| Blackburn | |
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  Blackburn shown within Lancashire |
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| Population | 105,085[1] (2001 Census) |
|---|---|
| - Density | 11,114/sq mi (4,291/km²)[1] |
| OS grid reference | |
| - London | 184 mi (296 km) SSE |
| Unitary authority | Blackburn with Darwen |
| Ceremonial county | Lancashire |
| Region | North West |
| Constituent country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BLACKBURN |
| Postcode district | BB1 - BB2 |
| Dialling code | 01254 |
| Police | Lancashire |
| Fire | Lancashire |
| Ambulance | North West |
| European Parliament | North West England |
| UK Parliament | Blackburn |
| List of places: UK • England • Lancashire | |
Blackburn (pronunciation ) is a large town in Lancashire, England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology This is a list of the largest cities and towns of England ordered by population. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The, also known as the Blackburn postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Accrington, Barnoldswick, Blackburn, Burnley The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. Lancashire Constabulary is the Home Office police force responsible for policing the ceremonial county of Lancashire in the North West England The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and The Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service is the county-wide statutory emergency fire and rescue service for the Shire county of Lancashire The North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 as part of Health Minister Lord Warner's plans to reduce the number of NHS North West England is a Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Blackburn is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates List of places --> List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places This is a list of places within the ceremonial county boundaries of Lancashire, England. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It lies to the north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley, 8. The West Pennine Moors is an area of approximately 90 square miles of moorland and reservoir scenery located in Lancashire, between the towns of Chorley Ribble Valley is a local government district with Borough status within the Non-metropolitan county of Lancashire, England (although 9 miles (14. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States 3 km) east of the city of Preston, and 20 miles (32 km) north-northwest of the city of Manchester. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. Blackburn is bounded to the south by Darwen, with which it forms the unitary authority area of Blackburn with Darwen, Blackburn being the administrative centre. Darwen is a Market town in Lancashire, England extending onto the West Pennine Moors. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. At the time of the UK Government's 2001 census, Blackburn had a population of 105,085,[1] whilst the wider borough had a population of 137,470. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 This is a list of the largest cities and towns of England ordered by population. The figures are mid-year estimates for 2007 from the Office for National Statistics. [2]
Noted as a former mill town, textiles have been produced in Blackburn since the middle of the 13th century, when locally produced wool was woven in people's houses. A Mill town, also known as factory town or mill village, is typically a settlement that developed around one or more mills or factories (usually Cotton mills Flemish weavers who settled in the area during the 14th century helped to develop the industry. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or [3] James Hargreaves, inventor of the spinning jenny, was a weaver in Blackburn. James Hargreaves (also known as James Hargraves) (1720 – 22 April 1778) was a weaver, Carpenter and an Inventor in Lancashire The spinning jenny is a multi- Spool Spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn [4] The urbanisation and development of Blackburn largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution however. With the establishment of overseas colonies, the British Empire at the end of the 17th century/beginning of the 18th century had a vast source of raw materials and a vast market It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first industrialised towns in the world. A boomtown is a Community that experiences sudden and rapid population and Economic growth. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one
The textile sector in Blackburn fell into a terminal decline from the mid-20th century. Since this time, Blackburn has faced similar challenges to other post-industrial northern towns, including deindustrialisation, economic deprivation and housing issues. A post-industrial society is a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy, a diffusion Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line Deindustrialization (also spelled deindustrialisation) is a process of Social and Economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial Since the 1950s the town has experienced significant levels of immigration, particularly from India and Pakistan, and subsequently has the third highest proportion of Muslims in England and Wales and the highest in the United Kingdom outside London. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Blackburn continues to experience strained community relations in some areas. Blackburn and the town centre in particular has seen significant investment and redevelopment in the past 15 years. The town centre is the term used in the United Kingdom, Ireland and mainland Europe to refer to the commercial or Geographical centre of Regeneration has been bolstered by monies from government and the European Regional Development Fund. [5]
Contents |
History
Toponymy
The name of the town first appears, as "Blacheborne", in the Domesday Book, which was compiled from a survey completed in 1086. The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey The origins of the name are uncertain. It has been suggested that it may be a combination of an Old English word for "bleach" together with a form of the word burn, meaning "stream", and may be associated with the original bleaching process. Alternatively, the name of the town may simply mean "black burn", or "black stream". [6][7][8]
Prehistory
There is little evidence of settlement in the Blakewater valley (where Blackburn would later be situated) during the Prehistoric period. The River Blakewater is a river running through Lancashire, giving its name to the town of Blackburn. It is generally thought that most human activity in East Lancashire during this period occurred on hilltops. Evidence of such activity during the Bronze Age has been discovered in the form of urn burials, two examples of which have been found in the hills around Blackburn. The Bronze Age in Europe succeeds the Neolithic in the late 3rd millennium BC (late Beaker culture) and spans the entire Hydriotaphia Urn Burial or a Discourse of the Sepulchral Urns lately found in Norfolk, is a work by Sir Thomas Browne, published in 1658 as the first
In 1879, a cinerary urn was discovered beneath a tumulus at Revidge, north of the town. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves Another was excavated at Pleasington Cemetery, west of the present town, by gravedigger Grant Higson in 1996. [9]
That prehistoric man was active in the area now covered by the town centre is inferred from the presence of a possible sacred spring, perhaps in use during the Iron Age, at All Hallows Spring on Railway Road. A Holy Well is a spring or other body of water revered equally in a pagan or Christian context often both as holy wells were Christianized In Britain and Ireland the Iron Age lasted from about the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest and until the 5th century in non- Romanised [10]
Roman Blackburn
Blackburn is thought to have originated as a small settlement along the Roman road between Bremetennacum Veteranorum and Mancunium which passed through the town to the east of the present Blackburn Cathedral, probably crossing the River Blakewater at Salford (not the present-day city so named). The Roman Roads were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire, by enabling the Romans to move armies and trade goods and to communicate news Bremetennacum (also Bremetonnacum, Bremetenracum or Bresnetenacum Veteranorum) was a Roman fort which is now the village of Blackburn Cathedral, officially known as the Cathedral Church of Blackburn Saint Mary the Virgin, is a Cathedral [11]
George C. Miller in his Blackburn - the Evolution of a Cotton Town says:
The ancient military way from Mamucium (Manchester) to (Bremetennacum) (Ribchester), passing over Blacksnape, plunges on its unswerving course through Blackamoor, over the scarp at Whinney Heights, to pass across the Blakewater in the vicinity of Salford. Bremetennacum (also Bremetonnacum, Bremetenracum or Bresnetenacum Veteranorum) was a Roman fort which is now the village of This fact alone presents a reasonable argument for the existence of a British oppidum or walled village on the site, it being customary for such primitive communities to cluster in the vicinity of a ford or bridge. [12]
The aforementioned All Hallows Spring was purportedly excavated in 1654 and was found to contain an inscribed stone, allegedly commemorating the dedication of a temple of Serapis by Claudius Hieronymus, legate of Legio VI Victrix. Serapis (Latin spelling or Sarapis in Greek was a syncretic Hellenistic - Egyptian god in Antiquity. A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer Legio VI Victrix (Victorious was a Roman legion founded by Octavian in 41 BC. [13][14]
Medieval Blackburn
Christianity is believed to have come to Blackburn at the end of the 6th century, perhaps in 596 (there is a record of a "church of Blagbourne" in that year) or 598 AD. [15][16][17] The town was certainly important during the Anglo-Saxon era. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south It was during this period that Blackburnshire Hundred came into existence, probably as a territorial division of the kingdom of Northumbria. Blackburnshire was a hundred, or ancient division of the county of Lancashire, in Northern England. [18]
The name of the town first appears in the Domesday Book as Blachebourne, a royal manor during the days of Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror. The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages Archaeological evidence gleaned during the demolition of the medieval parish church on the site of the present Cathedral in 1820 suggests that a church was built during the late eleventh/early twelfth century. [19] A market cross was also erected nearby in 1101. [20]
The manor came into the possession of Henry de Blackburn, who divided it between his two sons. Later, one half was granted to the monks of Stanlow Abbey. Stanlow Abbey (or Stanlaw Abbey) was a Cistercian Abbey situated on Stanlow Point on the Wirral. This moiety was later granted to the monks of Whalley Abbey. Whalley Abbey was a Cistercian abbey in Whalley Lancashire, England ( However, during the twelfth century, the town's conjectured importance declined as Clitheroe became the regional centre. Clitheroe is a town and Civil parish in the borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England. [21] In addition to the settlement in the town centre area, there were several other medieval domiciles located nearby.
Industrial Revolution and textiles
Textile manufacturing in Blackburn dates from the middle of the 13th century, when wool produced by local farmers was woven in people's houses. Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century and helped to develop the industry. By 1650 the town was known for the manufacture of "Blackburn checks", blue and white in colour, with "Blackburn greys" becoming famous not long afterwards. [3]
By the first half of the 18th century, textile manufacture had become Blackburn's main industry;[22] and from the mid 18th century to the early 20th century, Blackburn "developed from a market town with less than 5,000 inhabitants with an expanding textile trade, to the weaving capital of the world with a population of over 130,000. The Textile industry (also known in the United Kingdom and Australia as the Rag Trade) is a term used for industries primarily concerned with the design "[23]
John Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles provides a profile of Blackburn in 1887:
Blackburn. parl. and mun. bor. , par. and township, NE. Lancashire, 9 miles [14 km] E. of Preston and 210 miles [340 km] NW. Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. of London by rail -- par. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. , 48,281 ac. , pop. 161,617; township, 3681 ac. , pop. 91,958; bor. , 6974 ac. , pop. 104,014; 4 Banks, 2 newspapers. Market-days, Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the chief seats of cotton manufacture, besides producing calico, muslin, &c. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Calico is a plain-woven Textile. In the United Kingdom, "calico" refers to fabric made from unbleached and often not fully processed Cotton Muslin is a type of finely-woven Cotton fabric, introduced to Europe from the Middle East in the 17th century , there being over 140 mills at work. There are also factories for making cotton machinery and steam-engines. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. B. has been associated with many improvements in the mfr. of cotton, among which was the invention (1767) of the "spinning jenny" which was invented in nearby Oswaldtwistle by James Hargreaves, who died in 1770. The spinning jenny is a multi- Spool Spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn Oswaldtwistle (pronounced 'Oswald-twistle' is a town on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Lancashire, 3 miles east-south-east of Blackburn. James Hargreaves (also known as James Hargraves) (1720 – 22 April 1778) was a weaver, Carpenter and an Inventor in Lancashire There are several fine churches and public buildings. A Corporation Park (50 ac. in area) is on the outskirts of the town. Corporation Park is a traditional Victorian Park in Blackburn, Lancashire, England. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Several lines of railway converge here, and pass through one principal station belonging to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Ry. Co. B. returns 2 members to Parliament. [24]
Cotton spinning
From around 1750, cotton merchants in Blackburn were supplying cottagers with cotton. Paid by the piece, the cottagers would spin the cotton into thread and weave it into cloth. Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic Fibers are twisted together to form Yarn (or thread The merchants would then have the cloth bleached and dyed. After 1775, spinning mills began to appear in the town. The earliest spinning mills were converted warehouses, but in 1797 the first purpose-built spinning mill was constructed, and by 1824 there were 24 such mills. By 1870 there were 2. 5 million spindles in Blackburn, with 24 spinning mills having been constructed between 1850 and that year. A spindle (sometimes called a drop spindle) is a Wooden spike weighted at one end with a circular Whorl; it may have an optional hook at either end of the Spinning declined in the town between 1870-1900 as this sector of the cotton industry moved to South Lancashire. [25]
Weaving
In 18th century Blackburn, weaving was carried out mainly by handloom weavers working from their own cottages. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. A loom is a Machine or device for Weaving thread or Yarn into Textiles Looms can range from very small hand-held frames to large free-standing However, as powerlooms began to be introduced into local mills from 1825, the percentage of the workforce employed as handloom weavers began to decline. This decline occurred more rapidly in areas closer to the centre of Blackburn, with handloom weavers continuing to make up a sizeable portion of the workforce in outlying rural areas. Nevertheless, the last handloom shop in Blackburn closed in 1894. [26]
Improvements made to the powerloom in the early 1840s, together with the construction of the first railway line into Blackburn in 1846, led to much greater investment in powerlooms in the town in the second half of the 1840s. The railway brought opportunities for expansion of the cotton trade and subsequent decades saw many new mills constructed. [27] For example: 68 weaving-only and 4 combined weaving and spinning mills were built between 1850-1870, and nine weaving mills were built per decade between 1870-1890. [28]
Lancashire Weavers' Riots
As powerlooms increased their efficiency, "the main source of wealth and income began to move from the cottage/loom shop to the factory",[29] and in April 1826, at a time when, according to figures published in March of that year, some 60% of all handloom weavers in Blackburn and nearby Rishton, Lower Darwen and Oswaldtwistle were unemployed,[30] the Lancashire Weavers' Riots took place. Rishton is a small town in the Hyndburn district of Lancashire, England, about 2 miles west of Clayton-le-Moors and 4 miles east of Lower Darwen is a village in the unitary borough of Blackburn with Darwen, in Lancashire. Oswaldtwistle (pronounced 'Oswald-twistle' is a town on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Lancashire, 3 miles east-south-east of Blackburn. Blackburn played its part in these events. At 3pm on April 24, 1826 a mob arrived in the town after travelling from nearby Accrington (where they had already attacked powerlooms). Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Accrington is a town within the Hyndburn borough of Lancashire, in North West England. Proceeding to Bannister Eccles' Jubilee Factory on Jubilee St in Blackburn town centre, the mob destroyed 212 powerlooms in the space of 35 minutes. The rioters then went to the nearby John Houghton and Sons' Park Place factory and destroyed another 25 looms, before moving on in search of more machinery to attack. The crowd began to disperse at around 6pm, troops having arrived as early as 3:30pm to try to quell the rioting. [31]
Decline of the cotton industry
As early as 1890 it was recognised that Blackburn was over-dependent on the cotton industry, with the town's Chamber of Commerce warning of the dangers of "only having one string to their bow in Blackburn. A chamber of commerce (also referred to in some circles as a board of trade) is a form of Business network. "[32] The warning proved to be prophetic when, in 1904, a serious slump hit the cotton industry, and other industries dependent on it such as engineering, brewing and building. [33] A few years later, in 1908, another slump saw 43 mills stopping production and a quarter of the town's looms idle. [34]
Suspension of trade with India during the First World War resulted in the expansion of India's cotton industry at the expense of Britain's,[36] and the imposition of an 11% import tariff by the Indian Government led to a dramatic slump in 1921; a situation which worsened in 1922 after the Indian Government raised the tariff to 14%, which led the number of stopped mills to increase to 47, with 43,000 looms idle. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [37] Two years into the slump, the Foundry and Limbrick mills became the first in the town to permanently close. [36] Not long afterwards, in 1926, the General Strike saw production suspended at half of the town's mills and 12,000 unemployed. The UK General Strike of 1926 was a General strike that lasted nine days from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. [36] There was another slump in 1928, and then another strike in 1929 after employers requested a 12% wage cut: 40,000 cotton workers went on strike for a week and eight more mills closed, making it 28 closures in six years. [36] By the start of 1930, fifty mills had shut down and 21,000 people were unemployed. [36] A sharp financial crisis late in 1931 led to 24,000 unemployed, with 1,000 houses and 166 shops lying empty in the town. [38] A total of 26 mills closed down between 1930 and 1934. [36]
The industry experienced a short post-war boom between 1948-50, during which sales increased, industry training methods improved, and new automatic looms were introduced; allowing a weaver to control 20 to 25 looms. Loom sheds were often rebuilt using new building techniques to make them more open-plan so that they could house the new, larger looms. [39]
Despite the post-war boom, the cotton industry continued to decline and by 1951 "25% of the town's population were employed in textiles as opposed to the 60% employed in the industry up to the start of the Great Depression, twenty-two years earlier. . . "[40] In 1952, the number of weavers in the town fell from 10,890 to 9,020. [41] By 1955 more cloth was being imported from India than was being exported there,[41] and between 1955-58 another 16 mills closed. In 1959, due partly to the re-organisation of the textile industry resulting from that year's Textiles Act, another 17 mills closed. An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament. [42] By 1960 there were 30 mills left operating in Blackburn. [43]
Closures continued in the 1960s with, for example, the Parkside, Fountains, Malvern and Pioneer Mills shutting in 1964. [44] In 1967 the Eclipse mill at Feniscowles closed, unable to compete with imported cloth sold at 9d cheaper per yard than the mill could produce it for. By the end of that year there were 26 mills left operating in Blackburn[45] The 1970s saw further closures, with the number of textile workers in Blackburn reduced to 6000 by January 1975: a year in which the Albion and Alston mills would also stop production with the loss of 400 jobs. [35][46] The following statistic gives some idea of the rate of decline of Blackburn's cotton industry: in 1976 there were 2,100 looms still operating, from a peak of 79,405 in 1907. [47]
Governance
- This section describes the organisation of government in the area. For information on party politics and local issues see the section on politics below
Blackburn is administered by Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority, which encompasses Blackburn and the small town of Darwen to the south. Blackburn ( is a large town in Lancashire, England. It lies to the north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Darwen is a Market town in Lancashire, England extending onto the West Pennine Moors. The town sends one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords
Local government
The council has been elected 'by thirds' since 1996, with one councillor from each of the three-member wards being elected every year, with those representing 2-member wards being elected in alternative years. Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. There is a total of 64 seats on Blackburn with Darwen Council. Every four years there is a year with no elections, the next such period being 2009.
In their 2007 Comprehensive Performance Assessment (CPA), the Audit Commission described the council as "improving well" and gave it their highest "four star" overall performance rating. In the UK the Comprehensive Performance Assessment (CPA, conducted by the Audit Commission, aims to assess the performance of every Local authority and The Audit Commission is a Public corporation in the United Kingdom, established under the Local Government Finance Act 1982 to appoint auditors to all local Although children’s services, adult social care and GCSE results were praised, the Commission did highlight "significant health problems" and increased "levels of repeat victims of domestic violence" as causes for concern. The General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) is the name of an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject generally taken in a number of subjects by [48] Despite generally good performance, overall user satisfaction levels with the Council are below average and not improving. [48] The borough was awarded Beacon Council status and shares its best practice in education policy with other councils as part of the scheme.
Parliamentary representation
The historic constituency of Blackburn was created for the 1832 general election and sent two MPs to Westminster. Blackburn is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The 1832 UK general election, the first after the Reform Act, saw the Whigs win a large majority with the Tories winning less than 30% of the vote It was abolished in 1950 and replaced for one parliamentary term by two new single-member constituencies, Blackburn East and Blackburn West. Results |} Total votes cast 28771124 All parties shown Conservative total includes Ulster Unionists Votes summary Seats summary Blackburn East was a parliamentary constituency in the town of Blackburn in Lancashire. Blackburn West was a parliamentary constituency in the town of Blackburn in Lancashire. At the 1955 general election, Blackburn East and Blackburn West were merged into the modern-day constituency, returning a single MP. Results |} Total votes cast 26759729 All parties shown Conservatives include National Liberal Party and Ulster Unionists Votes Blackburn is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the former Blackburn Borough Council has many distinctive emblems. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people [49] The arms displays Argent a Fesse wavy Sable between three Bees volant proper on a Chief Vert a Bugle stringed Argent between two Fusils Or. On the crest, a Wreath of the Colours a Shuttle Or thereon a Dove wings elevated Argent and holding in the beak the Thread of the Shuttle reflexed over the back and an Olive Branch proper. The word crest is often mistakenly applied to a Coat of arms. The latin motto of the town is 'Arte et Labore', correctly translated as 'by art and by labour' but often translated as 'by skill and hardwork'. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group The motto, granted on 14 February 1852 to the former Borough of Blackburn, is poignant as Blackburn, once a small town, had risen to importance through the energy and enterprise of her spinners and manufacturers, combined with the skill and labour of her operatives. The Borough of Blackburn was formed by the amalgamation of the County Borough of Blackburn, the Borough of Darwen, part of the Turton Urban District and the parishes of Yate and Pickup Bank, Eccleshill, Livesey, Pleasington and Tockholes from the Blackburn Rural District. Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council website provides the following information about the coat of arms:
Three bees in flight. The bee is an emblem of skill, perseverance and industry. “B” also stands for Blackburn; and further, as the Peel family sprang from this neighbourhood and bears a bee in flight on its shield, the idea naturally suggests itself that Sir Robert Peel had adopted the Blackburn bee. The shield is silver or white, and thus emblematical of calico, the product of the Blackburn bees. The broad wavy black line represents the Black Brook (Blakewater) on the banks of which the town is built. The silver bugle horn was the crest of the first Mayor of Blackburn, William Henry Hornby, Esq. It is also the emblem of strength. The gold lozenges, or fusils (diamond shaped), are the heraldic emblems of spinning, derived from the Latin “fusus” or “fusilium,” meaning a spindle, and they refer to the invention of the “Spinning Jenny” in 1864 by James Hargreaves, a native of the district. They also denote the connection of Joseph Feilden, Esq. , with Blackburn, as Lord of the Manor, as he bore lozenges on his shield. The background of green is there to remind us of the time when Blackburn was one of the Royal Forests in the time of Edward the Confessor. The shuttle is the emblem of weaving, the trade which has contributed more than any other to the prosperity of the town. The dove taking wing with an olive branch in her beak (the emblem of peace) attached to the thread of the shuttle, represents the beneficial results emanating from the art of weaving. [49]
Politics
Blackburn council and its successor have been predominantly controlled by the Labour Party since 1945 and continuously for 24 years until May 2007 when it fell into no overall control. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the [50] UKPollingReport characterises the constituency of Blackburn as "a mix of deprived inner-city wards dominated by Muslim voters, white working class areas and Conservative voting suburbs". [51] The sitting MP is current Secretary of State for Justice and former Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw. See also Lord Chancellor The Secretary of State for Justice is a United Kingdom cabinet position The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the John Whitaker Straw (born 3 August 1946 most commonly known as Jack Straw, is a senior British Labour Party Politician. Previous MPs for Blackburn include former Labour cabinet minister Barbara Castle, who represented the town in Westminster from 1945 to 1979. Barbara Castle Baroness Castle of Blackburn PC (6 October 1910 &ndash 3 May 2002 was a British left-wing politician born Barbara Anne Betts in Chesterfield
The far right
Around 20% of Blackburn's population come from ethnic minorities and in recent years the town has witnessed a resurgence in the fortunes of far-right political parties in local elections. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The council until recently had two members for the England First party, Mark Cotterill for Meadowhead ward and Michael Johnson for Fernhurst. The England First Party (EFP is a minor far right wing English nationalist political party. Mark Cotterill, born 1960 is the founder and former chairman of the England First Party, a minor Political party operating in Lancashire, England Mark Cotterill has since stood down and Michael Johnson joined the For Darwen party. The For Darwen Party is a small Political party with five seats on Blackburn with Darwen Council Members of the British National Party (BNP) have previously won a council seat in the town in November 2002 following elections in May which saw three of their colleagues elected in nearby Burnley. The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. Burnley is a large Market town in the borough of Burnley in Lancashire, England, with a population of around 73500 The BNP's Robin Evans secured a 16-vote majority in Mill Hill ward with two recounts following a campaign using pub meetings and leafleting. [52] The incumbent Liberal Democrats were pushed into third place behind Labour. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Although plans had been blocked by the time of the poll, proposals to convert a nursing home in the ward into a centre for asylum seekers were seen as a key election issue. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race [53] Developments in Burnley and Blackburn were regarded as something of a renaissance for the far right in British politics, no such councillors had been elected in the UK since victories in Tower Hamlets nearly ten years before. The London Borough of Tower Hamlets ( is a London borough to the east of the City of London, England and north of the River Thames in East [54]
Commenting on the elections, Blackburn MP Jack Straw said: "It is very sad. John Whitaker Straw (born 3 August 1946 most commonly known as Jack Straw, is a senior British Labour Party Politician. We had the far right in Blackburn 26 years ago when they won two seats in Shadsworth. But there the whole community decided they wouldn't have it. You can never say they won't put candidates in Blackburn but we will work hard on community relations. "[55] Blackburn had two council members from the National Party in the 1970s. The National Party was a short-lived British Far right political party Although some towns in the North of England suffered race riots in the summer of 2001, the streets of Blackburn remained quiet. Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit.
Other political events
In October 2006, comments made by Jack Straw angered some in the Muslim community. Writing in the Lancashire Telegraph, the MP said that Muslim women who wear full veils make "better, positive relations" between communities more difficult and that failing to show the mouth and nose was "a visible statement of separation and of difference. The Lancashire Telegraph, formerly the Lancashire Evening Telegraph, is a local tabloid newspaper distributed in East Lancashire. "[56][57]
Geography
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At (53. 7449°, -2. 4769°), and 184 miles (296 km) north-northwest of London, Blackburn stands 401 feet (122 m) above sea level, 8. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface 9 miles (14. 3 km) east of Preston and 20 miles (32. Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. 2 km) north-northeast of Manchester. The Ribble Valley and West Pennine Moors lie to the north and south respectively. Ribble Valley is a local government district with Borough status within the Non-metropolitan county of Lancashire, England (although The West Pennine Moors is an area of approximately 90 square miles of moorland and reservoir scenery located in Lancashire, between the towns of Chorley Blackburn experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year.
Although the city of Preston, the administrative centre for the county, is located around 9. Blackburn railway station is a Railway station that serves the town of Blackburn in Lancashire, England. 2 miles (14. 8 km) to the west, Blackburn is the largest municipality in what is known as East Lancashire. The town is bounded on other sides by smaller towns, including Accrington to the east and Darwen to the south. Blackburn and Darwen together make up Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority. Around 2. 5 miles (4. 0 km) to the north of the town centre, is the village/suburb of Wilpshire, with the village of Langho approximately 1. Wilpshire is a suburb of Blackburn in the county of Lancashire, England. Langho is a small village five miles north of Blackburn in the Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England. 2 miles (1. 9 km) further to the north west. A number of even smaller localities are sometimes considered extended suburbs of Blackburn, including Rishton to the east, Great Harwood to the north east and Mellor to the north west. Rishton is a small town in the Hyndburn district of Lancashire, England, about 2 miles west of Clayton-le-Moors and 4 miles east of Great Harwood is a small town in the Hyndburn district of Lancashire, England. Mellor is a village situated in the Borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire, England. Rishton, Great Harwood and Accrington are part of the local government district of Hyndburn. The pattern of local government in England is complex with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements Hyndburn is a local government district with Borough status in Lancashire, England. 11 miles (18 km) further to the east lies the town of Burnley. Burnley is a large Market town in the borough of Burnley in Lancashire, England, with a population of around 73500 [58]
Blackburn is served by a newly redeveloped train station located in the town centre next to the bus station and served by Northern Rail. Blackburn railway station is a Railway station that serves the town of Blackburn in Lancashire, England. Northern Rail (often referred to simply as Northern) is a Train operating company that has operated local passenger services in the north of England The nearest train station on the West Coast Main Line is Preston. The West Coast Main Line (WCML is a busy mixed-traffic railway route in the United Kingdom. Preston railway station serves the city of Preston in Lancashire, England and is a major station on the West Coast Main Line.
Geology and terrain
Located in the midst of the East Lancashire Hills, some areas of the town are characterised by steep slopes. The town centre is located in a depression surrounded by a number of hills. The area of Revidge to the north can be reached via a steep climb up Montague Street and Dukes Brow to reach a peak of 715 feet (218 m) above sea level. Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface To the west, the wooded Billinge Hill in Witton Country Park is 804 feet (245 m) high, while Royal Blackburn Hospital is situated to the east of the town at a vantage point of 663 feet (202 m). Witton Country Park is a 480 Acre (19 km² public Park in the west of Blackburn, Lancashire. [59] These figures can be considered in the context of other hills and mountains in Lancashire, including Great Hill at 1,496 feet (456 m), Winter Hill at 1,496 feet (456 m), Pendle Hill at 1,827 feet (557 m) and Green Hill 2,060 feet (628 m). Great Hill is a hill in Lancashire on Anglezarke Moor between the towns of Chorley and Darwen. Pendle Hill is located in the north-east of Lancashire, England, near the towns of Burnley, Colne, Nelson and Clitheroe Green Hill, is a Mountain in north west England. Its summit is above sea level
The River Blakewater, which gives its names to the town, flows down from the moors above Guide and then through the areas of Whitebirk, Little Harwood, Cob Wall and Brookhouse to the town centre. The River Blakewater is a river running through Lancashire, giving its name to the town of Blackburn. Guide is a village on the edge of Blackburn, in Lancashire. It is located south of the town centre and the M65 motorway passes around the south Whitebirk is a Suburb in the east of Blackburn, in Lancashire, England. The river was culverted during the industrial revolution and runs underground in the town centre, under Ainsworth Street and between Blackburn Cathedral and Blackburn Bus Station. A culvert is a conduit used to enclose a flowing body of Water. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Blackburn Cathedral, officially known as the Cathedral Church of Blackburn Saint Mary the Virgin, is a Cathedral On the western side of the town centre the Blakewater continues under Whalley Banks and through the Redlam area before joining the River Darwen outside Witton Country Park and continuing on to join the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale. The River Darwen is a river running through Darwen and Blackburn in Lancashire. The River Ribble is a river that runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire, in the North of England. Walton-le-Dale is a primarily residential area to the south-east of the city of Preston, Lancashire, England.
The geology of the Blackburn area yields numerous resources which underpinned its development as a centre of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution. Mineable coal seams have been used since the mid-late 16th century. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. [60] The coal measures in the area lie on a bed of millstone grit, which has been quarried in the past for millstones and, along with local limestone deposits, used as a construction material for roads and buildings. The Coal Measures is a lithostratigraphical term used mainly in the British Isles for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System Gritstone — otherwise called Millstone grit — is a Sedimentary rock composed of coarse sand grains with inclusions of small stones A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted Millstones or mill stones are used in Windmills and Watermills including Tide mills for grinding Wheat or other grains Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 In addition, there were deposits of iron ore in the Furness and Ulverston districts. Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted Furness (ˈfɘˑnəs is a Peninsula in the southern part of Cumbria, in north-west England. Ulverston is a Market town in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria in north-west England. [61] The Blackburn area was subjected to glaciation during the Pleistocene ice age, and the sandstone-and-shale bedrock is overlain in much of the area by glacial deposits called till (which is also called "boulder clay") of varying thickness up to several tens of feet. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Shale (also called mudstone) is a fine-grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clay minerals or Muds It is characterized by Till is unsorted glacial sediment Glacial drift is a general term for the coarsely graded and extremely heterogeneous Sediments of glacial origin Till is unsorted glacial sediment Glacial drift is a general term for the coarsely graded and extremely heterogeneous Sediments of glacial origin Glacial outwash (sand and gravel) also occur in small patches, including along Grimshaw Brook. A sandur (plural sandar is a glacial outwash Plain formed of Sediments deposited by meltwater at the terminus of a Glacier. [62][63][64]
Demography
According to the UK Government's 2001 census, Blackburn, defined as an urban area, had a population of 105,085 and a population density of 11,114/sq mi (4,291/km²). The politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland takes place in the framework of a Constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is Head A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 [1] According to further statistics from the same census, this time defining Blackburn as a Westminster parliamentary constituency, the town was 69. In the United Kingdom (UK, each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elects one or more members to a parliament or assembly 22% White British (national average for England 89. " White British " was a racially -based classification used by the 2001 census. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland 99%) with significant Indian (14. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 31%) and Pakistani (11. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and 45%) ethnic minorities. [65] 12. 33% of the population was born outside the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [66] In terms of religion, 57. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos 53% of residents were Christian (average for England 71. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 74%), 25. 74% Muslim (average for England 3. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. 1%) and 15. 98% no religion or not stated. [67]
With regard to the economic activity of those aged 16-74, the 2001 Census indicates that 33. 93% were full-time employees (average for England 40. 81%), 11. 72% were part-time employees, 5. 97% were self-employed (average for England 8. 32%), and 4. 5% were unemployed (average for England 3. 35%). [68]
The 2001 census also records the social grade of the constituency's 72,418 people aged 16 and over. Using the NRS social grades system, 10,748 were classed as AB (higher and intermediate managerial / administrative / professional), 17,514 as C1 (supervisory, clerical, junior managerial / administrative / professional), 11,691 as C2 (skilled manual workers), 19,212 as D (semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers), and 13,253 as E (on state benefit, unemployed, lowest grade workers). The NRS social grades are a system of demographic classification used in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. [69]
Economy
The town centre is currently subject to a new multi-million pound investment, and Blackburn with Darwen Council have already made some refurbishments and renovations of key public places, notably the Church Street area with its Grade II listed[70] art deco Waterloo Pavilions complemented by street furniture and sculptures. Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial
The Mall Blackburn (formerly known as Blackburn Shopping Centre) is the main shopping centre in Blackburn with over 130 shops and 400 further outlets close by. The Mall Blackburn is a Shopping Centre that serves the town of Blackburn, Lancashire England and is owned by the The Mall Company A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors [71] Blackburn Markets are situated opposite the mall on its Ainsworth Street side. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information First opened in 1964, they are comprised of a 3-day market (Wednesday, Friday, Saturday) and the Market Hall (Monday-Saturday). The town centre was expanded by construction of the Grimshaw Park retail development (including Blackburn Arena) in the 1990s. Blackburn Arena is an Olympic size ice arena in Blackburn, England, and the home of Blackburn Hawks and Lancashire Raptors ice The adjacent Townsmoor Retail Park and Peel Leisure and Retail Park are more recent developments. The Peel Group is a collection of property and transport companies based in Manchester, England.
The markets continue to offer a wide range of local produce - Lancashire cheeses, tripe, Bowland beef and lamb can all be found. Tripe is a type of edible Offal from the Stomachs of various Domestic animals. There is also Walsh's Sarsaparilla stall. For the drink see Root beer. Sarsaparilla (IPA /ˌsæspəˈɹɪlə/ ( Smilax regelii and other closely related species of The markets are expected to move into the Mall shopping centre in 2010, and to open six days a week. [72]
Major employers in Blackburn include: BAE Systems (Samlesbury site, located at Balderstone, northwest of Blackburn); Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council; and the East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust (Based at the Royal Blackburn Hospital). BAE Systems plc (BAE is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered in Farnborough, England, that has global interests particularly Samlesbury is a small village and Civil parish in the South Ribble borough of Lancashire, England. Balderstoneis a village and Civil parish in the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, England, north-east of Preston and north-west of
Cultural references
Those familiar with the work of the The Beatles may recognise Blackburn as the town mentioned in the song "A Day in the Life". The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 "A Day in the Life" is a song by the British rock band The Beatles, written by John Lennon with the middle eight by Paul McCartney An article in the Daily Mail about a plan to fill potholes in the town caught John Lennon's eye as he was writing the song, giving birth to the lyric: "I read the news today. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born Oh, boy. 4,000 holes in Blackburn, Lancashire. "[73] The title of the unofficial fanzine of the town's football club, Blackburn Rovers, is 4,000 Holes. A fanzine (see also Zine) is a nonprofessional publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre for the pleasure Blackburn Rovers Football Club is an English Premier League football club based in the town of Blackburn, Lancashire.
The 2005 British film Love + Hate, directed by Dominic Savage, was shot in Blackburn. Love + Hate is a 2005 Drama film directed by Dominic Savage. Plot Love + Hate is a modern love story set across the racial divide [74][75]
Landmarks
Cathedral
Blackburn Cathedral was formerly Saint Mary's Parish Church. Blackburn Cathedral, officially known as the Cathedral Church of Blackburn Saint Mary the Virgin, is a Cathedral Blackburn Cathedral, officially known as the Cathedral Church of Blackburn Saint Mary the Virgin, is a Cathedral When Saint Mary's was consecrated, in 1826, it is believed a church had already stood on the site for several hundred years. In 1926 the Diocese of Blackburn was created and the church gained cathedral status. The Diocese of Blackburn is a Church of England Diocese, covering much of Lancashire, created in 1926 from part of the Diocese of Manchester [76] Between the 1930s and 1960s an enlarged cathedral was built using the existing building as the nave. [77] Six of the cathedral's bells were cast in 1737 and are claimed to have been cast from even older bells. [78] An image of the Cathedral is used behind BBC interviews held in Blackburn, which are filmed at BBC Radio Lancashire on Darwen Street, opposite the Cathedral.
Town hall
The construction of Blackburn's original, Italian renaissance style town hall was completed in 1856 at a cost of £35,000. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a [79] The architect was James Paterson and the contractors were Richard Hacking and William Stones. It originally housed a police station with 18 cells, a large assembly room, and a council chamber. [80] A tower block extension was constructed over a century later, in 1969, at a cost of £650,000 (the tower block is not strictly an extension to the earlier building: the two buildings are connected only by an elevated, enclosed footbridge). The tower block was 198 feet (60 m) high and the top was 545 feet (166 m) 9 inches (23 cm) above sea-level when built,[81] though it has since been re-clad and these figures may have altered slightly.
Technical school
The foundation stone of the Technical School building was laid on the 9th of May 1888 by the Prince and Princess of Wales; the building was completed towards the end of 1894. It is built in the northern rennaissance style and has a slate roof, an attic, a basement, and two intermediate storeys. Made mainly of red brick and yellow terracotta, it is profusely decorated and features ornate gables, a round arched entrance with angle turrets and balcony above, and a frieze below the top storey with panels depicting art and craft skills. Terra cotta ( Italian: "baked earth" is a Ceramic. Its uses include vessels water & waste water pipes and surface embellishment in Building construction A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof In Architecture, a turret (from Italian: torretta, little tower Latin: turris, tower is a small Tower that In Architecture the frieze is the wide central section part of an Entablature and may be plain or &ndash in the Ionic or Corinthian order &ndash The Technical School is a grade II listed building and is now part of Blackburn College. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance [82][83][84]
Statue of Queen Victoria
Blackburn's statue of Queen Victoria is located next to the cathedral grounds overlooking the bus station. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Victoria's fourth daughter, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, unveiled the statue on September 30, 1905. The Princess Louise (Louise Caroline Alberta Marchioness of Lorne and Duchess of Argyll by marriage 18 March 1848 &ndash 3 December 1939 was a member of the Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting It was sculpted by Australian sculptor Sir Bertram McKennal out of white Sicilian marble and stands on a grey granite plinth. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. [85] The statue is 11 feet (3. 4 m) high and weighs 9 long tons (9. 1 t), while the plinth is 14 feet (4. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. 3 m) high and weighs 30 long tons (30. 5 t). [86]
Ewood Park
Ewood Park stadium has been the home of Blackburn Rovers football club since they moved there from Leamington Road in 1890. Ewood Park is a football Stadium in Blackburn, Lancashire and has been the home of Blackburn Rovers football club since they Blackburn Rovers Football Club is an English Premier League football club based in the town of Blackburn, Lancashire. The ground was officially opened on the 13th of September that year. [87] Work on the current, redeveloped, all-seater stadium got underway in February 1993 when the old Darwen End stand was demolished. This stand, together with the old Blackburn End stand, was then redeveloped before the Nuttall Street stand was also demolished ready for redevelopment in January 1994. Almost two years later, on the 18th November 1995, the newly redeveloped Ewood Park was officially opened. [88] With a capacity of 31,367,[89] the facility currently comprises four sections: the Darwen End, Riverside Stand (named as such because it stands practically on the banks of the River Darwen), Blackburn End, and Jack Walker Stand, which is named after Blackburn industrialist and club supporter, Jack Walker. Darwen is a Market town in Lancashire, England extending onto the West Pennine Moors. The River Darwen is a river running through Darwen and Blackburn in Lancashire. Jack Walker ( 19 May 1929 - 17 August 2000) was an Industrialist from the English town of Blackburn, Lancashire The stadium also houses conference and banqueting facilities. [90]
Other landmarks
A £10million bridge is currently under construction on Freckleton Street. The bowstring arch bridge crosses the East Lancashire and Ribble Valley railway lines west of the town centre and forms part of the A6078 Town Centre Orbital Route. A tied arch bridge is a Truss bridge in which the outward-directed horizontal forces of the arch or top chord are borne as tension by the bottom chord (either tie-rods History The line was built by the Blackburn and Preston Railway and the Blackburn Burnley Accrington and Colne Extension Railway. The bridge will be completed in summer 2008 and is to be named after Alfred Wainwright following a vote by the townspeople. Alfred ("A" Wainwright MBE (17 January 1907 &ndash 20 January 1991 was a British hillwalker, guidebook Author and Illustrator [91][92]
Blackburn Arena, which houses an ice rink and is home to the Blackburn Hawks ice hockey team, opened in 1991. Blackburn Arena is an Olympic size ice arena in Blackburn, England, and the home of Blackburn Hawks and Lancashire Raptors ice An Ice rink is a frozen body of Water where people can Ice skate or play winter sports The Blackburn Hawks, formerly known as the Blackhawks, are a British Ice Hockey team based in Blackburn, Lancashire. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice.
Blackburn Railway Station features a 24 foot (7. Blackburn railway station is a Railway station that serves the town of Blackburn in Lancashire, England. 3 m) mural by Stephen Charnock, which depicts eight famous faces associated with the town, including Mohandas Gandhi, who visited nearby Darwen in 1931. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Darwen is a Market town in Lancashire, England extending onto the West Pennine Moors. The station was renovated in 2000. BBC Radio Lancashire has its studios on Darwen Street in the town centre. Thwaites Brewery which produces cask ale has had a position in the centre of the town since 1870. Thwaites Brewery is a Regional brewery founded in 1807 by Daniel Thwaites in Blackburn, Lancashire, England. Cask ale or cask-conditioned beer is the term for unfiltered and unpasteurised Beer which is conditioned (including Secondary fermentation There is also King George's Hall, which is an arts and entertainment centre, and Thwaites Empire Theatre.
A section of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs through the town. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is a Canal in the north of England, linking the cities of Leeds and Liverpool.
Community facilities
Corporation Park, to the northwest of the town centre, was built on 50 acres (0. Corporation Park is a traditional Victorian Park in Blackburn, Lancashire, England. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 20 km²) of land purchased from Joseph Fielden, lord of the manor, for £50 per 1 acre (0. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 40 ha) in 1855. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, The park officially opened on 22 October 1857, with shops and mills closing for the day, church bells ringing, and flags flying from public buildings. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Railway companies claimed 14,000 people travelled to the town for the opening. [94] A conservatory was opened in the park on 16 May 1900. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar [93]
The town's Queen's Park was opened in June 1887 having been laid out at a cost of £10,000 on land acquired by Blackburn Corporation from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1882. Ecclesiastical Commissioners were in England and Wales, a body corporate whose full title is Ecclesiastical and Church Estates Commissioners for England. It orginally had two bowling greens, two tennis courts, a lake of over 3 acres (1. In English garden history, a bowling green is a finely-laid close-mown and rolled stretch of flat Lawn for playing the game of Bowls, a fashion in 2 ha), a children's paddling pool, a bandstand, and a refreshment room. Two additional bowling greens and a pavilion were added in 1932. [95]
Witton Country Park is a 480 acres (1. Witton Country Park is a 480 Acre (19 km² public Park in the west of Blackburn, Lancashire. 9 km²) space to the west of the town. The land was purchased in 1946 and was the ancestral home of the Fielden family. It is larger than all the town's other parks and playing fields put together. [96]
Roe Lee Park, in the north of the town, was opened on Wednesday 30 May 1923 and was intended to commemorate the visit of George V. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was originally a 16 acres (6. 5 ha) site with five tennis courts and three bowling greens. [96] The Borough Council's website currently describes the park as a 17 acres (6. 9 ha) "urban fringe park with bowling greens, kick around area and children's playground. . . "[97]
Each of the four parks mentioned above is a current holder of a Green Flag Award. The Green Flag Award is the benchmark national standard for parks and green spaces in England and Wales [98]
Education
Over £25 million is currently being invested in education initiatives including new schools, city learning centres, children's centres and an Academy in Darwen in partnership with the Rodney Aldridge Trust. Schools in Blackburn, Lancashire include Primary Schools Audley Infant & Junior Schools Brookhouse Primary School Cedars Infant Over 11,000 adults are in some form of educational programme. [99] Blackburn with Darwen council have twice had Beacon Status for education in the 'Fostering School Improvement' and 'Transforming the School Workforce' categories. Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. [99]
51. 3% of pupils achieve grades A*-C in Blackburn with Darwen compared with 56. 5% nationally. [100] The average GCE/VCE A/AS and Equivalent Point Score per Student is 649. 7 compared with 716. 7 nationally. [100]
Tauheedul Islam Girls' High School, in Blackburn, became the first Muslim state school in the North West. State school is an expression used in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to distinguish schools provided by the government from privately It was originally independent but its status changed in 2005. [101] It has been a success in school league tables, with a high score for contextual value added. [102] Although the town's ethnic minority population is below 25%, in some schools the vast majority of pupils are from the ethnic minority population, whilst other schools are almost entirely white, and this segregation has been identified as a problem for racial integration within the town. [103]
Independent school sector is represented in the town by Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School (QEGS) and Westholme School. Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School may refer to Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School Ashbourne, England Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School Alford Westholme School, is a single sex selective Private school after ages 7-11 however those that are younger are admitted into the school East Lancashire Institute of Higher Education (ELIHE) is for degree students over the age of 18. East Lancashire Institute of Higher Education (ELIHE is based in Blackburn, Lancashire within Blackburn College St Thomas's and Sunnyhurst Pupil Referral Unit educates children who are unable to attend mainstream school for health reasons or other difficulties. [104] There are plans being developed for a university campus in the town. [105]
Sports
Blackburn Rovers and Football
Premier League Football side Blackburn Rovers is based at the Ewood Park stadium. Blackburn Rovers Football Club is an English Premier League football club based in the town of Blackburn, Lancashire. The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Blackburn Rovers Football Club is an English Premier League football club based in the town of Blackburn, Lancashire. Ewood Park is a football Stadium in Blackburn, Lancashire and has been the home of Blackburn Rovers football club since they The club has done much to raise the profile of the town, winning the Premier League in 1995 and the League Cup in 2002. The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs The Football League Cup, commonly known as the League Cup, is an English football competition The club was established in 1875, and in 1888 became a founder member of The Football League. The Football League, also known as the Coca-Cola Football League for sponsorship reasons is a league competition featuring professional football clubs In 1890 Rovers moved to its permanent home at Ewood Park. Ewood Park is a football Stadium in Blackburn, Lancashire and has been the home of Blackburn Rovers football club since they Until the formation of the Premier League in 1992, the majority of Blackburn Rovers' success was pre-1930 when they won the league twice and FA Cup six times. The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout cup competition in English football, run by and named after [106] Blackburn has had a particular strong history of football. Rovers weren't the town's only side in the 19th century; rivals included Blackburn Olympic F.C. (1883 winners of the FA Cup) and Blackburn Park Road F.C., amongst others. Blackburn Olympic were a football team which existed for about a decade in the 19th Century. The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout cup competition in English football, run by and named after Blackburn Park Road FC was a football team formed in 1875. They played in Blackburn, Lancashire not far from the railway station
In January 1991 Jack Walker, a life-long supporter who built a business from humble beginnings in Blackburn, eventually making millions in the steel industry, took control of the club. Jack Walker ( 19 May 1929 - 17 August 2000) was an Industrialist from the English town of Blackburn, Lancashire [107] He lured former Liverpool legend Kenny Dalglish as manager and a number of player purchases followed, helping the club to gain promotion back into the first division just before it became the F. Liverpool Football Club are an English professional Association football club based in Liverpool England. Kenneth Mathieson 'Kenny' Dalglish MBE (born 4 March 1951 in Dalmarnock, Glasgow) is a former Scottish international football A. Premier League at the end of the 1991/1992 season. [108] Blackburn is one of only a handful of clubs to be founders of both the Football League and the Premier League. In the summer of 1992 the club set a new British transfer record with the purchase of Alan Shearer for £3. Alan Shearer, OBE (born 13 August 1970 is an English retired footballer who played as a Striker in the English Premier League for 3 million. [109] After finishing runners-up to Manchester United in 1993/1994, Rovers won the championship the following year. [110] A slump followed in the late 1990s and Blackburn were relegated to League Division One. The Football League First Division was the highest division of The Football League between 1993 and 2004 and the highest division of English football overall between But in 2001 the team secured promotion back into the Premier League, and they won the League Cup in 2002. The Football League Cup, commonly known as the League Cup, is an English football competition [111]
Notable people
People, involved in the arts, born in the town include: the actress Kathleen Harrison in 1892;[112] the author of the Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells Alfred Wainwright in 1907; broadcaster Russell Harty in 1934; the writer Josephine Cox in 1941 who set many of her novels in Lancashire; the actor Anthony Valentine in 1939; the actor Michael Billington, star of UFO in 1941; actor Ian McShane in 1942;[113] actor Jon Walmsley in 1956; film maker Michael Winterbottom in 1961;[114] actor Steve Pemberton in 1967;[115] actress Wendi Peters in 1968; actor/comedian Lee Mack in 1968; and TV presenter and documentary director Michael Gibson (TV presenter) in 1980. John Morley 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, OM, PC (24 December 1838 – 23 September 1923 was a British Liberal Statesman The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Kathleen Harrison ( February 23, 1892 &ndash December 7, 1995) was a prolific English Character actress best remembered A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells Alfred ("A" Wainwright MBE (17 January 1907 &ndash 20 January 1991 was a British hillwalker, guidebook Author and Illustrator Frederic Russell Harty ( 5 September 1934 &ndash 8 June 1988) was an English Television presenter, with a distinctly Josephine Cox, born Blackburn in 1941 is an English Author. Her annual sales in Britain total nearly one million copies Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Anthony Valentine (born August 17, 1939) is a British actor He is best known for his roles on Television, most notably the titular Michael Billington (born on December 24, 1941 in Blackburn, Lancashire, England; died on June 3, 2005 in SHADO redirects here For other meanings see Shado. UFO is a British Television Science fiction Ian McShane (born September 29 1942) is a Golden Globe -winning English Actor. Jon Walmsley (born February 6 1956) is an actor best known for his role of "Jason Walton" in the series The Waltons. Michael Winterbottom (b March 29 1961 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is a prolific British Filmmaker who has directed fifteen Steve James Pemberton (b 1 September 1967, Blackburn, Lancashire, England) is an English Comedy Writer Wendi Louise Peters (born 29 February 1968 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is an English The Times article from November 2007 says he is 39 --> Lee Gordon McKillop (born c Michael Gibson (born October 29 1980 in Blackburn, England) is a TV presenter and documentary director
Notable sports personalities born in Blackburn include: rock climber John Sumner in 1936;[116] and England rugby union player Will Greenwood in 1972. John (Fritz Sumner (b Blackburn 13 March 1936 d 2004 was the pre-eminent exploratory climber in his chosen domain of Mid Wales, climbing cutting-edge Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short William John Heaton "Will" Greenwood MBE (born 20 October 1972 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is a former English Additionally the motor racing engine designer Keith Duckworth was born here in 1933. David Keith Duckworth, ( August 10 1933 &ndash December 19 2005) was an English mechanical engineer.
In the political arena, John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, OM, PC, Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor was born in the town in 1838. John Morley 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, OM, PC (24 December 1838 – 23 September 1923 was a British Liberal Statesman The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a The town is also closely linked to Barbara Castle who was an MP in Blackburn for 34 years (1945-1979) as well as holding the positions of Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity, First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Social Services during the Labour governments of the sixties and seventies. Barbara Castle Baroness Castle of Blackburn PC (6 October 1910 &ndash 3 May 2002 was a British left-wing politician born Barbara Anne Betts in Chesterfield The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. First Secretary of State is an occasionally used title within the British government, principally regarded as purely honorific. The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions is a position in the UK cabinet responsible for the Department for Work and Pensions.
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- ^ Wainwright remembered with new bridge. Lancashire Telegraph. The Lancashire Telegraph, formerly the Lancashire Evening Telegraph, is a local tabloid newspaper distributed in East Lancashire. Newsquest Media Group (2008-03-31). With 300 titles to its name Newsquest is the second largest Publisher of regional and local Newspapers in the United Kingdom. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
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- ^ Roe Lee Park. Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council. Retrieved 5 June 2008. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ North-west Green Flag Award winners. Green Flag Award Website. Retrieved 5 June 2008. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b Education and lifelong learning, Blackburn with Darwen Council, accessed 14 April 2008]
- ^ a b Key Figures for Education, Skills and Training, Office for National Statistics, retirieved 14 April 2008
- ^ School celebrates new funded status. Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. The Office for National Statistics (ONS is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly Lancashire Evening Telegraph. The Lancashire Telegraph, formerly the Lancashire Evening Telegraph, is a local tabloid newspaper distributed in East Lancashire. Newsquest Media Group (2005-06-17). With 300 titles to its name Newsquest is the second largest Publisher of regional and local Newspapers in the United Kingdom. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
- ^ Secondary schools in Blackburn with Darwen: CVA score. BBC News (2008-01-10). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
- ^ Easton, Mark (2006-06-14). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the School choice 'means classroom ghettos'. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
- ^ Blackburn with Darwen Schools, Blackburn with Darwen, accessed 14 April 2008
- ^ Campuses planned for 20 towns. Blackburn with Darwen is a Unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. BBC News (2008-03-03). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
- ^ Blackburn Rovers club profile. www. premierleague. com. Retrieved 29 May 2008. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Jackman, M. (2006). Blackburn Rovers: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company Ltd. p. 173.
- ^ Jackman, M. (2006). Blackburn Rovers: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company Ltd. p. 175-179.
- ^ Jackman, M. (2006). Blackburn Rovers: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company Ltd. p. 179.
- ^ Jackman, M. (2006). Blackburn Rovers: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company Ltd. p. 182-185
- ^ Jackman, M. (2006). Blackburn Rovers: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company Ltd. p. 201-204
- ^ "Biography for Kathleen Harrison", The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 14 May 2006
- ^ Ian McShane BBC website
- ^ "Essential facts on Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn", This Is Lancashire, 27 August 2001. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
- ^ "Steve Pemberton", The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
- ^ John Sumner obituary. Colin Wells. The Independent. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. 13 March 2004.
Further reading
- Abram, W. A. [1877] (1990). A History of Blackburn Town & Parish, Limited second edition reprint, T. H. C. L. Books. ISBN 0-948494-10-7.
- Allin, David. Blackburn Since 1900. ISBN 0-948946-18-0.
- Baggoley, M. (1996). Blackburn in Old Photographs. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1262-6.
- Beattie, Derek (1992). Blackburn: The Development of a Lancashire Cotton Town. Keele University Press. ISBN 1-85331-021-2.
- Beattie, Derek (2007). Blackburn: A History by Derek Beattie. Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 1-85936-113-7.
- Cole, Matthew (1996). Blackburn's Shops at the Turn of the Century. Landy Publishing Company. ISBN 1-872895-28-X.
- Halsall, Jim (1998). Blackburn in Times Gone By. Landy Publishing Company. ISBN 1-872895-39-5.
- Jackman, Mike (2006). Blackburn Rovers: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company. ISBN 1-85983-475-2.
- Miller, Geo. C. [1951] (1992). Blackburn: the Evolution of a Cotton Town, Limited second edition reprint, Blackburn: T. H. C. L. Books. ISBN 0-948494-18-2.
- Seabrook, Jeremy (1973). City Close-up: Blackburn. Penguin Books. Penguin Books is a British Publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. ISBN 0-14-003721-7.
- Timmins, Geoffrey (1993). Blackburn: A Pictorial History. Phillimore and Co. . ISBN 0-85033-865-4.
- Turner, William (1992). RIOT!: The Story of the East Lancashire Loom-Breakers. Lancashire County Books. ISBN 1-871236-17-7.
- Woodruff, William (1993). Billy Boy: The Story of a Lancashire Weaver's Son. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-85331-047-6.
- Woodruff, William (2002). The Road to Nab End: A Lancashire Childhood. Abacus. ISBN 0-349-11521-4. (This is the same book retitled as the previous one Billy Boy)
External links
- Blackburn with Darwen Council, The website of Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council.
- www.cottontown.org, A website documenting the history of Blackburn with Darwen as influenced by the development of the cotton trade.
- Lancashire Telegraph, The daily newspaper based in Blackburn.
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