A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system, and some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached Glycolipids are Carbohydrate -attached Lipids. Their role is to provide Energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Several of these red blood cell surface antigens, that stem from one allele (or very closely linked genes), collectively form a blood group system. An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance [1]
Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 29 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT currently recognises 30 major blood group systems (including the ABO and Rh systems The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT, also known as La Société Internationale de Transfusion Sanguine (SITS is a scientific society founded in 1935, which [2]
Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a different blood type from their own, and the mother can form antibodies against fetal RBCs. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG, a small immunoglobulin, which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn, an illness of low fetal blood counts which can be temporary or treatable but can occasionally be severe, depending on the antibody causing the hemolytic disease of the newborn. Immunoglobulin G ( IgG) is a Monomeric Immunoglobulin, built of two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Hemolysis (or haemolysis)—from the Greek Hemo-, Greek meaning blood - Lysis, meaning to break open—is the breaking Haemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or Erythroblastosis fetalis, is an Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative
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Serology
If an individual is exposed to a blood group antigen that is not recognised as self, the immune system will produce antibodies that can specifically bind to that particular blood group antigen, and an immunological memory against that antigen is formed. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily The individual will have become sensitized to that blood group antigen. These antibodies can bind to antigens on the surface of transfused red blood cells (or other tissue cells), often leading to destruction of the cells by recruitment of other components of the immune system. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood When IgM antibodies bind to the transfused cells, the transfused cells can clump. It is vital that compatible blood is selected for transfusions and that compatible tissue is selected for organ transplantation. Transfusion reactions involving minor antigens or weak antibodies may lead to minor problems. In Medicine, a transfusion reaction is any Adverse event which occurs because of a Blood transfusion. However, more serious incompatibilities can lead to a more vigorous immune response with massive RBC destruction, low blood pressure, and even death. Immunity is a material term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid Infection, Disease, or other unwanted biological invasion Hemolysis (or haemolysis)—from the Greek Hemo-, Greek meaning blood - Lysis, meaning to break open—is the breaking In Physiology and Medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low Blood pressure. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific
ABO and Rh Blood Grouping
Only with the ABO blood system are the corresponding antibodies considered "naturally occurring. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products " This means that people who are blood type A will have Anti-B, which is produced by the immune system without the need of previous sensitization (as described above). The theory that explains how these antibodies are developed states that antigens similar to the A and B antigens occur in nature, including bacteria. When an infant is born, the gut become colonized with normal flora which express these A and B-like antigens, causing the immune system to make antibodies to those antigens that the red cells do not possess. So, as stated before, people who are blood type A will have Anti-B, blood type B will have Anti-A, blood type O will have both Anti-A and Anti-B, and blood type AB will have neither. Because of these naturally occurring and expected antibodies, it is important to correctly determine a patient's blood type prior to transfusion of any blood component. These naturally occurring antibodies are of the IgM class, and as was described above, IgM antibodies have the capability of agglutinating (clumping) red cells within the blood vessels, possibly leading to death. It is not necessary to determine any other blood group because all other red cell antibodies can only develop through active immunization, which can only occur through either previous blood transfusion or pregnancy. A test called the Antibody Screen is always performed on patients who may require red blood cell transfusion, and this test will detect most clinically significant red cell antibodies.
The RhD antigen is also important in determining a person's blood type. The terms "positive" or "negative" refer to either the presence or absence of the Rh or D antigen. Anti-D is not a naturally occurring antibody as the Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies are, but matching for the D antigen is considered extremely clinically important. The D antigen is considered highly immunogenic, meaning that a person who is D negative is very likely to make Anti-D when exposed to the D antigen (through either transfusion or pregnancy). Once this antibody is made, D negative blood must always be given. The Anti-D antibody is also known to be the cause for one of the most severe forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). HDN, due to Anti-D antibody produced by a D negative mother, can cause severe anemia in the fetus and can possibly lead to fetal demise. Prevention of the formation of Anti-D by D negative mothers is accomplished by a medication called RhIg, given at about 28 weeks of gestation and after delivery, if the infant is determined to be D positive.
Blood group systems
A total of 29 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT currently recognises 30 major blood group systems (including the ABO and Rh systems The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT, also known as La Société Internationale de Transfusion Sanguine (SITS is a scientific society founded in 1935, which [2] A complete blood type would describe a full set of 29 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the many possible combinations of blood group antigens. Across the 29 blood groups, over 600 different blood group antigens have been found,[3] but many of these are very rare or are mainly found in certain ethnic groups.
Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life; but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy or autoimmune disease. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive Immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body [4][5][6][7] An example of this rare phenomenon is the case Demi-Lee Brennan, an Australian citizen, whose blood group changed after a liver transplant. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals [8][9] Another more common cause in blood type change is a bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and lymphomas, among other diseases. If a person receives a bone marrow from someone who is a different ABO type (ex. a type A patient receives a type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type will eventually convert to the donor's type.
Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the Kell antigen is sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome. The Kell antigen system (also known as Kell-Cellano system) is a group of Antigens on the human red blood cell surface which are important determinants of Blood McLeod syndrome (or McLeod phenomenon) is a Genetic disorder that may affect the Blood, Brain, Peripheral nerves, Muscle [10] Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen. The Duffy antigen is a protein located on the outside of Red blood cells and is named after the patient in which it was discovered [11] The Duffy antigen, presumably as a result of natural selection, is less common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of [12]
ABO blood group system
The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually "Immunoglobulin M", abbreviated IgM, antibodies. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short is a basic Antibody that is present on B cells It is the primary antibody against A and B Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short is a basic Antibody that is present on B cells It is the primary antibody against A and B ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable The "O" in ABO is often called "0" (zero/null) in other languages. [13]
| Phenotype | Genotype |
|---|---|
| A | AA or AO |
| B | BB or BO |
| AB | AB |
| O | OO |
Rhesus blood group system
The Rhesus system is the second most significant blood group system in human blood transfusion. A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties The genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell an organism or an individual (i The term Rhesus (Rh blood group system refers to the 5 main Rhesus Antigens (C c D E and e as well as the many other less frequent Rhesus antigens The most significant Rhesus antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens. It is common for RhD negative individuals not to have any anti-RhD IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-RhD antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, RhD negative individuals can produce IgG anti-RhD antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with RhD positive RBCs. Immunoglobulin G ( IgG) is a Monomeric Immunoglobulin, built of two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood
ABO and Rh distribution by country
| Country | O+ | A+ | B+ | AB+ | O− | A− | B− | AB− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria[14] | 30% | 33% | 12% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 3% | 1% |
| Australia[15] | 40% | 31% | 8% | 2% | 9% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| Belgium[16] | 38. 1% | 34% | 8. 5% | 4. 1% | 7% | 6% | 1. 5% | 0. 8% |
| Canada[17] | 39% | 36% | 7. 6% | 2. 5% | 7% | 6% | 1. 4% | 0. 5% |
| Denmark[18] | 35% | 37% | 8% | 4% | 6% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| Finland[19] | 27% | 38% | 15% | 7% | 4% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| France[20] | 36% | 37% | 9% | 3% | 6% | 7% | 1% | 1% |
| Germany[21] | 35% | 37% | 9% | 4% | 6% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| Hong Kong, China[22] | 40% | 26% | 27% | 7% | <0. 3% | <0. 3% | <0. 3% | <0. 3% |
| Ireland[23] | 47% | 26% | 9% | 2% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 1% |
| Korea, South[24] | 27. 2% | 35. 1% | 26. 1% | 11. 3% | 0. 1% | 0. 1% | 0. 1% | 0. 05% |
| Netherlands[25] | 39. 5% | 35% | 6. 7% | 2. 5% | 7. 5% | 7% | 1. 3% | 0. 5% |
| New Zealand[26] | 38% | 32% | 9% | 3% | 9% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| Poland[27] | 31% | 32% | 15% | 7% | 6% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| Sweden[28] | 32% | 37% | 10% | 5% | 6% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| UK[29] | 37% | 35% | 8% | 3% | 7% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| USA[30] | 37. 4% | 35. 7% | 8. 5% | 3. 4% | 6. 6% | 6. 3% | 1. 5% | 0. 6% |
Other blood group systems
The International Society of Blood Transfusion currently recognizes 29 blood group systems (including the ABO and Rh systems). The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT currently recognises 30 major blood group systems (including the ABO and Rh systems The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT, also known as La Société Internationale de Transfusion Sanguine (SITS is a scientific society founded in 1935, which [2] Thus, in addition to the ABO antigens and Rhesus antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB RhD positive, and at the same time M and N positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Lea or Leb negative (Lewis system), and so on, being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen. The Kell antigen system (also known as Kell-Cellano system) is a group of Antigens on the human red blood cell surface which are important determinants of Blood Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.
Clinical significance
Blood transfusion
Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups, along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other blood products. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory A blood bank is a cache or bank of Blood or blood components, gathered as a result of Blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in Blood transfusions Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another Across the world, blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor (licensed physician or surgeon) in a similar way as medicines. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health In Medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs Surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive Medical treatment that involves the cutting of a In the USA, blood products are tightly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.
Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe as possible. A blood bank is a cache or bank of Blood or blood components, gathered as a result of Blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in Blood transfusions If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient, a severe acute immunological reaction, hemolysis (RBC destruction), renal failure and shock are likely to occur, and death is a possibility. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another Hemolysis (or haemolysis)—from the Greek Hemo-, Greek meaning blood - Lysis, meaning to break open—is the breaking Renal failure or kidney Antibodies can be highly active and can attack RBCs and bind components of the complement system to cause massive hemolysis of the transfused blood. The complement system is a Biochemical cascade that helps clear Pathogens from an organism
Patients should ideally receive their own blood or type-specific blood products to minimize the chance of a transfusion reaction. In Medicine, a transfusion reaction is any Adverse event which occurs because of a Blood transfusion. Risks can be further reduced by cross-matching blood, but this may be skipped when blood is required for an emergency. Cross-matching, in Transfusion medicine, refers to the testing that is performed to determine the Compatibility of a donated unit of Blood Cross-matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient's blood with a sample of the donor's blood and checking if the mixture agglutinates, or forms clumps. If agglutination is not obvious by direct vision, blood bank technicians usually check for agglutination with a microscope. Agglutination is the clumping of particles The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare, meaning "to glue to A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are If agglutination occurs, that particular donor's blood cannot be transfused to that particular recipient. In a blood bank it is vital that all blood specimens are correctly identified, so labeling has been standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128. A bar code (also barcode) is an optical Machine-readable representation of data ISBT 128 is a system for identification labeling and processing of human Blood, tissue and cellular therapy products using an internationally standardized system
The blood group may be included on identification tags or on tattoos worn by military personnel, in case they should need an emergency blood transfusion. A dog tag is the informal name for the identification tags worn by military personnel because of their resemblance to actual Dog tags The tag is primarily used for the A tattoo is a permanent marking made by inserting ink into the layers of Skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons Frontline German Waffen-SS had such tattoos during World War II. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Ironically, this was an easy form of SS identification. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the [31]
Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals. A blood bank is a cache or bank of Blood or blood components, gathered as a result of Blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in Blood transfusions For example Duffy-negative blood occurs much more frequently in people of African origin,[32] and the rarity of this blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of Duffy-negative blood for patients of African ethnicity. The Duffy antigen is a protein located on the outside of Red blood cells and is named after the patient in which it was discovered Similarly for RhD negative people, there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare, particularly East Asia, where blood services may endeavor to encourage Westerners to donate blood. [33]
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
A pregnant woman can make IgG blood group antibodies if her fetus has a blood group antigen that she does not have. Haemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or Erythroblastosis fetalis, is an Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Immunoglobulin G ( IgG) is a Monomeric Immunoglobulin, built of two heavy chains γ and two light chains. This can happen if some of the fetus' blood cells pass into the mother's blood circulation (e. g. a small fetomaternal hemorrhage at the time of childbirth or obstetric intervention), or sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another This can cause Rh disease or other forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in the current pregnancy and/or subsequent pregnancies. Rh disease (also known as Rh (D disease, Rhesus disease, RhD Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, Rhesus D Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn or Haemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or Erythroblastosis fetalis, is an If a pregnant woman is known to have anti-RhD antibodies, the RhD blood type of a fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma to assess the risk to the fetus of Rh disease. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and [34] Antibodies associated with some blood groups can cause severe HDN, others can only cause mild HDN and others are not known to cause HDN.
Compatibility
Blood products
In order to provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks fractionate some whole blood into several products. A blood bank is a cache or bank of Blood or blood components, gathered as a result of Blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in Blood transfusions Fractionation is a Separation process in which a certain quantity of a Mixture (solid liquid solute or suspension is divided up in a number of smaller quantities The most common of these products are packed RBCs, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved Cryoprecipitate, also called "Cryoprecipitated Antihemophilic Factor" "Cryoprecipitated AHF" and most commonly just "cryo" is a frozen blood product prepared Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended FFP is quick-frozen to retain the labile clotting factors V and VIII, which are usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease, overdose of anticoagulant, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Factor V is a Protein of the Coagulation system rarely referred to as proaccelerin or labile factor. Factor VIII (FVIII is an essential Clotting factor A deficiency of FVIII causes Hemophilia A, a bleeding disorder The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is it stops Blood from clotting Disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC) also known as consumptive coagulopathy, is a pathological activation of Coagulation (blood clotting mechanisms
Units of packed red cells are made by removing as much of the plasma as possible from whole blood units.
Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for hemophilia, as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided. Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Recombinant DNA is a form of synthetic DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands thereby combining DNA sequences Haemophilia (also spelled as hemophilia
Red blood cell compatibility
- Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but can donate blood only to another group AB individual.
- Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen. Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short is a basic Antibody that is present on B cells It is the primary antibody against A and B Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB.
- Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB.
- Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contains IgM anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies against the A and B blood group antigens. Therefore, a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (ie A, B, O or AB). If anyone needs a blood transfusion in a dire emergency, and if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a detrimental delay, O Negative blood can be issued.
In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.
| Recipient[1] | Donor[1] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O- | O+ | A- | A+ | B- | B+ | AB- | AB+ | |
| O- |  |
|||||||
| O+ | |
|
||||||
| A- | |
|
||||||
| A+ | |
|
|
|
||||
| B- | |
|
||||||
| B+ | |
|
|
|
||||
| AB- | |
|
|
|
||||
| AB+ | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table note
1. Assumes absence of atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, as is usual for blood selected by cross matching.
A RhD negative patient who does not have any anti-RhD antibodies (never being previously sensitized to RhD positive RBCs) can receive a transfusion of RhD positive blood once, but this would cause sensitization to the RhD antigen, and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn. Haemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or Erythroblastosis fetalis, is an If a RhD negative patient has developed anti-RhD antibodies, a subsequent exposure to RhD positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. RhD positive blood should never be given to RhD negative women of childbearing age or to patients with RhD antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rhesus negative blood for these patients. In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of RhD negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, RhD positive blood might be given to RhD negative females above child-bearing age or to Rh negative males, providing that they did not have anti-RhD antibodies, to conserve RhD negative blood stock in the blood bank. The converse is not true; RhD positive patients do not react to RhD negative blood.
Plasma compatibility
In addition to donating to the same blood group; plasma from type AB can be given to A, B and O; plasma from types A and B can be given to O.
Recipients can receive plasma of the same blood group, but otherwise the donor-recipient compatibility for blood plasma is the converse of that of RBCs: plasma extracted from type AB blood can be transfused to individuals of any blood group; individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any blood group; and type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended
| Recipient | Donor[1] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O | A | B | AB | |
| O | |
|
|
|
| A | |
|
||
| B | |
|
||
| AB | |
|||
Table note
1. Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma
Rhesus D antibodies are uncommon, so generally neither RhD negative nor RhD positive blood contain anti-RhD antibodies. If a potential donor is found to have anti-RhD antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor (or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn the product would be appropriately labeled); therefore, donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of RhD antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies, and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be RhD positive or RhD negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible.
Universal donors and universal recipients
With regard to transfusions of whole blood or packed red blood cells, individuals with type O negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB positive blood are called universal recipients (Strictly speaking this is not true and individuals with Hh antigen system (also known as the Bombay blood group) are the universal donors). hh is a rare Blood group also called Bombay Blood group. Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype ( hh) do not express H antigen Although blood donors with particularly strong anti-A, anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody are excluded from blood donation, the terms universal donor and universal recipient are an over-simplification, because they only consider possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitisation to RhD antigens. The possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the transfused blood to the recipients RBCs are not considered, because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies is transfused.
By way of example; considering the transfusion of O RhD negative blood (universal donor blood) into a recipient of blood group A RhD positive, an immune reaction between the recipient's anti-B antibodies and the transfused RBCs is not anticipated. However, the relatively small amount of plasma in the transfused blood contains anti-A antibodies, which could react with the A antigens on the surface of the recipients RBCs, but a significant reaction is unlikely because of the dilution factors. Rhesus D sensitisization is not anticipated.
Additionally, red blood cell surface antigens other than A, B and Rh D, might cause adverse reactions and sensitization, if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response. Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own systems of surface antigens, and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion. Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved
With regard to transfusions of plasma, this situation is reversed. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Type O plasma can be given only to O recipients, while AB plasma (which does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies) can be given to patients of any ABO blood group.
Conversion
In April 2007 a method was discovered to convert blood types A, B, and AB to O, using enzymes. This method is still experimental and the resulting blood has yet to undergo human trials. [37][38] The method specifically removes or converts antigens on the red blood cells, so other antigens and antibodies would remain. This does not help plasma compatibility, but that is a lesser concern since plasma has much more limited clinical utility in transfusion and is much easier to preserve.
History
The two most significant blood group systems were discovered during early experiments with blood transfusion: the ABO group in 1901[39] and the Rhesus group in 1937. The term Rhesus (Rh blood group system refers to the 5 main Rhesus Antigens (C c D E and e as well as the many other less frequent Rhesus antigens [40] Development of the Coombs test in 1945,[41] the advent of transfusion medicine, and the understanding of hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups, and now 29 human blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT),[2] and across the 29 blood groups, over 600 different blood group antigens have been found,[42] but many of these are very rare or are mainly found in certain ethnic groups. Coombs test (also known as Coombs' test, antiglobulin test or AGT) refers to two Clinical Blood tests used in Immunohematology Transfusion medicine (or transfusiology) is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and Blood components The Blood Haemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or Erythroblastosis fetalis, is an The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT currently recognises 30 major blood group systems (including the ABO and Rh systems The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT, also known as La Société Internationale de Transfusion Sanguine (SITS is a scientific society founded in 1935, which Blood types have been used in forensic science and in paternity testing, but both of these uses are being replaced by genetic fingerprinting, which provides greater certitude. A maternity or paternity identification test is conducted to establish whether a person is the biological Parent of another person
Cultural beliefs regarding blood types
The Japanese blood type theory of personality is a popular belief that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others. History The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been founded by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who found three different Blood types in Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true It was a serious scientific hypothesis which was proposed early in the 20th century, which gained currency within the Japanese public. This theory has long since been rejected by the scientific community. (For a proponent, see Masahiko Nomi). Masahiko Nomi (能見正比古 Nomi Masahiko, Mr Bag July 18 1925 - October 30 1981) was a Japanese journalist who researched deeper This belief has been carried over to a certain extent into other parts of East Asia, and South Korea. In Japan, asking someone their blood type is considered as normal as asking their astrological sign. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems It is also common for Japanese-made video games (especially role-playing games) and the manga series to include blood type with character descriptions. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly
The blood type diet is an American system whereby people seek improved health by modifying their food intake and lifestyle according to their ABO blood group and secretor status. The blood type diet is a diet advocated by Peter D'Adamo a naturopathic physician and outlined in his book Eat Right 4 Your Type. [43] This system includes some reference to differences in personality, but not to the extent typical of the Japanese theory.
References
- ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
- ^ a b c d Table of blood group systems. International Society of Blood Transfusion (October 2006). Retrieved on 2006-11-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca
- ^ American Red Cross Blood Services, New England Region, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont. American Red Cross Blood Services - New England Region (2001). Retrieved on 2006-11-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca “there are more than 600 known antigens besides A and B that characterize the proteins found on a person's red cells”
- ^ Dean, Laura. "The ABO blood group", Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. online: NCBI. “A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype”
- ^ Stayboldt C, Rearden A, Lane T. "B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum". Transfusion 27 (1): 41-4. PMID 3810822.
- ^ Matsushita S, Imamura T, Mizuta T, Hanada M (1983). "Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer". Jpn J Surg 13 (6): 540-2. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 6672386.
- ^ Kremer Hovinga I, Koopmans M, de Heer E, Bruijn J, Bajema I (2007). "Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lancet 369 (9557): 186-7; author reply 187. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17240276.
- ^ Demi-Lee Brennan has changed blood types and immune system Kate Sikora, Daily Telegraph, January 25, 2008
- ^ Aust doctors hail teen's transplant 'miracle' Sean Rubinsztein-Dunlop, ABC News (Australia), January 24, 2008
- ^ Allen FH Jr, Krabbe SM, Corcoran PA. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. ABC News is a national news service produced by the News and Current Affairs division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. A new phenotype (McLeod) in the Kell blood-group system. Vox Sang. 1961 Sep;6:555-60. PMID 13477267
- ^ Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinniss MH. "The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy. " N Engl J Med. 1976 Aug 5;295(6):302-4 PMID 778616
- ^ Kwiatkowski, DP (Aug 2005). "How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria". Am J Hum Genet. 77 (2): 171-192. Full text at PMC: 1224522. PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text Scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences "The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, ovalocytosis, and the Duffy-negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria".
- ^ Your blood – a textbook about blood and blood donation (PDF) 63. Retrieved on 2006-11-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem.
- ^ Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information
- ^ Blood Types - What Are They?, Australian Red Cross
- ^ Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material
- ^ Types & Rh System, Canadian Blood Services
- ^ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population.
- ^ Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma
- ^ Les groupes sanguins (système ABO) (French). Centre Hospitalier Princesse GRACE - Monaco. C. H. P. G. MONACO (2005). Retrieved on 2006-12-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ de:Blutgruppe#Häufigkeit der Blutgruppen
- ^ Blood Donation, Hong Kong Red Cross
- ^ Irish Blood Transfusion Service :: Share Life, Donate Blood
- ^ Statistics on annual blood donations 2002-2007, Gyung Nam Blood Center
- ^ Blood bank Sanquin - Blood Donor information material
- ^ New Zealand Blood Service
- ^ Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wrocławiu
- ^ Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population.
- ^ Frequency of major blood groups in the UK.
- ^ Blood Types in the U.S.
- ^ German Intelligence Agents and Suspected Agents. Highlights of Freedom of Information releases in September 2005. The National Archives (September 2005). Retrieved on 2006-11-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, “. . . the trademark SS tattoo under his arm of his blood group”
- ^ Nickel, RG; Willadsen SA, Freidhoff LR, et. al (1999 Aug). "Determination of Duffy genotypes in three populations of African descent using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotides". Hum Immunol. 60 (8): 738-42. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 10439320.
- ^ Bruce, MG (May 2002). BCF - Members - Chairman's Annual Report. The Blood Care Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-11-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published “As Rhesus Negative blood is rare amongst local nationals, this Agreement will be of particular value to Rhesus Negative expatriates and travellers”
- ^ Daniels G, Finning K, Martin P, Summers J. "Fetal blood group genotyping: present and future. ". Ann N Y Acad Sci 1075: 88-95. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17108196.
- ^ RBC compatibility table. American National Red Cross (December 2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes
- ^ Blood types and compatibility bloodbook. com
- ^ Blood groups 'can be converted'. BBC News (April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-10-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated
- ^ Liu Q, Sulzenbacher G, Yuan H, Bennett E, Pietz G, Saunders K, Spence J, Nudelman E, Levery S, White T, Neveu J, Lane W, Bourne Y, Olsson M, Henrissat B, Clausen H. "Bacterial glycosidases for the production of universal red blood cells". Nat Biotechnol: 454. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17401360.
- ^ Landsteiner K. Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe. Zentralblatt Bakteriologie 1900;27:357-62.
- ^ Landsteiner K, Wiener AS. An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1940;43:223-224.
- ^ Coombs RRA, Mourant AE, Race RR. A new test for the detection of weak and "incomplete" Rh agglutinins. Brit J Exp Path 1945;26:255-66.
- ^ American Red Cross Blood Services, New England Region, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont. American Red Cross Blood Services - New England Region (2001). Retrieved on 2006-11-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca “there are more than 600 known antigens besides A and B that characterize the proteins found on a person's red cells”
- ^ D'Adamo, Dr. Peter J; Catherine Whitney (1996). Eat Right 4 Your Type: The Individualized Diet Solution to Staying Healthy, Living Longer and Achieving Your Ideal Weight. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 0-399-14255-X.
Further reading
- Dean, Laura. Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens, a guide to the differences in our blood types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy. (HTML, also PDF, Flash and PRC versions). NCBI. Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
- Mollison PL, Engelfriet CP and Contreras M. "Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine. " 1997. 10th edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-86542-881-6
External links
- BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH has details of genes and proteins, and variations thereof, that are responsible for blood types
- Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 110300 (ABO)
- Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 111680 (Rhesus D)
- Farr, A D (April 1979). The National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM a branch of the National Institutes "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a Database that catalogues all the known Diseases with a genetic component, and—when possible—links them The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a Database that catalogues all the known Diseases with a genetic component, and—when possible—links them "Blood group serology—the first four decades (1900--1939)". Med Hist 23 (2): 215–226. Full text at PMC: 1082436. PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text Scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences
- Blood group test, Gentest.ch (HTML, JavaScript). Gentest. ch GmbH.
- Blood typing systems other than ABO. BloodBook. com (2005-09-10). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
- Blood Facts. LifeShare Blood Centers. Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
- Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types (HTML). Dr. Dennis O'Neil, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California (2001-06-06). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Retrieved on November 23, 2006.
- Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types - BloodBook.com, Blood Information for Life. bloodbook. com. Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
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