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Electoral methods
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Politics and the Election series. There have been many varied voting systems at the Eurovision Song Contest. A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office
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Bloc voting (or block voting) refers to a class of voting systems which can be used to elect several representatives from a single multimember constituency. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member The two-round system (also known as the second ballot or runoff voting) is a Voting system used to elect a single winner The exhaustive ballot is a Voting system used to elect a single winner This article is about voting systems that use ranked ballots For alternative meanings see Preferential voting (disambiguation. The Condorcet candidate or Condorcet winner of an Election is the candidate who when compared with every other candidate is preferred by more voters A Condorcet method is any single-winner election method that meets the Condorcet criterion, that is which always selects the Condorcet winner, the candidate Copeland's method is a Condorcet method in which the winner is determined by finding the candidate with the most pairwise victories The Kemeny-Young method is a Voting system that uses Preferential ballots Pairwise comparison counts and sequence scores to identify the Minimax is often considered to be the simplest of the Condorcet methods It is also known as the Simpson-Kramer method, and the successive reversal method The Borda count can be combined with an Instant Runoff procedure to create hybrid election methods that are called Nanson method and Baldwin method. Ranked Pairs (RP or Tideman (named after its developer Nicolaus Tideman) is a Voting method that selects a single winner using votes that express The Schulze method is a Voting system developed in 1997 by Markus Schulze that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences. Bucklin voting is the name of a Voting system that can be used for single-member and multi-member districts. The Coombs' method, also called the Coombs rule is a Voting system created by Clyde Coombs used for single-winner Elections in which Instant-runoff voting ( IRV) is a Voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote and rank Candidates in order of The Borda count is a single-winner election method in which voters rank candidates in order of preference Approval voting is a single-winner voting system used for Elections Each voter may vote for (approve of as many of the candidates as they wish Range voting (also called ratings summation, average voting, cardinal ratings, score voting, 0–99 voting, or the score A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting or weighted voting) is a multiple-winner Voting system intended to promote Proportional representation Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is an ' additional member ' Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e Open list describes any variant of Party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected Closed list describes the variant of Party-list proportional representation where voters can (effectively only vote for political parties as a whole and thus The D'Hondt method (mathematically but not operationally equivalent to Jefferson's method, and Bader-Ofer method) is a Highest averages method for The highest averages method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list Voting systems. The largest remainder method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list Voting systems. The Sainte-Laguë method of the highest average (equivalent to Webster's method or divisor method with standard rounding is one way of allocating seats proportionally for Single transferable vote (STV is a preferential Voting system designed to minimize Wasted votes and provide Proportional representation The Quota Borda System or Quota Preference Score is a Voting system that was devised by the British philosopher Michael Dummett and first published in 1984 in his The matrix vote can be used when one group of people wishes to elect a smaller number of persons each of whom is to have a different assignment The Additional Member System (AMS is a branch of Voting systems in which some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under Parallel voting describes a mixed Voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems and where the results in one election have Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting or weighted voting) is a multiple-winner Voting system intended to promote Proportional representation The single non-transferable vote or SNTV is an Electoral system used in multi-member constituency elections Limited voting is a Voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available Sortition, also known as allotment, is an equal-chance method of selection by some form of lottery such as drawing coloured pebbles from a bag A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty There are several variations of bloc voting depending on the ballot type used; however, they all produce similar results. Bloc voting using a series of check boxes similar to a plurality election is also referred to as plurality-at-large or at-large voting, while bloc voting using a preferential ballot is generally described as preferential bloc voting. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member This article is about voting systems that use ranked ballots For alternative meanings see Preferential voting (disambiguation.

Generally, the term at-large is used to describe elections with multiple winners, however the term sometimes refers to an election running across multiple districts, such as a separate election for the mayor of a city with multiple city council districts. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A city council is a form of Local government, usually covering a City or other Urban area, such as a Town.

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Plurality-at-large voting and preferential bloc voting

There are two variations of bloc voting used, and both are counted differently: plurality-at-large, and preferential bloc voting.

In plurality-at-large voting, all candidates run against each other for n number of positions. Each voter selects up to n candidates on the ballot, and the n candidates with the most votes win the positions. Often, voters are said to have "n" votes, however they are unable to vote for the same candidate more than once as in cumulative voting. Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting or weighted voting) is a multiple-winner Voting system intended to promote Proportional representation [1]

In preferential bloc voting, a preference voting ballot is used, ranking candidates from most to least preferred. This article is about voting systems that use ranked ballots For alternative meanings see Preferential voting (disambiguation. Alternate ballot forms may have two groupings of marks, first giving n votes for an n seat election (as in traditional bloc voting), but also allowing the alternate candidates to be ranked in order of preference and used if one or more first choices are eliminated.

Candidates with the smallest tally of first preference votes are eliminated (and their votes transferred as in instant runoff voting) until a candidate has more than half the vote. Instant-runoff voting ( IRV) is a Voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote and rank Candidates in order of The count is repeated with the elected candidates removed and all votes returning to full value until the required number of candidates is elected. This is the method described in Robert's Rules of Order for electing multiple candidates to the same type of office. Robert's Rules of Order is the informal short title of a book containing Rules of order intended to be adopted for use by a Deliberative assembly.

Rank ballot Hybrid ballots
Three example ballots for a two-seat election, the first using a pure preference voting ballot, and the second using a bloc voting ballot for the initial vote, and ranking only the alternate preferences. This article is about voting systems that use ranked ballots For alternative meanings see Preferential voting (disambiguation. The hybrid ballots are intended to clarify the fact that the top n choices are counted simultaneously, and the ranked choices are used conditionally based on elimination.

Effects of bloc voting

The bloc voting system has a number of features which can make it unrepresentative of the voters' intentions. Bloc voting regularly produces complete landslide majorities for the group of candidates with the highest level of support. In Politics, a landslide victory (or landslide) is the victory of a candidate or Political party by an overwhelming margin in an Election Under bloc voting, a slate of clones of the top-place candidate is guaranteed to win every available seat. In voting systems theory the Independence of Clones Criterion is a criterion that measures an election method's robustness to Strategic nomination. Although less representative, this does tend to lead to greater agreement among those elected. Like first past the post methods, small cohesive groups of voters can overpower larger numbers of disorganised voters who do not engage in tactical voting, sometimes resulting in a small minority of voters electing an entire slate of candidates by merely constituting a plurality. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member In Voting systems tactical voting (or strategic voting or sophisticated voting) occurs when a voter supports a candidate other than his or her

Tactical voting

Plurality bloc voting, like single-winner plurality voting, is particularly vulnerable to tactical voting. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member In Voting systems tactical voting (or strategic voting or sophisticated voting) occurs when a voter supports a candidate other than his or her Bullet voting is a strategy where a voter deliberately only makes a mark for a single candidate in an attempt to not accidentally cause him to be beaten by one of his other choices.


Usage of bloc voting

Block voting was used in the Australian Senate from 1901 to 1948 (from 1918, this was preferential block voting). The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. It was used for two member constituencies in Parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom until their abolition, and remains in use throughout England and Wales for some local elections. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception Local government in the United Kingdom is arranged into four different systems with one each for England Northern Ireland Scotland and Wales It is also used for elections in Jersey and elections in Guernsey. Elections in Jersey gives information on Elections and election results in Jersey. Elections in Guernsey gives information on Election and election results in Guernsey.

Plurality bloc voting is also used in the election of the Senate of Poland, of the Parliament of Lebanon and of the plurality seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council. The Senate ( Senat) is the upper house of the Polish Parliament. The Parliament of Lebanon (known as Le Parlement in Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. The Palestinian Legislative Council (sometimes referred to as the Palestinan Parliament) the Legislature of the Palestinian Authority, is a Unicameral (In some Lebanese and Palestinian constituencies, there is only one seat to be filled; in the Palestinian election of 1996 there were only plurality seats, while in 2006, half the seats were elected by plurality, half by proportional representation nationwide. On January 20, 1996, elections took place in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem for President of the Palestinian On January 25 2006, elections were held for the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority ) The Senate of the Philippines is elected by plurality in one nationwide district. The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the

Plurality bloc voting was used for the elections of both houses of Parliament in Belgium before proportional representation was implemented in 1900. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those It was, more precisely majority bloc voting: when not enough candidates had the majority of the votes in the first round, a second round was held between the highest ranked candidates of the first round (with two times as much candidates as seats to be filled). In some constituencies there was only one seat to be filled.

Plurality bloc voting is relatively rare in the United States today, where the political scene is dominated by single-member districts. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the There are exceptions, however, on the state and local levels; for instance, some members of the Maryland House of Delegates and Vermont House of Representatives are elected by bloc voting from multi-member districts. The Maryland House of Delegates is the lower house of the General Assembly, the state legislature of the U The Vermont House of Representatives is the Lower house of the Vermont General Assembly, the state legislature of the U

Also, bloc voting is often used in corporate elections to elect the boards of directors of corporations including housing cooperatives, with each shareholder's vote being multiplied by the number of shares they own, but cumulative voting is also popular. Corporate governance is the set of Processes customs Policies, laws and institutions affecting the way a Corporation is directed administered or controlled A housing cooperative is a legal entity—usually a Corporation —that owns Real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting or weighted voting) is a multiple-winner Voting system intended to promote Proportional representation

The Bahá'í Faith uses a form of Plurality-at-large voting to elect its governing councils at local, national, and international levels. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind The Bahá'í administration refers to the administrative system of the Bahá'í Faith.

Partial bloc voting

See also Limited voting

Partial bloc voting, also called limited voting, functions similarly to plurality-at-large voting, however in partial bloc voting each voter receives fewer votes than the number of candidates to be elected. Limited voting is a Voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available This in turn can enable reasonably sized minorities to achieve some representation, as it becomes impossible for a simple majority to sweep every seat. Partial bloc voting is used for elections in Gibraltar to the Gibraltar Parliament, where each voter has 8 votes and 15 seats are open for election; the usual result is that the most popular party wins 8 seats and forms the ruling administration, while the second most popular wins 7 seats and forms the opposition. Elections in Gibraltar gives information on Election and election results in Gibraltar. The Gibraltar Parliament is the Legislature of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. Partial bloc voting is also used in the Spanish Senate, where there are 4 seats and each voter receives 3 votes. The Spanish Senate ( Senado de España in Spanish) is the upper house of Spain 's Parliament, the Cortes Generales. Historically, partial block voting was used in three- and four-member constituencies in the United Kingdom, where voters received two votes, until multimember constituencies were abolished. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Under partial bloc voting, the fewer votes each voter is granted the smaller the number of voters needed to win becomes and the more like proportional representation the results can be, provided that voters and candidates use proper strategy. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes [2] At the extreme, if each voter is limited to only receiving one vote and the threshold for obtaining representation therefore reduces to the Droop Quota, then the voting system becomes equivalent to the Single Non-transferable Vote. The Droop Quota is the Quota most commonly used in elections held under the Single Transferable Vote (STV system The single non-transferable vote or SNTV is an Electoral system used in multi-member constituency elections

Voting as a bloc

The term bloc voting is also used to refer to the concept of voting as a bloc, a system of winner take all decision-making whereby the vote of an entire electoral unit is cast in line with the majority decision of that unit, discounting any contrary votes. The most prominent example of this is the system used by most states for the United States Electoral College - a candidate winning a narrow plurality of votes in a particular state gets every electoral vote for that state. The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. This leads to a "triage" strategy of presidential candidates aggressively trying to win narrow majorities in close swing states while avoiding campaigning in ones with a more certain outcome. Triage (ˈtriːɑːʒ is a process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition so as to treat as many as possible when resources are insufficient for all A swing state (also battleground state or purple state) in United States

This system of bloc voting is also used in the UK by the Trades Union Congress; in an irony of history, it was introduced in 1895 by supporters of the Liberal Party to prevent or delay the establishment of the Labour Party, and it took the Labour Party from 1900 until 1993 to remove it from its own structures. The Trades Union Congress (TUC is a national trade union centre, a federation of Trade unions in the United Kingdom, representing the majority of trade The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Combined with a local form of malapportionment, a system of mandatory voting blocs was also used within several states in the United States, especially Georgia in its County Unit system, to deny urban and minority populations equal representation until such systems were ruled unconstitutional in the 1960s with the Supreme Court case of Gray v. Sanders. Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles (or defined constituencies The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The County Unit System was used by the US state of Georgia to determine a victor in its primary elections The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Gray v Sanders, 372 US 368 ( 1963) was a Supreme Court of the United States dealing with voting and equal representation

The effect of electorally enforced voting blocs on the makeup of the winning slate of candidates produces a similar result to electing the candidates by first-past-the-post bloc voting.

See also

References

  1. ^ [1]City of Hendersonville, NC
General ticket representation is a term used to describe a particular method of electing members of a multi-member state delegation to the United States House of Representatives At-Large is a designation for representative members of a governing body who are Elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body (for example a city state A voting bloc is a group of voters that are so motivated by a specific concern or group of concerns that it helps determine how they vote in Elections The divisions
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