Black theology refers to a variety of Christian theologies held among people of black African descent (African Americans). African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Swahili word meaning disaster terrible occurrence or Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The Military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history Reparations for Slavery is a proposal by some in the United States that some type of compensation should be provided to the descendants of enslaved people in African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of African ethnic groups to the culture of the United States either as part of or distinct from African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. African American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of Ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. Historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs) are institutions of Higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention Kwanzaa is a week-long holiday celebrated primarily in the United States, honoring African-American heritage African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community This is an incomplete list of museums which can or may never satisfy any objective standard for completeness African American dances in the vernacular tradition (academically known as "African American vernacular dance" are those dances which have developed within African African American literature is the body of Literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent African American music (also called black music) is an umbrella term given to a range of Music and Musical genres emerging from or influenced by the The term black church or African American church refers to predominantly African-American Christian churches that minister to predominantly black congregations This theology maintains that African Americans must be liberated from multiple forms of bondage — social political economic and religious The Doctrine of Father Divine is the teachings of the late Father Divine (d The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, and Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of Black African ancestry Vodou ( Anglicized: Voodoo) or Vaudoo is a family of New World syncretistic religions primarily based on the faiths of the Hoodoo is a form of predominantly African-American traditional folk magic. Santería, also known as La Regla de Lukumi (Lukumi's Rule and The Way of the Saints is an Afro-Cuban religious tradition derived from traditional beliefs Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Black Capitalism is a movement among African Americans to build wealth through the ownership and development of businesses Black conservatism is an international political and social movement rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the conservative movement Following the collapse of Reconstruction, African Americans created a broad-based independent political movement in the South black populism that influence all The African American left tends to support leftist positions on social issues and an expansive state that aims at bringing about equality of outcome between the African The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established Garveyism is an aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. 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Contents |
Beliefs
H. Wayne House (Th.D., J.D.), a distinguished professor of biblical studies and theological studies at Faith Seminary, Tacoma Washington, and a professor of law at Trinity International University, described these aspects of Black theology in his book, Charts of Christian Theology and Doctrine[1]. Doctor of Theology (in Latin Theologiae Doctor, abbreviated Th Juris Doctor (abbreviated JD or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a first professional graduate degree and Professional
What is Black Theology?
Black theology is a form of liberation theology that has its center in the theme of oppression of blacks by whites. Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic It came out of the "need for black people to define the scope and meaning of black existence in a white society" (Cone). It emerged in the last two decades in the wave of liberation movements as an expression of black consciousness and seems to speak to the issues that blacks must contend with on a daily basis.
God
Intricate and largely philosophical views of God are largely ignored in preference for the concerns of the oppressed. White Christian concepts taught to the black man thus are to be disregarded or ignored. God's person, the Trinity, his supreme power and authority as well as "subtle indications of God's white maleness" are said not to relate to (and in some cases antagonistic to) the black experience. The dominant perspective on God is God in action, delivering the oppressed because of his righteousness. His immanence is stressed over His transcendence, and as a result He is seen to be in flux or always changing.
Trinity
The Trinity is not stressed. However, Jesus is God, but in the sense of God's visible expression of concern and salvation.
Christ
He is One who delivers, almost exclusively, in social ways. He is a liberator, or "Black Messiah" whose work of emancipation for the poor and rejected of society is the parallel to the blacks' quest for liberation. The race of Jesus has been a subject of debate since at least the 19th century Christ's message is "black power" (Henry). His intrinsic nature and spiritual activity receive little or no attention. Some even deny his role as the atoning sacrifice for the world's sins and provider of eternal life (Shrine).
Revelation
Black theology is not bound to biblical liberalism, but is of a more pragmatic nature. Only the experience of black oppression is the authoritative standard.
Salvation
Salvation is freedom from the oppression and pertains to blacks in this life. Proponents of black theology are concerned specifically with the political and theological aspects of salvation more than the spiritual. In other words, salvation is physically liberation from white oppression rather than freedom from the sinful nature and acts of each individual person. Presenting heaven as a reward for following Christ is seen as an attempt to dissuade blacks from the goal of real liberation of their whole persons.
Church
The church is the focus of social expression in the black community where the blacks can express freedom and equality (Cone). Thus the church and politics have formed a cohesion where the theological expression of the desire for social freedom is carried out.
South African theology
Black theologies were popularized in southern Africa in the early 1970s by Basil Moore, a Methodist theologian in South Africa. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Basil Moore (also known as Basil Moore-Asfouri) is a film Composer, conductor and Music producer. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa It helped to give rise to, and developed in parallel with, the Black Consciousness Movement. The Black Consciousness Movement ( BCM was a Grassroots anti- Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of Black theology was particularly influential in South Africa and Namibia for motivating resistance to apartheid. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast
Southern African black theologians include Barney Pityana, Allan Boesak, Itumeleng Mosala and Zephania Kameeta. Nyameko Barney Pityana FKC ( August 7 1945 -) is a lawyer and theologian in South Africa. Reverend Allan Aubrey Boesak ( 23 February 1945 - is a South African Dutch Reformed Church Cleric and was a Politician Zephania Kameeta (born 7 August, 1945 in Otjimbingwe, Erongo Region) is a Namibian religious and political leader
UK black theology
In the United Kingdom, Dr Robert Beckford is the most well-known black theology practitioner. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Dr Robert Beckford is a British Academic Theologian and a lecturer at Oxford Brookes University, whose documentaries for both the BBC He was the first in the UK to develop and teach a course on Black Theology at an academic level. Black Theology: An International Journal[2] is published in the UK. It is edited by Anthony Reddie, who has written over 40 journal articles, essays and books and is the most prolific black theology author in the UK today.
See also
Bibliography
9/11 attacks
- Simmons, Martha and Frank A. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts James Hal Cone ( August 5, 1938 -) is an advocate of Black liberation theology, a Theology grounded in the experience of African Americans Thomas. 9. 11. 01: African American Leaders Respond to an American Tragedy, Valley Forge: Judson Press, 2001.
Church planting
- Ratliffe, Joe S. & Michael J. Cox, Church Planting in the African American Community, Nashville: Broadman Press, 1993. 111 pages.
Music
- Cone, James H. The Spirituals and the Blues, Mary Knoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1991.
- Mapson, J. Wendell, Jr. , The Ministry of Music in the Black Church, Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1984
- Walker, Wyatt Tee. Somebody's Calling My Name: Black Sacred Music and Social Change, Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1979.
Practical ministry
- Aldred, Joe. Preaching With Power, London: Cassells, 1998
- Andrews, Dale P. Practical Theology for Black Churches, Luisville: John Knox Press, 2002
- Cosby, Kevin W. Get Off Your But! Messages Musings and Ministries to Empower the African American Church, Lithonia, Georgia: Orman Press, 2000.
- Crawford, Evans E. The Hum: Call and Response in African American Preaching. Nashville: Abingdon, 1995.
- Kellar, Marcel. Timothy, Stir Up Your Gift!, Nashville: MEGA Corporation, 2000.
- Mitchell, Henry H. and Thomas, Emil M. Preaching for Black Self-Esteem, Nashville: Abingdon, 1994.
- Reddie, Anthony. Nobodies to Somebodies: Practical Theology for Education and Liberation, Peterborough: Epworth Press, 2003
- Taylor, Edward L. comp. The Words of Gardner Taylor, Volume 1: NBC Radio Sermons (1959 - 1970). Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1999.
- Thomas, Walter S. , Spiritual Navigation for the 21st Century: Sermons from Walter Thomas. Valley Forge: Judson Press, 2000.
- Trimiew, Darryl M. , Editor. Out of Mighty Waters: Sermons by African American Disciples, St. Louis: Chalice Press, 1994.
- Waters, Kenneth L. Afrocentric Sermons: The Beauty of Blackness in the Bible, Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1993.
- Wimberly, Edward P. Moving From Shame to Self-Worth: Preaching and Pastoral Care, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1999.
- Wright, Jeremiah A. Africans Who Shaped Our Faith: A Study of Ten Biblical Personalities, Chicago: Urban Ministries, 1995
- Wright, Jr. , Jeremiah A. Good News: Sermons of Hope for Today's Families, Valley Forge: Judson, 1995.
- Wright, Jr. , Jeremiah A. What Makes You So Strong?: Sermons of Joy and Strength from Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr. , Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1993.
Sexuality
Douglas, Kelly Brown. Sexuality and the Black Church: A Womanist Perspective, Mary Knoll, NY: Orbis Books.
Social issues
- Billingsley, Andrew. Mighty Like a River: The Black Church and Social Reform, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Fluker, Walter Earl, The Stones that the Builders Rejected: The Development of Ethical Leadership from the Black Church Tradition, Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998.
- Franklin, Robert M. Another Day's Journey: Black Churches Confronting the American Crisis, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997.
- Grant, Paul and Patel, Raj (Eds. ) A Time To Act: Kairos 1992 Birmingham: A joint publication of Racial Justice and the Black Theology Working Group, 1992.
- Harris, Forrest E. Ministry for Social Crisis: Theology and Praxis in the Black Church Tradition, Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1993
- January, Jerald. A Second Time: Examining the Sin of Racial Division that Remain in the Church Today, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
- Malone, Dr. Walter, Jr. An Operative Faith for Oppressed People, Nashville: National Baptist Publishing Board, 1988.
- Sawyer, Mary R. Black Ecumenism: Implementing the Demands of Justice, Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1998.
Sociological and historical studies
- Andersson, Efraim. Churches at the Grassroots, London: Lutterworth Press, 1968
- Cone, James H. and Wilmore, Gayraud S. Black Theology A Documentary History: Vol 1. 1966-1979, New York: Orbis Books, 1992
- Cone, James H. and Wilmore, Gayraud S. Black Theology A Documentary History: Vol 2. 1980- 1992, New York: Orbis Books, 1993
- Ela, Jean-Marc. African Cry, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1986
- Frazier, E. Franklin. The Black Church in America, New York: Shocken Books, 1964
- Jagessar, Michael N. and Anthony G. Reddie (eds. ) Postcolonial Black British Theology, Peterborough, Epworth: 2007
- Jagessar, Michael N. and Anthony G. Reddie (eds. ) Black Theology in Britain: A Reader, London, Equinox: 2007
- Lincoln, C. Eric, The Black Church in the African American Experience, Durham, N. Y. : Duke University Press, 1990
- Paris, Peter J. The Social Teaching of the Black Churches, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985.
- Paris, Peter J. The Spirituality of African Peoples, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995
- Pinn, Anne and Anthony B. Black Church History, Fortress Press, 2002
- Rabateau, Albert. Slave Religion, Oxford University Press, 1978
- Reddie, Richard S. , Abolition! The Struggle to Abolish Slavery in the British Colonies, Lion Hudson PLC: Oxford, 2007.
- Reddie, Anthony. Faith, Stories and the Experience of Black Elders, London: Jessica Kingsley, 2001
- Sernett, Milton C. African American Religious History: A Documentary Witness, Duke University Press (2nd ed), 1999, ISBN 0-8223-2449-0
- Terrell, JoAnne Marie. Power in the Blood: The Cross in the African American Experience, New York: Orbis books, 1998
- Wilkinson, John. Church in Black and White, St. Andrews Press, 1994
- Williams, Ethel L. and Clifton F. Brown, Howard University Bibliography of African and Afro American Religious Studies: With Locations in American Libraries, SR Books, 1977, ISBN 0-8420-2080-2
- Wilmore, Gayraud. Black Religion and Black Radicalism, New York: Orbis Books, 1973.
- Wilmore, Gayraud and Cone, James H. (Eds. ) "Black Theology: A Documentary History, 1966-1979", Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1979. pp. 350-359
Theology and philosophy
- Anyabwile, Thabiti M. and Mark A. Noll. The Decline of African American Theology: From Biblical Faith to Cultural Captivity, Inter-Varsity Press, 2007.
- Bailey, Randall C. and Jacquelyn Grant, editors. The Recovery of Black Presence: An Interdisciplinary Exploration, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995.
- Bond, Gilbert I. Community, Communitas, and Cosmos: Toward a Phenomenological Interpretation and Theology of Traditional Afro-Christian Worship, New York: University Press of America, 2002
- Bond, Gilbert I. , A Phenomenology of Reconciliation: Diasporic Community, Cerole Consciousness, and the Religious Life of Paul, Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000.
- Bridges, Flora Wilson. Resurrection Song: African-American Spirituality (The Bishop Henry McNeal Turner/Sojourner Truth Series in Black Religion, Mary Knoll: Orbis Books, 2000.
- Cone, James H. God of the Oppressed, New York: Seabury Press, 1975
- Cone, James H. For My People: Black Theology and the Black Church, New York: Orbis Books, 1984
- Cone, James H. My Soul Looks Back, New York: Orbis Books, 1986
- Cone, James H. Black Theology and Black Power (20th Anniversary Edition), New York: Harper SanFrancisco, 1989
- Cooper-Lewter, Nicholas. Soul Theology: The Heart of American Black Culture, Nashville: Abingdon.
- Douglas, Kelly Brown. The Black Christ (Bishop Henry McNeal Turner/Sojourner Truth Series in Black Religion), New York: Orbis Books, 1994
- Duffield, Ian K. (ed) Urban Christ: Responses to John Vincent, Sheffield: UTU, 1997
- Evans, Jr. , James H. We Have Been Believers: An African American Systematic Theology, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992
- Felder, Cain Hope Stony. The Road We Trod: African American Biblical Interpretation, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991
- Gerloff, Roswith I. H. A Plea for British Black Theologies, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1992
- Hood, Robert E. Must God Remain Greek?: Afro-Cultures and God-Talk, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990
- Hood, Robert E. Begrimmed and Black: Christian Traditions on Blacks and Blackness, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994
- Hope, Marjorie and Young, James. The South African Churches in a Revolutionary Situation, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1979
- Hopkins, Dwight N. (Ed. ) Black Faith and Public Talk: Critical Essays on James H. Cone’s Black Theology and Black Power, New York: Orbis Books, 1999
- Hopkins, Dwight N. Introducing Black Theology of Liberation, New York: Orbis book, 1999
- Hopkins, Dwight N. Down, Up and Over: Slave Religion and Black Theology, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000
- Hopkins, Dwight N. and Cummings, George. Cut Loose Your Stammering Tongue: Black Theology and the Slave Narratives, New York: Orbis Books, 1991
- Jennings, Theodore W. Good News to the Poor, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1990
- Jones, William R. Is God a White Racist? Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
- Kalilombe, Patrick A. Doing Theology at the Grassroots, Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press, 1999.
- Okholm, Dennis L. The Gospel in Black & White: Theological Resources for Racial Reconciliation, Inter-varsity Press, 1997.
- Pinn, Anthony B. Why Lord?: Suffering and Evil in Black Theology, New York: Continuum, 1995
- Pinn, Anthony B. Terror and Triumph: The Nature of Black Religion, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003
- Reddie, Anthony. Black Theology in Transatlantic Dialogue, Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
- Reddie, Anthony. Dramatizing Theologies, London: Equinox, 2006.
- Roberts, J. Deotis. Africentric Christianity: A Theological Appraisal for Ministry, Judson Press, 2000.
- Roberts, J. Deotis. Black Religion, Black Theology, Continuum International, 2003.
- Roberts, J. Deotis. Black Theology in Dialogue, Westminster, John Knox, 1987.
- Roberts, J. Deotis. Liberation and Reconciliation: A Black Theology, Westminster, John Knox, 2005.
- Roberts, J. Deotis. The Prophethood of Black Believers: An African-American Political Theology for Ministry, Westminster, John Knox, 1994.
- Roberts, Samuel K. In the Path of Virtue: The African American Moral Tradition, Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1999.
- Roberts, Samuel K. African American Christian Ethics, Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2001.
- Sanders, Cheryl J. Empowerment Ethics for a Liberated People, Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1995.
- Singleton III, Harry H. Black Theology and Ideology, Collgeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 2002.
- Society for Biblical Literature, Reading The Bible in The Global Village, Cape Town, No. 3, Atlanta: Society for Biblical Literature, 2002
- West, Cornel. African American Religious Thought: An Anthology, Westminster, John Knox, 2004.
Women in ministry
- Aldred, Joe. Sisters with Power, London: Continuum, 2000
- Collier-Thomas, Bettye. Daughters of Thunder: Black Women Preachers and Their Sermons 1850-1979, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1998.
- Lightner, Ann Farrar. And Your Daughters Shall Preach: Developing a Female Mentoring Program in the African American Church, St. Louis: Hodale Press, Inc. , 1995.
Other
- Felder, Cain Hope. The African Heritage Study Bible, Nashville, Tenn. The James C. Winston Publishing Company, 1993
- "Black Theology: An International Journal", Equinox Publishing Ltd. , published three times per year. Dr Anthony Reddie, Ed, email: a. g. reddie@queens. ac. uk
References
- ^ Charts of Christian Theology and Doctrine by H. Wayne House
- ^ Black Theology: An International Journal
External links
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