The black middle class, sometimes referred to as Buppie[1], refers to African Americans who occupy a middle class status within the American class structure. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. There is considerable controversy regarding social class in the United States, and it remains a concept with many competing definitions It is predominately a development that arose after the 1960s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 African Americans had a limited opportunity structure prior to 1960 because of racial discrimination, segregation, and the fact that most lived in the rural South. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive In 1960, forty-three percent of the white population completed high school, while only twenty percent of the black population did the same. African Americans had little to no access to higher education and only three percent graduated from college. Those blacks who were professionals were mainly confined to serving the African American population. Outside of the black community, they worked in unskilled industrial jobs. Black women who worked were almost all domestic servants. A domestic worker, domestic, servingman, servingwoman, or servant is one who works and often also lives within the employer's household
Economic growth, public policy, black skill development, and the civil rights movement all contributed to the surfacing of a larger black middle class. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African The civil rights movement helped to desegregate the military and removed barriers to higher education. As opportunity for African Americans expanded, blacks began to take advantage of the new possibilities. By 1980, over 50% of the African American population had graduated high school and eight percent graduated college. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Today, approximately 86% of blacks have graduated from high school and 13% graduate college.
As a result of this, African Americans now hold a broader range of jobs. They have been successful in securing middle-income jobs in the public society. They are twice as likely as whites to work for the government at some levels. In private division, African Americans are equal with whites in some areas, but much less likely to hold executive or administrative positions.
Additional reading
- Bart Landry, The New Black Middle Class, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1987. University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a Publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in Academic Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar)
- Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality, Routledge, New York, 1995. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
- Susan Tolliver, Black Families in Corporate America, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 1998. SAGE is an independent for-profit academic Publisher of books more than 500 Journals, and databases in the humanities social sciences and scientific Thousand Oaks, commonly referred to as "TO" by residents is a city in southeastern Ventura County, California, in the United States. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)
- Michael Dyson, Is Bill Cosby Right?: Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Minds?, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2005. Michael Eric Dyson (born October 23, 1958, in Detroit, Michigan) is an American writer radio host and professor at Georgetown | ISBN 0-465-01719-3
Sources
- ^ David Ansen and Spike Lee, The Battle For Malcolm X, Newsweek, Accessed May 15, 2008.
- Landry, Bart. "The New Black Middle Class". 1987.
- Harris Jr. , Robert. "The Rise of the Black Middle Class". The World and I Magazine. Feb. 1999. Vol. 14, pg. 40.
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