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The Blackshirts (Italian: camicie nere, CCNN, or squadristi) were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology What constitutes a definition of Fascism and fascist Governments is a highly disputed subject that has proved complicated and contentious The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right Austrofascism (Austrofaschismus is a term which is frequently used by historians to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938 Brazilian Integralism (Integralismo brasileiro was a Brazilian political movement created in October 1932 Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of Fascism with Theology or religious tradition This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini The general term Japanese fascism has been used to refer to Japanese nationalist thinking its ideological foundation and the outlines of its political implementation Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German National syndicalism is a variant of Syndicalism typically associated with the Labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Rexism was a fascist political movement in the first half of the twentieth century in Belgium. For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: This article discusses regimes and movements that are alleged to have been either fascist or sympathetic to fascism This is a list of political parties organizations and movements that have been claimed to follow some form of fascist ideology From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 Fascio (plural fasci) is an Italian word that effectively means "league" in English and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to Political This articles covers the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. The Italian Social Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Acerbo Law was a Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and forced through the Italian Parliament in 1923 Actual Idealism was a form of Idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a 'grounded' idealism contrasting the Transcendental Idealism of Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people Black Brigades (Brigate Nere were one of the Fascist Paramilitary groups operating in the Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy) Class collaboration is a principle of social organization that forms part of Fascist philosophy Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention As there were many different manifestations of Fascism, especially during the interwar years there were also many different symbols of Fascist movements. The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle" was an influential essay written by Kenneth Burke in 1939 which offered a rhetorical analysis of Adolf Hitler Giovanni Gentile (dʒoˈvɑnni dʒenˈtile May 30, 1875 April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo- Hegelian Idealist The Grand Council of Fascism (Gran Consiglio del Fascismo was the main body of Mussolini 's Fascist government in Italy. The Italian Nationalist Association, Associazione Nazionalista Italiana (ANI was Italy's first nationalist political party founded in 1910 The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the The quadrumvirs were a group of four leaders that led Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in October 1922 The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight with palm down Social fascism was a theory supported by the Communist International (Comintern during the late 1920s and early 1930s which stated that Social democracy was a variant Third Position is the name applied to a nationalist political strand that seeks to emphasise its opposition to both Communism and Capitalism. Enrico Corradini (1865 &mdash 1931 was an Italian Novelist Essayist journalist and nationalist political figure Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status This articles covers the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Blackshirts were also known as the National Security Volunteer Militia (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, or MVSN).

The term was later applied to a similar group serving the British Union of Fascists before the war and to members of an Atheist quasi-political organization in India. The British Union of Fascists (BUF was a Political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by a Labour government minister and former MP For other uses and meanings see Blackshirts (disambiguation. Blackshirts are members of the Atheist quasi-political organization

Fascist logo

Inspired by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as the military tool of his political movement. Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. Redshirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy but sometimes Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The founders of the paramilitary groups were nationalist intellectuals, former army officers or members of the special corp Arditi, young landowners opposing peasants' and country labourers' unions. Arditi was the name adopted by Italian Army elite Storm troops of World War I. Their methods became harsher as Mussolini's power grew, and they used violence, torture, intimidation, and murder against Mussolini's opponents. One of their distinctive techniques was force-feeding castor oil. Castor oil is a Vegetable oil obtained from the Castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant Ricinus communis, is not a member of

The ethos and sometimes the uniform were later copied by others who shared Mussolini's political ideas, including Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, who issued brown shirts to the "Storm Troops" (Sturmabteilung) and black uniforms to the "Shield Squadron" (Schutzstaffel, also colloquially known as "Blackshirts", because they wore black suit-like tunics with brown shirts), Sir Oswald Mosley in the United Kingdom (whose British Union of Fascists were also known as the "Blackshirts"), William Dudley Pelley in the United States (Silver Legion of America or "Silver Shirts"), in Mexico the Camisas Doradas or "Golden Shirts", Plínio Salgado in Brazil (whose followers wore green shirts), and Eoin O'Duffy in the Irish Free State (Army Comrades Association or "Blueshirts"). Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 &ndash 3 December 1980 was a British Politician, known principally as the founder of the British The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British Union of Fascists (BUF was a Political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by a Labour government minister and former MP William Dudley Pelley ( March 12, 1890 &ndash July 1, 1965) was an American Fascist,who founded and led the Silver Legion The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Silver Legion of America, commonly known as the Silver Shirts, was an American fascist organization founded by William Dudley Pelley on The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Revolutionary Mexicanist Action (Acción Revolucionaria Mexicanista better known as the Gold shirts (Camisas Doradas was a Mexican fascist paramilitary Plínio Salgado ( January 22, 1895 &ndash December 7, 1975) was the founder and leader of the 1930s Brazilian political movement |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Eoin O'Duffy (Eoin Ó Dubhthaigh 20 October 1892 – 30 November 1944 was in succession a Teachta Dála (TD the Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by The Army Comrades Association (ACA later named National Guard and better known by their nickname The Blueshirts (Na Léinte Gorma were an "Blueshirts" can also refer to Canadian fascists belonging to the Canadian National Socialist Unity Party. The Parti national social chrétien was a Canadian Political party formed by Adrien Arcand in February 1934.

Contents

History

Mussolini with fascist officials in Blackshirt 1922.
Mussolini with fascist officials in Blackshirt 1922.

The Blackshirts were established as the squadristi in 1919 and consisted of many disgruntled former soldiers which may have numbered 200,000 by the time of Mussolini's March on Rome from October 27 to October 29, 1922. The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In 1922 the squadristi were reorganized into the milizia and formed numerous bandiere, and on 1 February 1923 the Blackshirts became the Volunteer Militia for National Security (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, or MVSN), which lasted until the Italian Armistice in 1943. The Italian Social Republic, located in the areas of northern Italy occupied by Germany, reformed the MVSN into the Republican National Guard (Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana, or GNR). The Italian Social Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the The Italian Republican National Guard ( Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana, or GNR was a paramilitary force of the Italian Social Republic which replaced The Italian Republican National Guard ( Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana, or GNR was a paramilitary force of the Italian Social Republic which replaced

Organization

Main articles: MVSN original organization, MVSN Colonial Militia, and Albanian Militia

Benito Mussolini was the leader, or Commandant-General, of the blackshirts, but executive functions were carried out by the Chief of Staff, equivalent to an army general. The original organization of Mussolini's MVSN ( Blackshirts) by Royal Decree on 1 February 1923 was as follows 1st Zona ( Piemonte) Hq MVSN Colonial Militia were based in the Italian African colonial possessions of Italian North Africa comprising Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, and The Albanian Militia was an Albanian fascist Paramilitary group formed in 1939 following the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939 part of Commandant (pronounced /'cɒmʊndɑnt/ or /'cɒmʊndænt/ COM-un-dahnt, -dant is a military or police title or rank The MVSN was formed in imitation of the ancient Roman army, as follows:

Basic Organization

The terms after the first are not words common to European armies (e. The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military g. , the Italian battaglione has cognates in many languages). Instead, they derive from the structure of the armies of ancient Rome.

These units were also organized on the triangular principle as follows:

Territorial Organization

The MVSN original organization consisted of 15 zones controlling 133 legions (one per province) of three cohorts each and one Independent Group controlling 10 legions. A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel Centuria ( Latin plural centuriae) is a Latin substantive from the stem centum (a hundred denoting units consisting of (originally only approximately A company is a Military unit, typically consisting of 75-200 Soldiers Most companies are formed of three to five Platoons although the exact number may vary Maniple (Latin manipulus) was a tactical unit of the Roman legion adopted from the Samnites during the Samnite Wars A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or Squads and containing about 30 to 50 soldiers In military terminology a squad is a small Military unit led by a Non-commissioned officer (NCO that is subordinate to an Infantry The original organization of Mussolini's MVSN ( Blackshirts) by Royal Decree on 1 February 1923 was as follows 1st Zona ( Piemonte) Hq In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune In 1929 it was reorganized into four raggruppamenti, but later in October of 1936 it was reorganized into 14 zones controlling only 133 legions with two cohorts each, one of men 21 to 36 years old and the other of men up to 55 years old, plus special units in Rome, on Ponza Island and the black uniformed Moschettieri del Duce ("The Leader's Musketeers", Mussolini's Guard) and the Albanian Militia (four legions) and Colonial Militia in Africa (seven legions). For the commune on this island see Ponza (commune. Ponza (Italian Isola Di Ponza) is the largest of the Italian Pontine Islands The Albanian Militia was an Albanian fascist Paramilitary group formed in 1939 following the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939 part of MVSN Colonial Militia were based in the Italian African colonial possessions of Italian North Africa comprising Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, and Special militias were also organized to provide security police functions, these included:

Security Militia

Ethiopian Campaign

During the 1935-36 Abyssinian Campaign seven CCNN Divisions were organized:

The first six Divisions were sent to Ethiopia and participated in the war. Security police are those persons employed by or for a governmental agency who provide police and security services to their properties Coastal artillery is the branch of Armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship Artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal Fortifications. Border Guard, Border Patrol, Border police, or Frontier police is a National security agency that performs Border control, i A highway patrol is either a Police agency created primarily for the purpose of overseeing and enforcing Traffic safety Compliance on roads and highways See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a The Italian Blackshirt Division 23 Marzo (Italian Divisione CC The Italian 2nd Blackshirt Division 28 Ottobre was an Italian CCNN Blackshirt Militia unit formed for the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The Italian 3rd CCNN Division (CCNN standing for Camicie Nere, Black Shirts also known as 3rd CCNN Division XXI Aprile) was one of seven Black Shirt The Italian 4th CCNN Division "3 Gennaio" (CCNN standing for Camicie Nere Blackshirts) was one of seven Black Shirt Divisions that were organized and fought in the Second The Italian 5th Blackshirt Division 1 Febbraio was an Italian CCNN Blackshirt Militia unit formed for the Second Italo-Abyssinian War under the command The Italian 6th Blackshirt Division "Tevere" was an Italian CCNN Blackshirt Militia unit formed for the Second Italo-Abyssinian War by highly The Italian 7th Blackshirt Division Cirene was an Italian CCNN Blackshirt Militia unit formed for the Second Italo-Abyssinian War under the command of Lt The 7th CCNN Division "Cirene" was never deployed overseas or even fully equipped before it was disbanded. [1]

Organization of 1935 Blackshirts Divisions:

The Blackshirts Rifle Battalions had three rifle companies but no MMG company. The rifle companies had three platoons (three squads with one LMG each). Each Legion had a MMG company with four platoons of three weapons each (plus two spare ones). The Blackshirts replacements battalions were organized as the Backsirts Rifle Battalions, but its platoon were overstrength (60 men each) and with only 1 x LMG in each platoon. [2]

Spanish Civil War

Three CCNN Divisions were sent to Spain to participate in the Civil War there as part of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco The Blackshirt (Camicie Nere, or CCNN) Divisions contained regular soldiers and volunteer militia from the Fascist Party. The CCNN divisions were semi-motorised.

The 3rd CCNN Division was disbanded and consolidated with the 2nd CCNN Division in April 1937 after the Battle of Guadalajara. 1st División "Dio lo Vuole" ("God wants it" was one of the three Blackshirts Divisions sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the " 2nd CCNN Division "Fiamme Nere" ("Black Flames" was one of the three Blackshirts Divisions sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the " 3rd CCNN Division "Penne Nere" ("Black Feathers" was one of the three Blackshirts Divisions sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the " The Battle of Guadalajara ( 8 March &ndash 23 March 1937) saw the Spanish Popular Army defeat Italian and Nationalist forces attempting to After the northern campaigns in October 1937, the 2nd CCNN Division was consolidated with the 1st CCNN and renamed the XXIII de Marzo Division "Llamas Negras". XXIII de Marzo Division "Llamas Negras" (Black Flames in Spanish was the Division XXIII di Marzo strengthened after the end of the War in the North for

World War II

In 1940 the MVSN was able to muster 340,000 first-line combat troops, providing three divisions (1st, 2nd and 4th - all three of which were lost in the North African Campaign) and, later in 1942, a fourth division ("M") and fifth division Africa were forming.

Mussolini also pushed through plans to raise 142 MVSN combat battalions of 650 men each to provide a Gruppo di Assalto to each army division. These Gruppi consisted of two cohorts (each of three centurie of 3 manipoli of 2 squadre each) plus Gruppo Supporto company of two heavy machine gun manipoli (with three HMG each) and two 81 mm mortar manipoli (with 3 Mortars each).

Later 41 Mobile groups were raised to become the third regiment in Italian Army divisions as it was determined through operational experience that the Italian arm's binary divisions were too small in both manpower and heavy equipment. These mobile groups suffered heavy casualties due to being undermanned, under equipped and under trained. The three divisions were destroyed in combat in North Africa. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The MVSN fought in every theater where Italy did.

Ranks

Benito Mussolini as First Honorary Corporal of the MVSN.
Benito Mussolini as First Honorary Corporal of the MVSN.

Mussolini as Comandante Generale was made Primo Caporale Onorario (First Honorary Corporal) in 1935 and Adolf Hitler was made Caporale Onorario (Honorary Corporal) in 1937. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. All other ranks closely approximated those of the old Roman army as follows:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Blackshirt Division Order of Battle comes from "Storia delle Unità Combattenti della MVSN 1923-1943" by Ettore Lucas and Giorgio de Vecchi, Giovanni Volpe Editore 1976 pages 63 to 116 plus errata. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Commandant (pronounced /'cɒmʊndɑnt/ or /'cɒmʊndænt/ COM-un-dahnt, -dant is a military or police title or rank Centurion redirects here This article is about the Roman soldier Adjutant is a military rank or appointment In some armies it is an officer who assists a more senior officer while in other armies it is a rank which normally corresponds Corporal is a rank in use in some form by most militaries and also by some police forces or other uniformed organizations The Albanian Fascist Party (Albanian Partia Fashiste e Shqipërisë -- PFSh was a fascist movement which held nominal power in Albania from 1939 when The Parti national social chrétien was a Canadian Political party formed by Adrien Arcand in February 1934. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers For other uses and meanings see Blackshirts (disambiguation. Blackshirts are members of the Atheist quasi-political organization The Army Comrades Association (ACA later named National Guard and better known by their nickname The Blueshirts (Na Léinte Gorma were an The Greenshirts was the name used for followers of Eoin O'Duffy's openly Fascist National Corporate Party following the split from Fine Gael. Redshirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy but sometimes The Revolutionary Mexicanist Action (Acción Revolucionaria Mexicanista better known as the Gold shirts (Camisas Doradas was a Mexican fascist paramilitary The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party The British Union of Fascists (BUF was a Political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by a Labour government minister and former MP The Silver Legion of America, commonly known as the Silver Shirts, was an American fascist organization founded by William Dudley Pelley on Black Brigades (Brigate Nere were one of the Fascist Paramilitary groups operating in the Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy) The Blue Shirts Society (藍衣社 in Chinese hereinafter referred to as the BSS also known as the Society of Practice of the Three Principles of the People (三民主義力行社 The Italian Social Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status Certain political parties or positions have become associated with different colours at different times A number of Political movements have involved their members wearing Uniforms typically as a way of showing their identity in marches and demonstrations The Squadrismo was the use of violence by Italian Fascists gangs from 1918 - 1922 Integralism is a perspective according to which Society is an Organic unity. Roderick Spode 7th Earl of Sidcup, often known as Spode or Lord Sidcup, is a recurring Fictional character from the Jeeves novels of British Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, KBE (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975 (ˈwʊdhaʊs was an English Comic novelist who enjoyed enormous popular success
  2. ^ The Blackshirts Division TO&E comes from an original document (order sheet "Ministero della Guerra, Comando del Corpo di Stato Maggiore - Ufficio Ordinamento e Mobilitazione . Prot. 2076 del 18-06-1935").

External links

Dictionary

blackshirts

-noun

  1. Plural form of blackshirt.
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