This article is about the American political organization. For other meanings of the term, see Black panther (disambiguation).

Black Panther Party
Party Chairman
Senate Leader
House Leader
Founded	October 1966
Headquarters	Oakland, California
Political ideology	Marxism, Democratic socialism, elements of Maoism
Political position	Fiscal: Far left, Radical left Social: Far left, Radical left
International affiliation	None
Colour(s)	Black
Website	http://www.blackpanther.org/

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The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was an African-American organization established to promote civil rights and self-defense. October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Swahili word meaning disaster terrible occurrence or Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The Military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history Reparations for Slavery is a proposal by some in the United States that some type of compensation should be provided to the descendants of enslaved people in African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of African ethnic groups to the culture of the United States either as part of or distinct from African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. African American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of Ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. Historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs) are institutions of Higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention Kwanzaa is a week-long holiday celebrated primarily in the United States, honoring African-American heritage African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community This is an incomplete list of museums which can or may never satisfy any objective standard for completeness African American dances in the vernacular tradition (academically known as "African American vernacular dance" are those dances which have developed within African African American literature is the body of Literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent African American music (also called black music) is an umbrella term given to a range of Music and Musical genres emerging from or influenced by the The term black church or African American church refers to predominantly African-American Christian churches that minister to predominantly black congregations This theology maintains that African Americans must be liberated from multiple forms of bondage — social political economic and religious Black theology refers to a variety of Christian theologies which has as its base in the The Doctrine of Father Divine is the teachings of the late Father Divine (d The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, and Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of Black African ancestry Vodou ( Anglicized: Voodoo) or Vaudoo is a family of New World syncretistic religions primarily based on the faiths of the Hoodoo is a form of predominantly African-American traditional folk magic. Santería, also known as La Regla de Lukumi (Lukumi's Rule and The Way of the Saints is an Afro-Cuban religious tradition derived from traditional beliefs Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Black Capitalism is a movement among African Americans to build wealth through the ownership and development of businesses Black conservatism is an international political and social movement rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the conservative movement Following the collapse of Reconstruction, African Americans created a broad-based independent political movement in the South black populism that influence all The African American left tends to support leftist positions on social issues and an expansive state that aims at bringing about equality of outcome between the African Garveyism is an aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. 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African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Notable African-Americans or Black Americans For people from current African countries see lists for individual countries List of first African-American mayors for most mayor listings African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: A African American African American culture This is a list of articles that are related to African and black people African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The right of self-defense (also called alter ego defense, defense of others, defense of a third person) is the right for civilians acting on their It was active in the United States from the mid-1960s into the 1970s. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.

Founded in Oakland, California, by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in October 1966, the organization initially set forth a doctrine calling for the protection of African American neighborhoods from police brutality, in the interest of African-American justice. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U Huey Percy Newton ( February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 22, 1936 in Dallas Texas) is an American Civil rights activist who along African American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of Ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by ^[1] Its objectives and philosophy changed radically during the party's existence. While the organization's leaders passionately espoused socialist doctrine, the Party's black nationalist reputation attracted an ideologically diverse membership. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. ^[2] Ideological consensus within the party was difficult to achieve. Some members openly disagreed with the views of the leaders.

In 1967 the organization marched on the California State Capitol in Sacramento in protest of a ban on weapons. The California State Capitol building sits in Sacramento California at the west end of Capitol Park The official newspaper the Black Panther was also first circulated that year. By 1968, the party had expanded into many cities throughout the United States, including Chicago, Los Angeles, San Diego, Denver, Newark, New York City, and Baltimore. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States Newark is the largest city in New Jersey, United States and the County seat of Essex County. The City of New York That same year, membership reached 5,000, and their newspaper had grown to a circulation of 250,000. ^[3]

The group created a Ten-Point Program, a document that called for "Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace", as well as exemption from military service for African-American men, among other demands. ^[4] While firmly grounded in black nationalism and begun as an organization that accepted only African Americans as members, the party changed as it grew to national prominence and became an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s. The Counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s refers to a period between 1960 and 1973 that began in the United States as a reaction against ^[5] The Black Panthers ultimately condemned black nationalism as "black racism". They became more focused on socialism without racial exclusivity. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution ^[6] They instituted a variety of community programs to alleviate poverty and improve health among communities deemed most needful of aid. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and While the party retained its all-black membership, it recognized that different minority communities (those it deemed oppressed by the American government) needed to organize around their own set of issues and encouraged alliances with such organizations.

The group's political goals were often overshadowed by their confrontational and militant tactics, and by their suspicions of law enforcement agents. The Black Panthers considered them as oppressors to be overcome by a willingness to take up armed self-defense. Self-defense (or self-defence &mdash see spelling differences) is the act of defending oneself one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm ^[7] After party membership started to decline during Huey Newton's 1968 manslaughter trial, the Black Panther Party collapsed in the early 1970s. Writers such as Black Panther and Socialist Angela Davis and American writer and political activist Ward Churchill have alleged that law enforcement officials went to great lengths to discredit and destroy the organization, including assassination. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham Alabama) is an American Political activist and University Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2 1947 is an American writer and political activist. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. ^[8]

Contents 1 Foundations 1.1 Theory 1.2 Nationalism, internationalism and "intercommunalism" 1.3 The Ten Point Program 2 Action 2.1 Survival programs 2.2 Political activities 2.3 Conflict with law enforcement 2.3.1 Conflict with COINTELPRO 3 Widening support 4 Criticism 4.1 Violence 4.2 Death of Betty van Patter 5 Decay and disintegration 6 Legacy 6.1 New Black Panther Party 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links 10.1 Archives and former members 10.2 Documentary links 10.3 Critical links

Foundations

In 1965, Huey Newton was released from jail. Huey Percy Newton ( February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense With his friend Bobby Seale from Oakland City College, he joined a black power group called the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM). Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 22, 1936 in Dallas Texas) is an American Civil rights activist who along Laney College is a Community college located in Oakland California, next to the Lake Merritt BART station and the Kaiser Convention Center. RAM had a chapter in Oakland and followed the writings of Robert F. Williams. Robert Franklin Williams ( February 26, 1925 &ndash October 15, 1996) was a civil rights leader author and the president of the Monroe Originally from North Carolina, Williams published a newsletter called The Crusader from China, where he fled to escape kidnapping charges. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National RAM was often seen as extremely violent. In 1965, three East Coast RAM members were charged with conspiring to blow up the Statue of Liberty, the Liberty Bell, and the Washington Monument. Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde commonly known as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté was presented The Liberty Bell, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is a bell that has served as one of the most prominent symbols of the American Revolutionary The Washington Monument is a large tall sand-colored Obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington D

The Oakland chapter consisted mainly of students, who were not interested in this extreme form of activism. Newton and Seale's attitudes were more militant. The pair left RAM searching for a group more meaningful to them. ^[9]

The pair worked at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center, where they also served on the advisory board. To combat police brutality, the advisory board obtained five thousand signatures in support of the City Council's setting up a police review board to review complaints. Newton was also taking classes at the City College and at San Francisco Law School. San Francisco Law School is a private non-profit Law school in San Francisco California. Both institutions were active in the North Oakland Center. Thus the pair had numerous connections with whom they talked about a new organization. Inspired by the success of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization and Stokely Carmichael's, calls for separate black political organizations,^[10] they wrote their initial platform statement, the ten-point program. Lowndes County is a County of the US state of Alabama. Its name is in honor of William Lowndes a member of the United States Congress Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael ( June 29, 1941 November 15, 1998) also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian With the help of Huey's brother Melvin, they decided on a uniform of blue shirts, black pants, black leather jackets, black berets, and openly displayed loaded shotguns. ^[11]

Theory

The Watts Riots occurred in 1965. The term Watts Riots refers to a large-scale Race riot which lasted six days in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles California, in August According to Huey P. Newton, the riots were the result of police brutality. The Oakland Police and the California Highway Patrol carried shotguns in full view, to scare the community. The California Highway Patrol (CHP is a state agency that acts as the State police force of California. Martin Luther King Jr. attempted to calm the situation, but his philosophy of nonviolence was seen as useless. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader The rising consciousness of black people convinced them that their time had come to rise up. The Black Panther party saw its purpose to further the African-American civil rights movement and to find solutions to the growing problems caused by the oppression of black people. ^[12]

The organization focused on self-defense, with influences from the Afro-American Association, the Revolutionary Action Movement, and the Soul Students Advisory Council. Self-defense (or self-defence &mdash see spelling differences) is the act of defending oneself one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm The speeches of Malcolm X were a main topic of discussion, as well as a major influence when Huey P. Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19 1925 February 21 1965 also known as El-Hajj Malik El- Shabazz, was an African American Newton and Bobby Seale were making plans for the party. ^[13]

The party philosophy was one that espoused the political views of Malcolm X and principles of Marxism-Leninism that called for an end to the exploitation of black masses by capitalists, and a redistribution of wealth. Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted ^[3] The party leaders relied on the works of Karl Marx, Lenin, and Mao to inform how they organized as a revolutionary cadre. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led En cadre is a military expression for a group around whom a unit is formed or a training staff In consciously working toward a revolution, they considered themselves the vanguard party, “committed to organizing support for a socialist revolution. A vanguard party is a Political party at the forefront of a mass action movement or revolution Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution ” ^[14]

The party did not fully agree with Karl Marx's analysis of the so-called lumpenproletariat. Lumpenproletariat (a German word meaning "raggedy proletariat" is a term first defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in Marx thought that this class lacked the political consciousness required to lead a revolution. Newton, on the other hand, was inspired by his reading of post-colonial theorist Frantz Fanon and his belief that the lumpen was of utmost importance. Frantz Fanon ( July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a Psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and author from Newton said about these "brothers off the block" that, "If you didn't relate to these cats, the power structure would organize these cats against you. " ^[15]

Marx’s conception of the lumpenproletariat was a group that stands on the very margins of the class system because they are not wholly integrated into the division of labor. They do not accept the idea of making their living by regular work. Thus, their position within society is not marked by the fact that they are unemployed, but rather by the fact that they do not seek employment:

"the lumpenproletariat, which in all big towns forms a mass sharply differentiated from the industrial proletariat, a recruiting ground for thieves and criminals of all kinds living on the crumbs of society, people without a definite trade, vagabonds, "gens sans feu et sans aveu" [men without hearth or home], varying according to the degree of civilization of the nation to which they belong, but never renouncing their lazzaroni character". The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian ^[16]

Though they may be swept up by a proletarian revolution and are entirely capable of “the most heroic deeds and the most exalted sacrifices”, they are equally capable of “the barest banditry and the foulest corruption”, and are much more likely to play the part of “a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue. ” ^[17] Essentially, they are a malleable populace that is generally tempted into service of sight, as opportunistic and exploitative as the finance aristocracy. “The finance aristocracy, in its mode of acquisition as well as in its pleasures, is nothing but the rebirth of the lumpenproletariat on the heights of bourgeois society”, ^[18] Just like the aristocracy, the lumpen live off society, rather than producing for it, existing as an entirely parasitic force.

The Black Panthers' basic interpretation of the lumpenproletariat generally conforms to that of Marx. For Eldridge Cleaver, the lumpenproletariat were those who had "no secure relationship or vested interest in the means of production and the institutions of a capitalist society. "^[19] His wife Kathleen Cleaver echoed a similar sentiment, stating that the black lumpenproletariat had absolutely no stake in industrial America: “They existed at the bottom level of society…Outside the capitalist system that was the basis for the oppression of black people. ”^[20]

The Panthers did not propose that the entire black American population constituted a post-modern, race-based lumpenproletariat. Instead, the Party's analysis suggested that there existed a significant "underclass"—both urban and rural in locus—within the masses of the oppressed whose removal from the primary means of production left that class particularly apt to engage subversive activities, both revolutionary and counterrevolutionary in potential impact.

The Panthers included two distinct groups within the lumpen. First, the "industrial reserve army", who could not find employment, as they were unskilled and unfit, displaced by mechanization and never invested with new skills, forced to rely on Welfare or receiving State Aid. They consisted of ‘the millions of black domestics and porters, nurses’ aides and maintenance men, laundresses and cooks, sharecroppers, unpropertied ghetto dwellers, welfare mothers’. ^[21]

The second group were the so-called "criminal element", who had similarly been locked out of the economy, and consisted of the "gang members and the gangsters, the pimps and the prostitutes, the drug users and dealers, the common thieves and murderers". The "criminal element" displayed the key characteristics of the Lumpen, the parasite, "existing off that which they rip off".

The "Industrial Reserve Army" posed a problem, since a large proportion of this group consisted of the working poor (although their jobs are “irregular and usually low paid', they are the working poor all the same). But Marx explicitly stated that the lumpenproletariat formed "a mass sharply differentiated from the industrial proletariat. "

The Panthers viewed the line that separated the proletariat and the lumpen as tenuous and fragile, which resulted in a blending of the two classes. Some historians have argued that the Panthers "envisioned a lumpen more akin to a subproletariat class" that lacked the parasitical aspects of the traditional lumpen sector. ^[22]

Nationalism, internationalism and "intercommunalism"

The leadership of the Black Panthers did not agree on the type and kind of black nationalism it wished to embrace. Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. Bobby Seale in his book Seize the Time described the foundation of the organization as being based on "black nationalism". Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 22, 1936 in Dallas Texas) is an American Civil rights activist who along Seize the Time, released in 2006 (see 2006 in music) was the second studio album by US rock band Flattbush. He also described the evolution of the organization into an instrument adapting to counter social oppression on an international scale. Whereas the Panthers had been founded as an institution to advance social justice for African Americans, Seale attempted to change it to an institution for worldwide social justice, regardless of the nationality or ethnicity of the oppressed people. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Internationalist mentality had strategic advantages in the alliances it could form in pursuing social change with similar like-minded organizations. International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a

Newton, Seale, and their supporters within the party eventually came to reject cultural nationalists as "black racists",^[23] and dubbed those nationalists' brand of cultural nationalism as narrow and bourgeois "pork-chop nationalism". Alluding to the black nationalist US Organization Maulana Karenga, Black Panther Fred Hampton said, "[P]olitical power does not flow from the sleeve of a dashiki; political power flows from the barrel of a gun. US Organization, or Organization Us, is a Black nationalist group in the United States founded by Ron Karenga in 1965. Maulana Karenga (born Ronald McKinley Everett on July 14, 1941, and also known as Ron Everett) is an African American This article is about Fred Hampton Sr For his son see Fred Hampton Jr " ("Political power flows from the barrel of a gun" is an early quote by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led )

Newton and Seale attempted to work in coalition with organizations representing oppressed communities in the United States (many of which took inspiration from the Black Panthers), as well as with other radical groups with whom they felt they had common interests. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the These included the Puerto Rican Young Lords, under the leadership of Jose (Cha-Cha) Jimenez. A Puerto Rican ('puertorriqueño' ( Taíno term boricua) is a person who was born in Puerto Rico. The Young Lords, later Young Lords Organization and in New York (notably Spanish Harlem) Young Lords Party, was a Puerto Rican nationalist Jimenez participated in training sessions at Panther headquarters in Oakland, CA.

With Preacherman of the white Appalachian Young Patriots, Jimenez joined with Fred Hampton in Chicago to form the first Rainbow Coalition in 1969. Other groups with whom the Panthers also worked included the predominantly white youth movements of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and Youth International Party (Yippies); the Chicano Brown Berets; the California Peace and Freedom Party; and the post-Stonewall riot Gay Liberation Front. Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS) was historically a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations The Youth International Party, whose members were commonly called Yippies, was a highly theatrical and Anti-authoritarian Political party established in Chicano (feminine Chicana) is a politically-loaded word for a Mexican American (in the sense of native-born Americans of Mexican ancestry as opposed to Mexican The Brown Berets were a Chicano nationalist Activist group of young Mexican Americans during the Chicano Movement in the late sixties and throughout The Peace and Freedom Party ( PFP) is a ballot-listed minor Political party in California. Gay Liberation Front (GLF was the name of a number of Gay Liberation groups the first of which was formed in New York City in 1969 immediately after the Stonewall

In 1970, Huey P. Newton's spoke at Boston College, declaring that the Black Panther Party would "disclaim internationalism and become intercommunalists". [7] What Newton envisioned was the end of all "states" and all nations. There would be instead a worldwide social framework of "interdependent socialist communities", communalism rather than nationalism. The Party recognized that all over the world there were "oppressed communities". These communities should be united across national boundaries where they found themselves to have a common oppressor.

Newton's approach toward combating all forms of oppression rather than simply anti-black oppression caused friction to form between him and Panthers such as Stokely Carmichael and Eldridge Cleaver. Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael ( June 29, 1941 November 15, 1998) also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31, 1935 &ndash May 1, 1998) was an Author, a prominent American Civil rights leader Carmichael embraced the slogan of "Black Power", in contrast to Newton and Seale's embrace of the slogan "Power to the People". Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Newton and Seale believed the latter was more internationalist and Marxist in character. For the Marxist concept of internationalism see Proletarian internationalism. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ^[24]

Eldridge Cleaver's early book Soul on Ice promoted a sexist and homophobic perspective that people associated with the Panthers when he became active with them. Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31, 1935 &ndash May 1, 1998) was an Author, a prominent American Civil rights leader Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps In his book, Cleaver indicated that, at one point in his life, he viewed the rape of white women as "an insurrectionary act. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person " ^[25] He also attacked black author James Baldwin for his homosexuality and relationships with white men. James Arthur Baldwin ( August 2, 1924 – November 30, 1987) was an American Novelist, Writer, Playwright

While a member of the Panthers, however, Cleaver explicitly attacked sexism, declaring that women "have a duty and the right to do whatever they want to do in order to see to it that they are not relegated to an inferior position. " Insisting that liberation must be broad, he explained that, "the women are our half. They're not our weaker half; they're not our stronger half. They are our other half. " While in exile in Algeria, Cleaver demanded less emphasis on Panther community programs and more emphasis on guerrilla activity. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc

These differences of opinion took their toll on Newton's control of the party, especially while he served a sentence in prison. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of The differences grew into a full-blown split between a main, Western U. S. -based faction supporting Newton and a breakaway, Eastern U. S. -based faction that supported Cleaver. (See Decay and disintegration below)

The Ten Point Program

1. We want power to determine the destiny of our black and oppressed communities' education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society. The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established
2. We want completely free health care for all black and oppressed people.
3. We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people, other people of color, all oppressed people inside the United States.
4. We want an immediate end to all wars of aggression.
5. We want full employment for our people.
6. We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our Black Community.
7. We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings.
8. We want decent education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society.
9. We want freedom for all black and oppressed people now held in U. S. Federal, state, county, city and military prisons and jails. We want trials by a jury of peers for all persons charged with so-called crimes under the laws of this country.
10. We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, peace and people's community control of modern technology. ^[26][27]

Action

Survival programs

Inspired by Mao Zedong's advice to revolutionaries in the The Little Red Book, Newton called on the Panthers to "serve the people" and to make "survival programs" a priority within its branches. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong ( better known in the West as The Little Red Book, was published by the Government of the The most famous and successful of their programs was the Free Breakfast for Children Program, initially run out of a San Francisco church. In January 1969 the Free Breakfast for School Children Program was initiated at St The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city

Other survival programs were free services such as clothing distribution, classes on politics and economics, free medical clinics, lessons on self-defense and first aid, transportation to upstate prisons for family members of inmates, an emergency-response ambulance program, drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and testing for sickle-cell disease. A free clinic is a medical facility offering community Healthcare on a free or very low-cost basis in areas where there is no universal provision for healthcare Self-defense (or self-defence &mdash see spelling differences) is the act of defending oneself one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm First aid is the provision of initial care for an Illness or Injury. An ambulance is a Vehicle for transporting sick or injured people to from or between places of treatment for an Illness or Injury. Drug rehabilitation (often drug rehab or just rehab) is an umbrella term for the processes of medical and/or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency Sickle-cell disease or sickle-cell anaemia (or anemia) is a Blood disorder characterized by Red blood cells that assume an abnormal rigid [8]

Political activities

The Party briefly merged with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, headed by the fiery Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Ture). The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced "snick" was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael ( June 29, 1941 November 15, 1998) also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian In 1967, the party organized a march on the California state capitol to protest the state's attempt to outlaw carrying loaded weapons in public. Participants in the march carried rifles. In 1968, BPP Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver ran for Presidential office on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket. Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31, 1935 &ndash May 1, 1998) was an Author, a prominent American Civil rights leader The Peace and Freedom Party ( PFP) is a ballot-listed minor Political party in California. They were a big influence on the White Panther Party, that was tied to the Detroit/Ann Arbor rock band MC5 and their manager John Sinclair, author of the book Guitar Army that also promulgated a ten-point program. The White Panthers were a Far left, Anti-racist, white -American political Collective founded in 1968 by Lawrence (Pun Plamondon and

Conflict with law enforcement

As the Black Panther Party was beginning to gain a national presence, police began a crackdown on the party and their activities. Huey P. Newton was arrested for an alleged murder, which sparked a "free Huey" campaign, organized by Eldridge Cleaver to help Newton's legal defense. Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31, 1935 &ndash May 1, 1998) was an Author, a prominent American Civil rights leader Newton was convicted, though his conviction was overturned in the 1970's. In April 1968 the party was involved in a gun battle, where Bobby Hutton. Bobby Hutton, or "Lil' Bobby" was the youngest member of the Black Panther Party. a panther, was killed. In Chicago, two panthers were killed in a police raid. ^[3]

One of the central aims of the BPP was to stop abuse by local police departments. When the party was founded in 1966, only 16 of Oakland's 661 police officers were African American. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U ^[28] Accordingly, many members questioned the Department's objectivity and impartiality. This situation was not unique to Oakland, California. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U Most police departments in major cities did not have proportional membership by African Americans. Throughout the 1960s, race riots and civil unrest broke out in impoverished African-American communities subject to policing by disproportionately white police departments. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. The work and writings of Robert F. Williams, Monroe, North Carolina NAACP chapter president and author of Negroes with Guns, also influenced the BPP's tactics. Robert Franklin Williams ( February 26, 1925 &ndash October 15, 1996) was a civil rights leader author and the president of the Monroe Monroe is a city in Union County, North Carolina, United States. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations

The BPP sought to oppose police brutality through neighborhood patrols (an approach since adopted by groups such as Copwatch). Copwatch (also Cop Watch) is a network of Canadian and United States Activist organizations that observe and document police conduct Police officers were frequently followed by armed Black Panthers who sought at times to aid African-Americans who were alleged victims of police brutality and perceived racial prejudice. Both Panthers and police died as a result of violent confrontations. By 1970, 34 Panthers had died as a result of police raids, shoot-outs and internal conflict. ^[29] Various police organizations claim the Black Panthers were responsible for the deaths of at least 15 law enforcement officers and the injuries of dozens more. During those years, juries found several BPP members guilty of violent crimes. ^[30]

Between 1966 and 1972 when the party was most active, several departments hired significantly more African-American police officers. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Some of these black officers played prominent roles in shutting down the Panther's activities. In Chicago in 1969 for example, Panthers Mark Clark and Fred Hampton were both killed in a police raid (In which five of the officers present were African American) by Sergeant James Davis, an African American officer. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Mark Clark (Black Panther (June 28 1947 – December 4 1969 was a member of the Black Panther Party. This article is about Fred Hampton Sr For his son see Fred Hampton Jr African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa In cities such as New York City, black police officers were used to infiltrate Panther meetings. The City of New York By 1972, almost every major police department was fully integrated. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Prominent member H. Rap Brown is serving life imprisonment for the 2000 murder of Ricky Leon Kinchen, a Fulton County, Georgia sheriff's deputy, and the wounding of another officer in a gunbattle. Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin (Born October 4, 1943, as Hubert Gerold Brown) also known as H Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Fulton County is a County located in the US state of Georgia. Both officers were black. ^[31]

Conflict with COINTELPRO

In August 1967, the FBI instructed COINTELPRO to "neutralize" what the FBI called "Black Nationalist Hate Groups" and other dissident groups. COINTELPRO (an acronym for Co unter Intel ligence Pro gram was a series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau In September of 1968, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover described the Black Panthers as, "The greatest threat to the internal security of the country. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials "^[32] By 1969, the Black Panthers were the primary target of COINTELPRO. They were the target of 233 out of a total of 295 authorized "Black Nationalist" COINTELPRO actions. Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. The goals of the program were to prevent the unification of militant Black Nationalist groups and to weaken the power of their leaders, as well as to discredit the groups to reduce their support and growth. The initial targets included the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Revolutionary Action Movement and the Nation of Islam. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC) is an American Civil rights organization The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced "snick" was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Leaders who were targeted included the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokely Carmichael, H. Rap Brown, Maxwell Stanford and Elijah Muhammad. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael ( June 29, 1941 November 15, 1998) also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin (Born October 4, 1943, as Hubert Gerold Brown) also known as H Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Poole, October 7 1897 - February 25 1975) is notable for his leadership of the Black Muslims

Although the FBI organization COINTELPRO was commissioned ostensibly to prevent violence, it used some tactics to foster violence. For instance, the FBI tried to "intensify the degree of animosity" between the Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers, a Chicago gang. They sent an anonymous letter to the Ranger’s gang leader claiming that the Panthers were threatening his life, a letter whose intent was to induce "reprisals" against Panther leadership. In Southern California similar actions were taken to exacerbate a "gang war" between the Black Panther Party and a group called the US Organization. Southern California, or So Cal, is defined as the southern portion of the U US Organization, or Organization Us, is a Black nationalist group in the United States founded by Ron Karenga in 1965. Violent conflict between these two groups, including shootings and beatings, led to the deaths of at least four Black Panther Party members. FBI agents claimed credit for instigating some of the violence between the two groups. ^[33]

On January 17, 1969, Los Angeles Panther Captain Bunchy Carter and Deputy Minister John Huggins were killed in Campbell Hall on the UCLA campus, in a gun battle with members of US Organization stemming from a dispute over who would control UCLA's black studies program. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter was an African American Activist and former Gang member who was killed on January 17, 1969. John Huggins (February 11 1945–January 17 1969 was an American Civil rights Activist and leader in the Los Angeles chapter of the Black The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United In United States education, Africana studies, or Africology is the study of the histories politics and cultures of peoples of African origin both in Africa Another shootout between the two groups on March 17 led to further injuries. It was alleged that the FBI had sent a provocative letter to US Organization in an attempt to create antagonism between US and the Panthers. [9]

One of the most notorious actions was a Chicago Police raid of the home of Panther organizer Fred Hampton on December 4, 1969. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. This article is about Fred Hampton Sr For his son see Fred Hampton Jr "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The raid had been orchestrated by the police in conjunction with the FBI. The FBI was complicit in many of the actions. The people inside the home had been drugged by an FBI informant, William O'Neal, and were asleep at the time of the raid. Hampton was shot and killed, as was the guard, Mark Clark. Mark Clark (Black Panther (June 28 1947 – December 4 1969 was a member of the Black Panther Party. The others were dragged into the street, beaten, and subsequently charged with assault. These charges were later dropped. The Chicago Police and FBI were never investigated or charged for their role in the event. ^[34]

In May 1969, party members tortured and murdered Alex Rackley, a twenty-four-year-old member of the New York chapter of the Black Panther party, because they suspected him of being a police informant. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Alex Rackley was a member of the New York chapter of the Black Panther Party in the late 1960s A number of party members took part. Three party officers later admitted guilt. Party supporters alleged that George Sams, the man who identified Rackley as an informer and ordered his execution, was himself the informant and an agent provocateur employed by the FBI. George W Sams Jr (born c1946 was the twenty three year old national Field marshal of the Black Panther Party who implicated Bobby Seale in the 1969 Traditionally an agent provocateur ( Plural: agents provocateurs, French for "inciting agent" is a person employed by the police or Sams had claimed that Bobby Seale had ordered Beckley's execution. Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 22, 1936 in Dallas Texas) is an American Civil rights activist who along ^[35] The case resulted in the New Haven, Connecticut Black Panther trials of 1970. The trial ended with a hung jury, and the prosecution chose not to request another trial.

Widening support

Awareness of the group continued to grow, especially after the May 2 1967 protest at the California State Assembly and the arrest of Newton in Fall of 1967. On February 17, 1968, a large rally was held for Huey in the Oakland Auditorium. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The speakers included Stokely Carmichael, H. Rap Brown, and James Forman. After this event, membership grew rapidly. The structure of the group became more defined. New members had to attend a six-week training program and political education classes (largely based on Mao's Little Red Book). ^[36]

In 1968, the group shortened its name to the Black Panther Party and sought to focus directly on political action. Members were told not to carry guns. An influx of college students joined the group, which had consisted chiefly of "brothers off the block. " This created some tension in the group. Some members were more interested in supporting the Panther's social programs, while others wanted to maintain their "street mentality". For many Panthers, the group was little more than a type of gang. ^[37]

Panther slogans and iconography spread. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, two American medalists, gave the black power salute during the playing of the American national anthem. The 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Mexico City For others with a similar name see Tommy Smith. Tommie Smith (born June 5, 1944) is an African American former John Wesley Carlos (born June 5, 1945 in Harlem New York) is an African American former Track and field athlete and professional The International Olympic Committee banned them from the Olympic Games for life. Some Hollywood celebrities, such as Jane Fonda, became involved in their leftist program. Jane Fonda (born December 21 1937 is an American Academy Award winning Actress, Writer, political activist, former Fashion She publicly supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers in the early 1970s. The Black Panthers attracted a wide variety of left-wing revolutionaries and political activists, including former Ramparts Magazine editor David Horowitz and left-wing lawyer Charles R. Garry, who often acted as their counsel. Ramparts was an American political and literary magazine published from 1962 through 1975 David Joel Horowitz (born January 10, 1939) is an American conservative writer and activist Charles R Garry was a prominent civil rights attorney who represented several high-profile political cases during the 1960s and 1970s

Criticism

Violence

From the beginning the Black Panther Party's focus on militancy came with a reputation for violence. They often took advantage of a California law which permitted carrying a loaded rifle or shotgun as long as it was publicly displayed and pointed at no one ^[38]. Carrying weapons openly and making threats against police officers, for example, chants like "The Revolution has co-ome, it's time to pick up the gu-un. Off the pigs!",^[39] helped create the Panthers' reputation as a violent organization. The greater part of the reputation was earned in particular incidents such as the following.

In October of 1967, Oakland police officer John Frey was shot to death in an altercation with Newton during a traffic stop. In the stop, Newton and backup officer Herbert Heanes also suffered gunshot wounds. For three years after that, Newton was imprisoned when convicted of involuntary manslaughter at trial. This incident gained the party even wider recognition by the radical American left, and a "Free Huey" campaign ensued^[40]. His conviction was reversed in appeal.

On May 2, 1967, the California State Assembly Committee on Criminal Procedure was scheduled to convene to discuss what was known as the "Mulford Act", which would ban public displays of loaded firearms. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Cleaver and Newton put together a plan to send a group of about 30 Panthers led by Seale from Oakland to Sacramento to protest the bill. The group entered the assembly with their weapons, an event which led to widespread publicity, but also to the arrest of Seale and five others. The group pled guilty to misdemeanor charges of disrupting a legislative session^[41].

On April 7, 1968, Panther Bobby Hutton, who held the title Minister of Defense, was killed, and Cleaver was wounded. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Both the Oakland police and the Black Panther Party have called the event an ambush by the other group. Two policemen were shot in the incident^[42].

This event and others furthered the Panther's reputation for violence and confrontation. The group's reputation was rivaled only by the Weathermen among large leftist organizations. Weatherman, known colloquially as the Weathermen and later the Weather Underground Organization, was an American Radical left organization Hugh Pearson stated, "the Left appeared to view the Panthers as gladiators, cheering them on as they got themselves killed"^[43].

From the fall of 1967 through the end of 1969, nine police officers were killed and 56 were wounded in confrontations with the Panthers. The confrontations were believed to have resulted in ten Panther deaths and an unknown number of injuries. In 1969 alone, 348 Panthers were arrested for a variety of crimes ^[44].

Death of Betty van Patter

When Betty Van Patter was murdered in 1974, David Horowitz became certain that Black Panther members were responsible. Betty Van Patter ( c1932 &ndash December 13, 1974) was a Bookkeeper for the Black Panther Party who was beaten and murdered David Joel Horowitz (born January 10, 1939) is an American conservative writer and activist The incident led Horowitz to denounce the Panthers. When Huey Newton was shot to death fifteen years later, Horowitz characterized Newton as a killer. Huey Percy Newton ( February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense ^[45] When a former colleague at Ramparts alleged that Horowitz himself was responsible for the death of van Patter by recommending her for the position of BP accountant, Horowitz counter-alleged that "the Panthers had killed more than a dozen people in the course of conducting extortion, prostitution and drug rackets in the Oakland ghetto". Extortion, outwresting, or exaction is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person Unlawfully obtains either money property or services Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U He said further that the organization was committed "to doctrines that are false and to causes that are demonstrably wrongheaded and even evil. "^[46]

Decay and disintegration

While part of the organization was already participating in local government and social services, another group was in constant conflict with the police. For some of the Party's supporters, the separation between political action, criminal activity, social services, access to power, and grass-roots identity became confusing and contradictory as the Panthers' political momentum was bogged down in the criminal justice system. Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring A significant split in the BPP occurred over disagreements within the Panther leadership over how to confront these challenges. Some Panther leaders such as Huey Newton and David Hilliard favored a focus on community service coupled with self-defense while others, such as Eldridge Cleaver, embraced a more confrontational strategy. Huey Percy Newton ( February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense David Hilliard is a member of the Black Panther Party. He was Chief of Staff in the party Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31, 1935 &ndash May 1, 1998) was an Author, a prominent American Civil rights leader A schism was made inevitable when Cleaver publicly criticized the Party as adopting a "reformist" rather than "revolutionary" agenda and called for Hilliard's removal. Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or Cleaver was expelled from the Central Committee but went on to lead a splinter group, the Black Liberation Army, which had previously existed as an underground paramilitary wing of the Party. The Black Liberation Army (BLA was an underground Black nationalist - Marxist militant organization that operated in the United States from 1971 to A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status ^[47]

The Party eventually fell apart due to rising legal costs and internal disputes. Its final leader was Elaine Brown, a longtime Panther and the first and last woman to lead it where she addressed issues of sexism within the party and attempted to stave off its disintegration. Elaine Brown (born March 2, 1943 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania) is an American prison activist writer and singer she is a former Chairperson Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards

Legacy

The National Alliance of Black Panthers was formed on July 31, 2004. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " It was inspired by the grassroots activism of the original organization but not otherwise related. Its chairwoman is Shazza Nzingha. Shazza Nzingha is an American spiritual leader born in 1965 She was born in Florence Alabama.

In October 2006, the Black Panther Party held a 40-year reunion in Oakland, California. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U ^[48]

In January 2007, a joint California state and Federal task force charged eight men with the 1971 murder of a California police officer. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ^[49] The defendants have been identified as former members of the Black Liberation Army. The Black Liberation Army (BLA was an underground Black nationalist - Marxist militant organization that operated in the United States from 1971 to Two have been linked to the Black Panthers. ^[50] In 1975 a similar case was dismissed when a judge ruled that police gathered evidence through the use of torture. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally ^[51]

New Black Panther Party

See also: New Black Panther Party

In 1989, a group calling themselves the New Black Panther Party (NBPP) was formed in Dallas, TX. The New Black Panther Party (NBPP, whose formal name is the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, is a U The New Black Panther Party (NBPP, whose formal name is the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, is a U Ten years later, the NBPP became home to many former Nation of Islam members when the chairmanship was taken by Khalid Abdul Muhammad. The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Khallid Abdul Muhammad (born Harold Moore Jr; January 12, 1948 – February 17, 2001) was an Members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that this party is illegitimate and have vociferously objected that there "is no new Black Panther Party". ^[52]

As guardian of the true history of the Black Panther Party, the [Dr. Huey P. Newton] Foundation, which includes former leading members of the Party, denounces this group's exploitation of the Party's name and history. Failing to find its own legitimacy in the black community, this band would graft the Party's name upon itself, which we condemn. . . [T]hey denigrate the Party's name by promoting concepts absolutely counter to the revolutionary principles on which the Party was founded. . . The Black Panthers were never a group of angry young militants full of fury toward the "white establishment. " The Party operated on love for black people, not hatred of white people. ^[52]

– Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation , There Is No New Black Panther Party

See also

• Black anarchism
• Black Liberation Army
• Brown Berets
• Gay Liberation Front
• Gray Panthers
• I Wor Kuen
• List of former members of the Black Panther Party
• Nation of Islam
• New Black Panthers
• New Communist Movement
• The Patriot Party
• Red Guard Party (United States)
• Red power
• Rice/Poindexter Case
• Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)
• US Organization
• Symbionese Liberation Army
• Weather Underground
• White Panther Party
• Young Lords
• Protests of 1968

References

Bibliography

• Austin, Curtis J. (2006). Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-827-5
• Brown, Elaine. (1993). A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story. Anchor Books. ISBN 0-679-41944-6
• Dooley, Brian. (1998). Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America. Pluto Press.
• Forbes, Flores A. (2006). Will You Die With Me? My Life and the Black Panther Party. Atria Books. ISBN 0-7434-8266-2
• Hilliard, David, and Cole, Lewis. (1993). This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party. Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-316-36421-5
• Hughey, Matthew W. (forthcoming 2009). “Black Aesthetics and Panther Rhetoric – A Critical Decoding of Black Masculinity in The Black Panther, 1967-1980. ” Critical Sociology.
• Hughey, Matthew W. (2007). “The Pedagogy of Huey P. Newton: Critical Reflections on Education in his Writings and Speeches. ” Journal of Black Studies, 38(2): 209-231.
• Hughey, Matthew W. (2005). “The Sociology, Pedagogy, and Theology of Huey P. Newton: Toward a Radical Democratic Utopia. ” Western Journal of Black Studies, 29(3): 639-655.
• Joseph, Peniel E. (2006). Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-7539-9
• Lewis, John. (1998). Walking with the Wind. Simon and Schuster, p. 353. ISBN 0-684-81065-4
• Ogbar, Jeffrey O. G. (2004). Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Pearson, Hugh. (1994) The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America De Capo Pres. ISBN 0201483416
• Shames, Stephen. "The Black Panthers," Aperture, 2006. A photographic essay of the organization, allegedly suppressed due to Spiro Agnew's intervention in 1970. Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

External links

• Black Panther Party official website
• Children of the Revolutionary LA Weekly feature on the 1969 UCLA shootout that killed John Huggins and Bunchy Carter.

Archives and former members

• It's About Time: Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni
  • BPP Ten Point Platform & Program from circa 1966
• UC Berkeley Social Activism Online Sound Recordings: The Black Panther Party
• The Black Panther Party's Struggle for Social Change
• The Bobby Seale Homepage
• The Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation
• Marxists Internet Archive: The Black Panther Party
  • 10-point program of the Black Panther Party
• Assata Speaks!
• Hartford Web Publishing collection of BPP documents
• Libcom.org/history: The Black Panther Party for Self Defence
• Maoist Internationalist Movement: Black Panther Newspaper Collection
• "Enslaved by Dogma" Brief analysis of COINTELPRO launched against Black Panthers
• Mark Clark Legacy
• National Young Lords
• Mark Clark Legacy MySpace Edition
• Remember Mark Clark

Documentary links

• Aaron Dixon speaks Hour-long talk by co-founder of the Seattle chapter of the Black Panther Party. Recorded February 11, 2006 by KUOW, first broadcast February 15, 2006. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. KUOW-FM (949 FM broadcasting) is a National Public Radio affiliate Radio station in Seattle, Washington. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Recording is RealAudio. RealAudio is a proprietary Audio format developed by RealNetworks.
• Former Black Panther Members Assert That the Black Liberation Army Curbed Police Brutality, and Call On Youth to Take Their Place March 21, 2001 broadcast on Democracy Now!. Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news analysis and opinion aired by more than 700 Radio and Television, satellite Available via streaming Real Audio. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
• All Power to the People - a documentary about the Black Power movement in the US. View the documentary here.
• The strange history of the Black Panthers in the Triad By Jordan Green Yes! Weekly. YES! Weekly is an alternative weekly Newspaper based in Greensboro NC. Greensboro NC. Published April 11, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2006.
• Seattle Black Panther Party History

Critical links

• Stern, Sol. Sol Stern (born 1935) is a senior fellow with the conservative Manhattan Institute and a Contributing editor to its quarterly magazine Ah, those Black Panthers! How Beautiful! from City Journal, 27 May 2003. City Journal is a Quarterly Magazine, published by the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a free market think tank based out of New York Retrieved March 13, 2006.
• Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers, a book by Tom Wolfe describing the courting of the Black Panthers by New York's social elite. Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr (born March 2, 1931 in Richmond, Virginia) known as Tom Wolfe, is a Best-selling Published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Farrar Straus and Giroux is an American book Publishing company founded in 1946 by Roger W 1970.

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