A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick. A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a Laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the Health Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel A hypodermic needle is a hollow needle commonly used with a Syringe to inject substances into the body In Medicine, some Blood tests are conducted on Venous blood obtained by fingerprick.
Blood tests are used to determine physiological and biochemical states such as disease, mineral content, drug effectiveness, and organ function. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Although the term blood test is used, most routine tests (except for most haematology) are done on plasma or serum instead of blood cells. Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended
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Extraction
Venipuncture is useful as it is a relatively non-invasive way to obtain cells, and extracellular fluid (plasma), from the body for analysis. In medicine venipuncture or venepuncture (also known as phlebotomy, venesection, blood draw, drawing blood or taking blood The term non-invasive in Medicine has two meanings A Medical procedure which does not penetrate mechanically, nor break the Skin The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Extracellular fluid (ECF usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Since blood flows throughout the body, acting as a medium for providing oxygen and nutrients, and drawing waste products back to the excretory systems for disposal, the state of the bloodstream affects, or is affected by, many medical conditions. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the For these reasons, blood tests are the most commonly performed medical tests. A medical test is a kind of Medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or evaluate Disease, disease processes susceptibility and determine
Phlebotomists, laboratory technicians and nurses are those charged with patient blood extraction. A phlebotomist ( φλέψ = vein τομός = cutting) is an individual trained to draw Blood, either for Laboratory tests or for Blood donations A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically However, in special circumstances, and emergency situations, paramedics and physicians sometimes extract blood. A paramedic is a medical professional usually a member of the emergency medical service, who primarily provides Pre-hospital advanced medical and A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Also, respiratory therapists are trained to extract arterial blood[1][2] for arterial blood gasses. Respiratory Therapy is categorized as an Allied health profession in the United States and Canada An arterial blood gas ( ABG) is a Blood test that is performed specifically on Blood from an Artery.
Types of blood tests
Biochemical analysis
A basic metabolic panel measures sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, and glucose. A basic metabolic panel (BMP is a set of seven or eight blood chemical tests Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Creatinine is a break-down product of Creatine phosphate in Muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. It also sometimes includes calcium. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20
Some blood tests, such as measuring glucose, cholesterol, or for STD screening require fasting (or no food consumption) eight to twelve hours prior to the blood test. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans
For the majority of blood tests, blood is usually obtained from the patient's vein. However, other specialized blood tests, such as the Arterial blood gas, require blood extracted from an artery. An arterial blood gas ( ABG) is a Blood test that is performed specifically on Blood from an Artery. Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. Blood gas analysis of arterial blood is primarily used to monitor carbon dioxide and oxygen levels related to pulmonary function. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive But, it is also used to measure blood pH and bicarbonate levels for certain metabolic conditions. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation
While the regular glucose test is taken at a certain point in time, the glucose tolerance test involves repeated testing to determine the rate at which glucose is processed by the body. A glucose test is a type of Blood test used to determine the amount of Glucose in the blood A glucose tolerance test in medical practice is the administration of Glucose to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology.
In 2008, scientists announced that saliva tests could eventually replace blood tests, reducing the cost and the unpleasantness of a needle test. [3]
Normal ranges
| Test[4] | Low | High | Unit | Comments |
| Sodium (Na) | 136 | 145 | mmol/L | |
| Potassium (K) | 3. A Reference range is a set of values used by a Health professional to interpret a set of Medical test results Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 5 | 4. 5 | mmol/L | |
| Urea | 2. Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] 5 | 6. 4 | mmol/L | BUN - blood urea nitrogen |
| Urea | 7 | 18 | mg/dL | |
| Creatinine - male | 62 | 115 | μmol/L | |
| Creatinine - female | 53 | 97 | μmol/L | |
| Creatinine - male | 0. Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Creatinine is a break-down product of Creatine phosphate in Muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass Creatinine is a break-down product of Creatine phosphate in Muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass Creatinine is a break-down product of Creatine phosphate in Muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass 7 | 1. 3 | mg/dL | |
| Creatinine - female | 0. Creatinine is a break-down product of Creatine phosphate in Muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass 6 | 1. 1 | mg/dL | |
| Glucose (fasting) | 3. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. 9 | 5. 8 | mmol/L | See also glycosylated hemoglobin |
| Glucose (fasting) | 70 | 105 | mg/dL |
Molecular profiles
- Protein electrophoresis (general technique -- not a specific test)
- Western blot (general technique -- not a specific test)
- Liver function tests
- Polymerase chain reaction (DNA). Glycosylated (or glycated hemoglobin ( hemoglobin A1c Hb1c, or HbA1c) is a form of Hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. In Chemistry and Medicine, protein electrophoresis (aka Immunoelectrophoresis) is a method of analysing a mixture of Proteins by means The western blot (alternatively immunoblot) is an Analytical technique used to detect specific Proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs which include liver enzymes, are groups of Clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the DNA testing is today possible with even very small quantities of blood: this is commonly used in forensic science, but is now also part of the diagnostic process of many disorders.
- Northern blot (RNA)
- Sexually transmitted diseases
Cellular evaluation
- Full blood count (or "complete blood count")
- Hematocrit and MCV ("mean corpuscular volume")
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Cross-matching. The northern blot is a technique used in Molecular biology research to study Gene expression. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans A complete blood count ( CBC) also known as full blood count ( FBC) or full blood exam ( FBE) or blood panel, is The hematocrit ( Ht or HCT) or packed cell volume ( PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF is the proportion of Blood The mean corpuscular volume, or MCV, is a measure of the average Red blood cell volume (i The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR also called a sedimentation rate, sed rate, or Biernacki Reaction, is the rate at which Red blood cells Cross-matching, in Transfusion medicine, refers to the testing that is performed to determine the Compatibility of a donated unit of Blood Determination of blood type for blood transfusion or transplants
- Blood cultures are commonly taken if infection is suspected. A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of Blood based on the presence or absence of inherited Antigenic substances on the Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another Blood culture is Microbiological culture of Blood. It is employed to detect Infections that are spreading through the bloodstream ( Bacteremia, Positive cultures and resulting sensitivity results are often useful in guiding medical treatment.
See also
- Reference ranges for common blood tests (with a much longer list)
- Urine test, another common style of body fluid test
- Blood film, a way to look at blood cells under a microscope
- Hematology, the study of blood
References
- ^ Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Naftel SA, Lewis MJ, Rodger MA (2003). A Reference range is a set of values used by a Health professional to interpret a set of Medical test results A urinalysis (or "UA" is an array of tests performed on Urine and one of the most common methods of Medical Diagnosis. A Blood Film or Peripheral Blood Smear is a slide made from a drop of Blood, that allows the cells to be examined microscopically A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory "Topical tetracaine prior to arterial puncture: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial". Respir Med. 97 (11): 1195-1199. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 14635973.
- ^ http://www.michigan.gov/careers/0,1607,7-170-46398-64537--,00.html
- ^ http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=49062§ionid=3510210
- ^ C. A. Burtis and E. R. Ashwood, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (1994) 2nd edition, ISBN 0-7216-4472-4
External links
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