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The blackberries (singular, blackberry; genus Rubus, subgenus Eubatus; also called bramble or occasionally "bramble raspberry") are a widespread and well known group of several hundred species, a number of which are closely related apomictic microspecies, native throughout the temperate Northern hemisphere. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its For other meanings see Rosales (disambiguation. Rosales is an order of Flowering plants including nine families The Rosaceae or Rose family is a large family of Plants with about 3000-4000 species in 100-160 genera The Rose subfamily Rosoideae consists of 878 species including many Shrubs perennial Herbs and fruit plants such as strawberries and Rubus is a large Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. Rubus ursinus is a species of Blackberry or Dewberry known by the common names California blackberry and Pacific blackberry. See also List of early spring flowers The Dewberries ( Rubus sect Rubus is a large Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. Bramble refers to thorny plants of the Genus Rubus, in the Rose family ( Rosaceae) Northern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is North of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' [1]
They are perennial plants which typically bear biennial stems ("canes") from the perennial root system. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than A biennial plant is a flowering Plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. In its first year, a new stem grows vigorously to its full length of 3-6 m, arching or trailing along the ground and bearing large palmately compound leaves with five or seven leaflets; it does not produce any flowers. In Botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves: Acicular ( acicularis) Slender and pointed needle-like In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In its second year, the stem does not grow longer, but the flower buds break to produce flowering laterals, which bear smaller leaves with three or five leaflets. First and second year shoots are usually spiny, usually with numerous short curved very sharp spines (spineless plants also occur). The flowers are produced in late spring and early summer on short racemes on the tips of the flowering laterals. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short Each flower is about 2-3 cm in diameter with five white or pale pink petals. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The newly developed primocane fruiting blackberries flower and fruit on the new growth. The fruit, in botanical terminology, is not a berry, but an aggregate fruit of numerous drupelets ripening to a black or dark purple fruit, the "blackberry". The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. In Botany, a drupe is a Fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( Exocarp, or skin and Mesocarp, or flesh surrounds a shell (the pit Unmanaged mature plants form a tangle of dense arching stems, the branches rooting from the node tip when they reach the ground. They are very vigorous, growing at fast rates in woods, scrub, hillsides and hedgerows, covering large areas in a relatively short time. It will tolerate poor soil, and is an early colonist of wasteland and building sites. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel [1][2]
The early flowers often form more drupelets than the later ones. This can be a symptom of exhausted reserves in the plant's roots, marginal pollinator populations, or infection with a virus such as Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV). A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish Even a small change in conditions, such as a rainy day or a day too hot for bees to work after early morning, can reduce the number of bee visits to the flower, thus reducing the quality of the fruit. The drupelets only develop around ovules that are fertilized by the male gamete from a pollen grain.
Blackberry leaves are also a food for certain Lepidoptera caterpillars. Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. Caterpillars are the Larval form of a member of the order Lepidoptera (the Insect order comprising butterflies and Moths See List of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus
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Cultivation and uses
The soft fruit is popular for use in desserts, jams, seedless jellies and sometimes wine. Rubus species (brambles blackberry-like plants are used as food plants by the Larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Since the many species form hybrids easily, there are many cultivars with more than one species in their ancestry. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar
Blackberry flowers are good nectar producers, and large areas of wild blackberries will yield a medium to dark, fruity honey. The nectar source in a given area depends on the type of Vegetation present and the length of their bloom period Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the
The blackberry is known to contain polyphenol antioxidants, naturally occurring chemicals that can upregulate certain beneficial metabolic processes in mammals. A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of Antioxidant containing a Polyphenolic substructure A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands It is not advisable to use or eat blackberries growing close to busy roads due to the accumulated toxins from the traffic. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low Traffic on Roads may consist of Pedestrians ridden or herded Animals Vehicles Streetcars and other Conveyances either singly [3] The astringent blackberry root is sometimes used in herbal medicine as a treatment for diarrhea and dysentery. An astringent (also spelled adstringent) substance is a chemical that tends to shrink or constrict Body tissues usually locally after Topical medicinal Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood [4] The related but smaller European dewberry (R. See also List of early spring flowers The Dewberries ( Rubus sect caesius) can be distinguished by the white, waxy coating on the fruits, which also usually have fewer drupelets. (Rubus caesius) is in its own section (Caesii) within the subgenus Rubus.
In some parts of the world, such as in Chile, New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest region of North America, some blackberry species, particularly Rubus armeniacus (syn. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Rubus armeniacus ( Armenian Blackberry or Himalayan Blackberry; syn R. procerus, 'Himalaya') and Rubus laciniatus ('Evergreen') are naturalised and considered an invasive species and a serious weed. Rubus laciniatus ( Cutleaf Evergreen Blackberry or Evergreen Blackberry) is a species of Rubus introduced from Europe In Biology, naturalisation is the process when foreign or cultivated plants or animals have spread into the Wild, where they multiply by natural regeneration Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions WEED (1390 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Spanish format [1]
As there is forensic evidence from the Iron Age Haraldskær Woman that she consumed blackberries some 2500 years ago, it is reasonable to conclude that blackberries have been eaten by humans over thousands of years. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. The Haraldskær Woman is an Iron Age Bog body found naturally preserved in a Bog in Jutland, Denmark.
Commercial cultivars
Numerous cultivars have been selected for commercial and amateur cultivation. Recommended cultivars[1] in the United Kingdom include 'Ashton Cross' (vigorous, thorny), 'Bedford Giant' (heavy cropping, vigorous, thorny), 'Black Satin' (vigorous, thornless), 'Dirksen' (thornless, very hardy), 'Thornless Evergreen' (heavy crops of high quality fruit; thornless), 'Fantasia' (very large fruit; vigorous), 'Hull Thornless' (heavy cropping), 'Loch Ness' (thornless, semi-erect canes), 'Marion' (vigorous, thorny; good flavour), 'Smoothstem' (thornless), and 'Thornfree' (moderate vigour, thornless).
'Marion' (marketed as "Marionberry") is an important cultivar and is from a cross between 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' (commonly called "olallieberry") berries. It is claimed to "capture the best attributes of both berries and yields an aromatic bouquet and an intense blackberry flavor". [5]. The Marionberry was introduced by G. F. Waldo with USDA-ARS in Corvallis, Oregon in 1956. The Agricultural Research Service ( ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA Corvallis (kɔrˈvælɪs is a City located in central western Oregon, United States. Adapted to western Oregon, the Marionberry is named after Marion County, Oregon, in which it was tested extensively. Marion County is a county located in the US state of Oregon. It was originally named the Champooick District, after Champoeg Olallie in turn is a cross between loganberry and youngberry. The olallieberry (pronounced oh-la-leh sometimes spelled ollalieberry, olallaberry, olalliberry, ollalaberry or ollaliberry) is a The loganberry ( Rubus × loganobaccus) is a hybrid produced from crossing a Blackberry and a Raspberry. Youngberry ( Rubus ursinus cv Young) is a hybrid between a Blackberry and a Dewberry of the Rose family, first cultivated in the Western 'Marion', 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' are just three of the many trailing blackberry cultivars developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) blackberry breeding program at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. The Agricultural Research Service ( ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA Oregon State University ( OSU) is a Coeducational public Research[[ university]] located in Corvallis, Oregon, United Corvallis (kɔrˈvælɪs is a City located in central western Oregon, United States. The most recent cultivars released from this program are the thornless cultivars 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl' and 'Nightfall' as well as the very early ripening 'Obsidian' and 'Metolius'. Some of the other cultivars from this program are 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata Berry', 'Pacific' and 'Cascade'. Trailing blackberries are vigorous, crown forming, require a trellis for support, and are less cold hardy than the erect or semi-erect blackberries. A trellis is a structure usually made from interwoven pieces of wood bamboo or metal that is often made to support a Climbing plant or plants In addition to the Pacific Northwest of the USA, these types do well in similar climates such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Chile, and the Mediterranean countries. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Semi-erect, thornless blackberries were first developed at the John Innes Centre in Norwich, UK, and subsequently by the USDA-ARS in Beltsville, Maryland. The John Innes Centre (JIC located in Norwich, Norfolk, England is Europe's premier independent centre for research and training in plant and History Roman The Romans had their regional capital at Venta Icenorum on the river to the south which is near modern-day Caistor St Edmund Beltsville is a Census-designated place (CDP in northern Prince George's County Maryland, United States. These are crown forming, very vigorous, and need a trellis for support. Cultivars include 'Black Satin' 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' and 'Triple Crown'. Recently, the cultivar 'Cacanska Bestrna' (also called 'Cacak Thornless') has been developed in Serbia and has been planted on many thousands of hectares there.
The University of Arkansas has developed cultivars of erect blackberries. The University of Arkansas, often shortened to U of A or just UA, is a public Co-educational Land-grant university These types are less vigorous than the semi-erect types and produce new canes from root initials (therefore they spread underground like raspberries). The raspberry (plural raspberries) is the edible Fruit of a multitude of plant species in the subgenus Idaeobatus of the genus Rubus There are thornless and thorny cultivars from this program, including 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho' and 'Kiowa'. They are also responsible for developing the primocane fruiting blackberries. In raspberries, these types are called primocane fruiting, fall fruiting, or everbearing and have been around for some time. Prime-Jim and Prime-Jan were released in 2004 and are the first cultivars of primocane fruiting blackberry. They grow much like the other erect cultivars described above, however the canes that emerge in the spring, will flower in mid-summer and fruit in late summer or fall. The fall crop has its highest quality when it ripens in cool climates.
'Illini Hardy' a semi-erect thorny cultivar introduced by the University of Illinois is cane hardy in zone 5, where traditionally blackberry production has been problematic, since canes often failed to survive the winter. This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of
The blackberry tends to be red during its unripe ("green") phase, hence the old expression that "Blackberries are red when they're green".
In various parts of the United States, wild blackberries are sometimes called "Black-caps", a term more commonly used for black raspberries, Rubus occidentalis. Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America.
Blackberry production in Mexico has exploded in the past decade. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. While this industry was initially based on the cultivar 'Brazos' it is now based on 'Tupi'. 'Brazos' was an old erect blackberry cultivar developed in Texas in 1959. 'Tupi' was developed in Brazil and released in the late 1990s. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 'Tupi' has the erect blackberry 'Comanche' and 'Uruguai' as parents [6]. In order to produce these blackberries in these areas of Mexico where there is no winter chilling to stimulate flower bud development, chemical defoliation and application of growth regulators are used to bring the plants into bloom.
Superstition and myths
Superstition in the UK holds that blackberries should not be picked after Michaelmas (29 September) as the devil has claimed them, having left a mark on the leaves by urinating on them. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Michaelmas, the feast of St Michael the Archangel (also the Feast of SS Michael Gabriel and Raphael or the Feast of Michael and All Angels) is a day in the Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. The Devil is the There is some value behind this legend as after this date wetter and cooler weather often allows the fruit to become infected by various moulds such as Botryotinia which give the fruit an unpleasant look and may be toxic. WikipediaManual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English --> Molds (or Botryotinia is a Genus of Ascomycete Fungi causing several plant diseases [7][8]
See also
- Black Raspberry, a North American fruit sometimes confused with blackberries. Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America.
- Kotata Berry, Oregon State University hybridized.
- Redberry mite, a common pest of North American blackberry crops. The redberry mite ( Acalitus essigi) is an eriophyid mite which is a serious pest of commercially-produced blackberries in the United States
References
- ^ a b c d Huxley, A. , ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2.
- ^ Eat well, be well. Food Standards Agency. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ Grieve, M. (1971). A Modern Herbal ISBN 0486227987
- ^ oregon-berries.com
- ^ Antunes, L. E. C. & Rassieira, M. C. B. (2004). Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta. ISSN 1516-8840.
- ^ Conkers and Ghosts: Traditional Customs and Folktales for September
- ^ British Culture: Facts about September
External links
- Nutritional values of Blackberry
- Ways to Process and Use Blackberries An article on historical uses and ways to process blackberries
- Blackberry Pollination Images
- h2g2 article on Blackberries
- Botanical Information
- USDA Plants Classification Report
- From Idea to Supermarket:The Process of Berry Breeding Article on berry breeding including pictures of blackberry emasculation and pollination
 Ripening blackberry fruit |
 Many ripe blackberries |
 Thorns |
 Pollinated, developing blackberry |
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