly his brother William Kelly and Kevin Hasson (b

The perspectives and analyses on the day

Mural by Bogside Artists depicting Father Daly waving a white handkerchief while trying to escort the mortally wounded Jackie Duddy to safety.
Mural by Bogside Artists depicting Father Daly waving a white handkerchief while trying to escort the mortally wounded Jackie Duddy to safety. A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface The Bogside Artists are a trio of Mural painters from Derry, Northern Ireland, consisting of Tom Kelly his brother William Kelly and Kevin Hasson (b Edward Daly (b December 5 1933, Belleek County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland) was the Catholic Bishop of Derry White flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale

Thirteen people were shot and killed, with another man later dying of his wounds. The official army position, backed by the British Home Secretary the next day in the House of Commons, was that the paratroopers had reacted to the threat of gunmen and nail bombs from suspected IRA members. The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. However, all eyewitnesses (apart from the soldiers), including marchers, local residents, and British and Irish journalists present, maintain that soldiers fired into an unarmed crowd, or were aiming at fleeing people and those tending the wounded, whereas the soldiers themselves were not fired upon. No British soldier was wounded by gunfire or reported any injuries, nor were any bullets or nail bombs recovered to back up their claims. In the events that followed, irate crowds burned down the British embassy in Dublin. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Anglo-Irish relations hit one of their lowest ebbs, with Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Patrick Hillery, going specially to the United Nations in New York to demand UN involvement in the Northern Ireland "Troubles". The Minister for Foreign Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha is the senior minister at the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Government of Ireland. Patrick John "Paddy" Hillery (Pádraig Seán Ó hIrighile 2 May 1923 &ndash 12 April 2008 was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and the sixth President of Ireland The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of

Although there were many IRA men — both Official and Provisional — present at the protest, it is claimed they were all unarmed, apparently because it was anticipated that the Paratroopers would attempt to "draw them out". The term Official Irish Republican Army or Official IRA (informally the Officials) refers to one of the two organisations&mdashthe other being the Provisional The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the [25] March organizer and MP Ivan Cooper had been promised beforehand that no armed IRA men would be near the march. Ivan Averill Cooper (born 1944 is a former politician from Northern Ireland who was a Member of Parliament of Northern Ireland, and founding member of the SDLP One Paratrooper who gave evidence at the Tribunal testified that they were told by an officer to expect a gunfight and "We want some kills". [26] In the event, one man was witnessed by Father Edward Daly and others haphazardly firing a revolver in the direction of the paratroopers. Edward Daly (b December 5 1933, Belleek County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland) was the Catholic Bishop of Derry Later identified as a member of the Official IRA, this man was also photographed in the act of drawing his weapon, but was apparently not seen or targeted by the soldiers. Various other claims have been made to the Saville Inquiry about gunmen on the day. [27]

The city's coroner, retired British army Major Hubert O'Neill, issued a statement on August 21, 1973, at the completion of the inquest into the people killed. A coroner is an official responsible for investigating deaths particularly some of those happening under unusual circumstances and determining the cause of death Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. An inquest is a judicial investigation usually by a group of court-appointed people ( Jury) in Common law Jurisdictions The most common kind of inquest [28] He declared:

“ This Sunday became known as Bloody Sunday and bloody it was. It was quite unnecessary. It strikes me that the Army ran amok that day and shot without thinking what they were doing. They were shooting innocent people. These people may have been taking part in a march that was banned but that does not justify the troops coming in and firing live rounds indiscriminately. I would say without hesitation that it was sheer, unadulterated murder. In English law, murder is considered the most serious form of Homicide, in which one person kills another either intending to cause death or intending to It was murder. ”

Two days after Bloody Sunday, Parliament adopted a resolution for a tribunal into the events of the day, resulting in Prime Minister Edward Heath commissioning the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Widgery to undertake it. Tribunal is a generic term for any body acting judicially whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales was historically the second-highest judge of the Courts of England and Wales, after the Lord Chancellor. Brigadier John Passmore Widgery Baron Widgery, OBE, TD, QC ( July 24, 1911 - July 26, 1981) was a Many witnesses intended to boycott the tribunal as they lacked faith in Widgery's impartiality, but were eventually persuaded to take part. A boycott is a form of Consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using buying or dealing with someone or some other organization as an expression of Widgery's quickly produced report — completed within ten weeks (April 10) and published within eleven (April 19) — supported the Army's account of the events of the day. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Among the evidence presented to the tribunal were the results of paraffin tests, used to identify lead residues from firing weapons, and that nail bombs had been found on the body of one of those killed. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Tests for traces of explosives on the clothes of eleven of the dead proved negative, while those of the remaining man could not be tested as they had already been washed. Most Irish people and witnesses to the event disputed the report's conclusions and regarded it as a whitewash. It is now widely accepted that the nail bombs photographed on Gerard Donaghy were planted there after his death, and firearms residue on some deceased came from contact with the soldiers who themselves moved some of the bodies, or that the presence of lead on the hands of one (James Nash) was easily explained by the fact that his occupation involved the use of lead-based solder. A solder is a fusible metal Alloy with a melting point or melting range of 90 to 450 ° C (200 to 840 ° F) used in a process called In fact, in 1992, John Major, writing to John Hume stated:[29]

“ The Government made clear in 1974 that those who were killed on 'Bloody Sunday' should be regarded as innocent of any allegation that they were shot whilst handling firearms or explosives. Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Hume (born 18 January 1937) is a former Politician in Northern Ireland, founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party I hope that the families of those who died will accept that assurance. ”

Following the events of Bloody Sunday Bernadette Devlin, an Independent Socialist nationalist MP from Northern Ireland expressed anger at what she perceived as government attempts to stifle accounts being reported about the day. Josephine Bernadette Devlin McAliskey (born 23 April 1947, in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland) also known as Bernadette Devlin Having witnessed the events firsthand, she was later infuriated that she was consistently denied the chance to speak in Parliament about the day, although parliamentary convention decreed that any MP witnessing an incident under discussion would be granted an opportunity to speak about it in the House. [30] Devlin punched Reginald Maudling, the Secretary of State for the Home Department in the Conservative government, when he made a statement to Parliament on the events of Bloody Sunday stating that the British Army had fired only in self-defence. Reginald Maudling (7 March 1917 - 14 February 1979 was a British Politician known for his intellectual brilliance political pragmatism and easygoing nature The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. [31] She was temporarily suspended from Parliament as a result of the incident. [32]

In January 1997, the United Kingdom television station Channel 4 carried a news report that suggested that members of the Royal Anglian Regiment had also opened fire on the protesters and could have been responsible for 3 of the 14 deaths. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began The Royal Anglian Regiment (R ANGLIAN is an Infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Queen's Division.

On May 29, 2007 it was reported that General Sir Mike Jackson, second-in-command of 2 Para on Bloody Sunday, said: "I have no doubt that innocent people were shot". Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [33] This was in sharp contrast to his insistence, for more than 30 years, that those killed on the day had been members of the IRA. [34]

The Saville Inquiry

Main article: Bloody Sunday Inquiry
The city Guildhall, home to the Inquiry.
The city Guildhall, home to the Inquiry. The Bloody Sunday Inquiry, also known as the Saville inquiry, was established in 1998 by Prime Minister Tony Blair after campaigns by families of those

Although British Prime Minister John Major rejected John Hume's requests for a public inquiry into the killings, his successor, Tony Blair, decided to start one. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Hume (born 18 January 1937) is a former Politician in Northern Ireland, founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party A public inquiry is an official Review of events or actions ordered by a country's state's or province's government Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to A second commission of inquiry, chaired by Lord Saville, was established in January 1998 to re-examine 'Bloody Sunday'. "Lord Saville" redirects here For the hereditary peers see Baron Savile Mark Oliver Saville Baron Saville of Newdigate, PC Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The other Judges were John Toohey QC, a former Justice of the High Court of Australia with an excellent reputation for his work on Aboriginal issues (he replaced New Zealander Sir Edward Somers QC, who retired from the Inquiry in 2000 for personal reasons), and Mr Justice William Hoyt QC, former Chief Justice of New Brunswick and a member of the Canadian Judicial Council. John Leslie Toohey AC, QC (born 1930 Australian Judge, was a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1987 to 1998 Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law The High Court of Australia is the final court of appeal in Australia the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth or other countries with an Anglo-Saxon justice system based on English New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The Canadian Judicial Council is the regulating body for Canadian Judges composed mostly of chief justices and associate chief justices of Canada's superior courts The hearings were concluded in November 2004, and the report is currently being written. The Saville Inquiry is a more comprehensive study than the Widgery Tribunal, interviewing a wide range of witnesses, including local residents, soldiers, journalists and politicians. The evidence so far has undermined to some extent the credibility of the original Widgery Tribunal report. Some of the scientists responsible for the original reports to the Widgery Tribunal now dismiss the interpretations that were put on their findings by the Ministry of Defence. The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters Lord Saville has declined to comment on the Widgery report and has made the point that the Saville Inquiry is a judicial inquiry into 'Bloody Sunday', not the Widgery Tribunal. "Lord Saville" redirects here For the hereditary peers see Baron Savile Mark Oliver Saville Baron Saville of Newdigate, PC

Evidence given by Martin McGuiness, the deputy leader of Sinn Féin, to the inquiry stated that he was second-in-command of the Derry branch of the Provisional IRA and was present at the march. James Martin Pacelli McGuinness (Máirtín Mag Aonghusa born in Derry on 23 May 1950 is the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the He did not answer questions about where he had been staying because he said it would compromise the safety of the individuals involved.

A claim was made at the Saville Inquiry that McGuinness was responsible for supplying detonators for nail bombs on Bloody Sunday. The Bloody Sunday Inquiry, also known as the Saville inquiry, was established in 1998 by Prime Minister Tony Blair after campaigns by families of those Paddy Ward claimed he was the leader of the Fianna Éireann, the youth wing of the IRA in January 1972. The name Fianna Éireann (ˈfʲiənə ˈeːɾʲən) also rendered as Fianna na hÉireann and Na Fianna Éireann ( Irish: " Soldiery of He claimed McGuinness, the second-in-command of the IRA in the city at the time, and another anonymous IRA member gave him bomb parts on the morning of 30 January, the date planned for the civil rights march. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain He said his organisation intended to attack city-centre premises in Derry on the day when civilians were shot dead by British soldiers. In response McGuinness rejected the claims as "fantasy", while Gerry O’Hara, a Sinn Féin councillor in Derry stated that he and not Ward was the Fianna leader at the time. [23]

Many observers allege that the Ministry of Defence acted in a way to impede the inquiry. The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters [35] Over 1,000 army photographs and original army helicopter video footage were never made available. Additionally, guns used on the day by the soldiers that could have been evidence in the inquiry were lost by the MoD. [36][37] The MoD claimed that all the guns had been destroyed, but some were subsequently recovered in various locations (such as Sierra Leone, Beirut, and Little Rock, Arkansas) despite the obstruction. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Little Rock is the Capital and the most populous city of the U Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. [38]

By the time the inquiry had retired to write up its findings, it had interviewed over 900 witnesses, over seven years, making it the biggest investigation in British legal history. The United Kingdom has three Legal systems. English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law, which applies in [37] The cost of this process has drawn criticism. In June 2003, the cost incurred so far in pursuit of the inquiry was given as £113. 2 million. [39] One year later in June 2004 the cost was given as £130 million. [40] The total cost is expected to be around £155 million. [37]

In mid-2005, the play Bloody Sunday: Scenes from the Saville Inquiry, a dramatisation based on the Saville inquiry, opened in London, and subsequently travelled to Derry and Dublin. [41][42] The writer, journalist Richard Norton-Taylor, distilled four years of evidence into two hours of stage performance by Tricycle Theatre. Richard Norton Taylor (born June 6 1944) is Security Affairs Editor of The Guardian. The Tricycle Theatre is located on Kilburn High Road in Kilburn in the London Borough of Brent, England. The play received glowing reviews in all the British broadsheets, including The Times: "The Tricycle's latest recreation of a major inquiry is its most devastating"; The Daily Telegraph: "I can't praise this enthralling production too highly. . . exceptionally gripping courtroom drama"; and The Independent: "A necessary triumph". [43]

Impact on Northern Ireland divisions

Bloody Sunday memorial in the Bogside.
Bloody Sunday memorial in the Bogside. The Bogside is a neighbourhood outside the city walls of Derry, Northern Ireland.

Despite the controversy, all sides agree that 'Bloody Sunday' marked a major negative turning point in the fortunes of Northern Ireland. Harold Wilson, then the Leader of the Opposition in the Commons, reiterated his belief that a united Ireland was the only possible solution to Northern Ireland's Troubles. James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians The Leader of the Opposition (sometimes known as the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons) in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords A United Ireland is the term used to refer to a sovereign state encompassing the whole of the island of Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of William Craig, then Stormont Home Affairs Minister, suggested that the west bank of Derry should be ceded to the Republic of Ireland. William Craig may refer to William Craig (politician Right Honourable (William (Bill Craig (1924&ndash Northern Ireland politician William Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.

When it arrived in Northern Ireland, the British Army was welcomed by Roman Catholics as a neutral force there to protect them from Protestant mobs, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and the B-Specials. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC was the name of the Police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001 The Ulster Special Constabulary (USC (commonly called the "B-Specials" was a reserve police force in Ireland. [44] After Bloody Sunday many Catholics turned on the British army, seeing it no longer as their protector but as their enemy. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Young nationalists became increasingly attracted to violent republican groups. Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic With the Official IRA and Official Sinn Féin having moved away from mainstream Irish nationalism/republicanism towards Marxism, the Provisional IRA began to win the support of newly radicalised, disaffected young people. The term Official Irish Republican Army or Official IRA (informally the Officials) refers to one of the two organisations&mdashthe other being the Provisional Official Sinn Féin (later renamed "Sinn Féin the Workers Party" was a Marxist Irish republican Political party which evolved from the split Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the

In the following twenty years, the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other smaller republican groups such as the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) mounted an armed campaign against the British, by which they meant the RUC, the British Army, the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) of the British Army (and, according to their critics, the Protestant and unionist establishment). The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA; Arm Saoirse Náisiúnta na hÉireann in Irish is an Irish Republican, Left-wing paramilitary organisation From 1969 until 1997 the Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA conducted an armed Paramilitary campaign in the United Kingdom, aimed at ending British The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR) was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army formed as an anti-terrorist Militia in 1970 to replace Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and With rival paramilitary organisations appearing in both the nationalist/republican and Irish unionist/Ulster loyalist communities (the Ulster Defence Association, Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), etc on the loyalist side), the Troubles cost the lives of thousands of people. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Defence Association ( UDA) is a loyalist Paramilitary criminal organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a Terrorist The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland. Incidents included the killing of three members of a pop band, the Miami Showband, by a gang including members of the UVF who were also members of the local army regiment, the UDR, and in uniform at the time,[45] and the killing by the Provisionals of Second World War veterans and their families attending a war wreath laying in Enniskillen. The Miami Showband killings (also known as the Miami Showband Massacre) occurred on 31 July 1975 around 2 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Remembrance Day bombing, also known as the Enniskillen bombing or the Poppy Day massacre, occurred on 8 November 1987 in Enniskillen

With the official cessation of violence by some of the major paramilitary organisations and the creation of the power-sharing executive at Stormont in Belfast under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, the Saville Tribunal's re-examination of the events of that day is widely hoped to provide a thorough account of the events of Bloody Sunday. Parliament Buildings, known as Stormont because of its location in the Stormont area of Belfast, served as the seat of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an

There has been a commemoration of Bloody Sunday each year since. There is a programme of events planned over a week this year (2008) as in previous years.

Artistic reaction

Bloody Sunday mural in Derry
Bloody Sunday mural in Derry

The incident has been commemorated by U2 in their 1983 protest song "Sunday Bloody Sunday". A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface A protest song is a Song which Protests against perceived problems in Society. " Sunday Bloody Sunday " is the opening track and third single from U2 's 1983 album War.

The John Lennon album Some Time In New York City features a song entitled "Sunday Bloody Sunday", inspired by the incident, as well as the song "The Luck of the Irish", which dealt more with the Irish conflict in general. John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born Some Time in New York City was released in 1972 and is John Lennon 's third post- Beatles album fifth with Yoko Ono and third with producer (Lennon was of Irish descent. )

Paul McCartney (also of Irish descent) issued a single shortly after Bloody Sunday titled "Give Ireland Back to the Irish", expressing his views on the matter. Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942 is an English rock Singer, Bass guitarist songwriter Composer, " Give Ireland Back to the Irish " is a Paul and Linda McCartney song written in response to the events of Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland It was one of few McCartney solo songs to be banned by the BBC. [46]

Christy Moore's song "Minds Locked Shut" on the album "Graffiti Tongue" is all about the events of the day, and names the dead civilians. Christopher Andrew 'Christy' Moore (born 7 May 1945 in Newbridge County Kildare, Ireland is a popular Irish Folk singer, songwriter and Guitarist.

The Celtic metal band Cruachan also addressed the incident in a song "Bloody Sunday" from their 2004 album Folk-Lore. Celtic metal is a subgenre of Folk metal that developed in the 1990s in Ireland. Cruachan is a Celtic metal band from Dublin Ireland formed in 1992 and reformed in 1999 accredited with being one of the founders of the genre - Folk Metal Folk-Lore was released in 2002 by Celtic metal band Cruachan. [47]

The events of the day have also been dramatised in the two 2002 television dramas, Bloody Sunday (starring James Nesbitt) and Sunday by Jimmy McGovern. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Bloody Sunday is a 2002 Television film about the 1972 " Bloody Sunday " shootings in Derry, Northern James Nesbitt (born 15 January 1965 is a Northern Irish actor Sunday is a Television drama produced by Sunday Productions for Channel 4 and screened on January 25 2002 Jimmy McGovern (born 1949 is a BAFTA award-winning English Television scriptwriter from Liverpool

Brian Friel's 1973 play The Freedom of the City deals with the incident from the viewpoint of three civilians. Brian Friel (born 9 January 1929) is a playwright and more recently director of his own works from Northern Ireland who now resides in County Donegal

Willie Doherty, a Derry born artist has amassed a large body of work which addresses the troubles in Northern Ireland. Willie Doherty (born 1959 is an Irish Artist. He has mainly worked in Photography and Video. "30th January 1972" deals specifically with the events of Bloody Sunday.

The Wolfe Tones, an Irish rebel music band, wrote a song also called 'Sunday Bloody Sunday' about the event. Irish rebel music is a sub genre of Irish folk music, with much the same instrumentation but with lyrics predominantly concerned with Irish nationalism, and

References

  1. ^ CAIN: Posters - Examples of Bloody Sunday Posters
  2. ^ Derry-Londonderry name dispute
  3. ^ 'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972 - Names of the Dead and Injured CAIN Web Service, 23 March 2006. The name of the city and county of Derry or Londonderry in Northern Ireland is the subject of a naming dispute between nationalists Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 27 August 2006. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  4. ^ Extracts from 'The Road to Bloody Sunday' by Dr. Raymond McClean Retrieved 2007-02-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
  5. ^ David Granville (28 July 2005). Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. More 'butcher' than 'grocer'. The Morning Star. For other uses see Morning Star. The Morning Star is a left-wing, British daily Newspaper, set in a Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  6. ^ Nick Cohen (1 February 2004). Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Schooled in scandal. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  7. ^ 1972: 'Bloody Sunday' report excuses Army. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  8. ^ Nicholas Watt (2008-03-19), McGuinness: there was no need for Bloody Sunday inquiry, The Guardian 
  9. ^ Peter Pringle & Philip Jacobson (2000). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They?. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-316-8.   P. 293: "Youngsters who had seen their friends die that day flocked to join the IRA. . . "
  10. ^ Eamonn McCann (2006). The Bloody Sunday Inquiry - The Families Speak Out. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-2510-6.   P. 4-6
  11. ^ a b c Geraghty, Tony (2000). Tony Geraghty is a British - Irish writer and journalist He served in the Parachute Regiment, and was awarded the Joint Service Commendation Medal The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence. Harper Collins, p. HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. 45. ISBN 978-0006386742.  
  12. ^ a b c Taylor, Peter (2001). Brits: The War Against the IRA. Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 83. ISBN 0-7475-5806-X.  
  13. ^ The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence, p. 46.
  14. ^ a b English, Richard (2003). Richard English is a Historian from Northern Ireland. He was born in Belfast in 1963 Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Books, p. Pan Books is an Imprint which first became active in the 1940s and is now part of the British-based Macmillan Publishers owned by German publishers 141. ISBN 0-330-49388-4.  
  15. ^ a b Brits, p. 84.
  16. ^ a b c d Brits, p. 82.
  17. ^ 'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972 - Details of Source Material CAIN Web Service, 23 March 2006. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 27 August 2006. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  18. ^ Peter Pringle & Philip Jacobson (2000). Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They?. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-316-8.   P. 100: ". . . the level of rioting was no greater than usual - and no petrol bombs or nail bombs were being thrown. "
  19. ^ Peter Pringle & Philip Jacobson (2000). Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They?. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-316-8.  P 116: "Seconds after the corporal fired, he would say that he spotted the same man with a black cylindrical object in one hand strike what appeared to be a match against the wall. Johnston was standing a few feet from Donaghy. One of the bullets sliced through his right thigh. "
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. CAIN. CAIN ( Conflict Archive on the Internet) is a database containing information about Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland from 1968 to the Present Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
  21. ^ Inquiry urged to identify soldiers. BBC News (23 May 2002). Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
  22. ^ a b Widgery Report. CAIN. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  23. ^ a b John Innes (21 October 2003). Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. McGuinness is named as bomb runner. The Scotsman. The Scotsman is a Scottish national Newspaper, published in Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  24. ^ a b Brits, p. 96.
  25. ^ David Sharrock (30 March 2000). Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Rumours of plan to clear Bogside are 'nonsense'. The Daily Telegraph. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Retrieved on 2007-05-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
  26. ^ The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence, p. 65.
  27. ^ Bloody Sunday Inquiry Transcript - Day 008 (6 April 2000). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
  28. ^ 'Bloody Sunday', 30 January 1972 - A Chronology of Events CAIN Web Service, 23 March 2006. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 27 August 2006. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  29. ^ Don Mullan (1997). Don Mullan is an Irish humanitarian worker and media producer Eyewitness Bloody Sunday. Wolfhound: Printing Press. ISBN 0-86327-586-9.  
  30. ^ Ros Wynne-Jones (9 March 1997). Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Daughters of Ireland. The Independent. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  31. ^ 1969: Devlin is youngest-ever woman MP. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  32. ^ David McKittrick (26 January 1997). Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Bloody Sunday: the ghosts that won't lie down. The Independent. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  33. ^ "Bloody Sunday victims 'innocent'", BBC News Online, 2007-05-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Retrieved on 2007-05-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the (English) 
  34. ^ "Bloody Sunday victims innocent says Jackson", Irish News (Belfast newspaper), May 29, 2007, pp 1 and 11
  35. ^ Bloody Sunday footage release calls. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. BBC News (30 January 2003). Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  36. ^ Concern over Bloody Sunday guns. BBC News (3 April 2000). Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  37. ^ a b c Q&A: Bloody Sunday inquiry. The Guardian (22 November 2004). Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  38. ^ Philip Jacobson (14 August 2005). Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Riddle of the Derry guns. The Sunday Times. The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  39. ^ Chris Boffey (17 September 2003). Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Bloody Sunday Para faces jail for contempt. The Daily Telegraph. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  40. ^ Saville inquiry judges retire. BBC News (23 November 2004). Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-05-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
  41. ^ Liz Hoggard (27 March 2005). Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Out of crises, a drama. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
  42. ^ Bloody Sunday:Scenes from the Saville Inquiry. www. dublinks. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
  43. ^ BLOODY SUNDAY: Scenes from the Saville Inquiry. Tricycle Theatre. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
  44. ^ This "Honeymoon period", as it has come to be known, ended around the time of the Falls Road Curfew on 3 July 1970. The Falls Curfew, also known as the Lower Falls Curfew or sometimes as the "Rape of the Lower Falls" was a British Army operation on the Falls Road in Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. See CAIN for details here. The 'B-Specials' were disbanded and replaced by the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) on 1 April 1970. The Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR) was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army formed as an anti-terrorist Militia in 1970 to replace Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
  45. ^ 1976: UDR men jailed for Showband killings
  46. ^ The seven ages of Paul McCartney BBC News Entertainment, 17 June 2006. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 27 August 2006. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  47. ^ Bolther, Giancarlo. Interview with Keith Fay. Rock-impressions. com. Retrieved on March 24.

Further reading

External links

The events of the day

Contemporary newspaper coverage

Importance and impact

Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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