| Black Hills War | |||||||
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| Part of the Indian Wars | |||||||
 Custer's last stand at Little Big Horn |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 United StatesShoshone  Crow Pawnee |
 Lakota Cheyenne Arapaho |
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| Commanders | |||||||
| Nelson A. Miles George Armstrong Custer † George Crook Wesley Merritt |
Crazy Horse # Sitting Bull # Little Wolf Dull Knife |
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The Black Hills War (also known as the Great Sioux War or Little Big Horn Campaign) was a series of conflicts between the Lakota (Sioux), their allies, and the United States from 1876 until 1877. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Dakota Territory was the name of an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1861 to 1889 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Shoshone ( or) are a Native American tribe with three large divisions the Northern the Western and the Eastern The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly The Arapaho (in French: Gens de Vache) tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming Nelson Appleton Miles ( August 8, 1839 &ndash May 15, 1925) was an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other George Crook ( September 8, 1828 &ndash March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer most noted for his distinguished Wesley Merritt ( June 16, 1836 &ndash December 3, 1910) was a general in the United States Army during the American Civil War Crazy Horse ( Lakota: Thašuŋka Witko, literally "His-Horse-is-Crazy" (ca Surrender is when Soldiers, nations or other combatants stop fighting and become Prisoners of war, either as Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca Surrender is when Soldiers, nations or other combatants stop fighting and become Prisoners of war, either as Little Wolf is a fairly common name among American Indians More than one Cheyenne chief bore the name an early example being a Southern Cheyenne chief who participated in a Morning Star ( Cheyenne: Vóóhéhéve, also known by his Lakota Sioux name Tamílapéšni, Dull Knife) was a The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Contents |
Background
The Lakota claimed the Black Hills since their victory over the Cheyenne in 1776, and considered them sacred lands. The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Following Red Cloud's War, the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) included them in the Great Sioux reservation from which non-Indians were excluded. Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War or the Powder River War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States in the The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota nation Yanktonai The Great Sioux Reservation was established in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, and includes all of modern Western South Dakota (commonly known as "West While the Black Hills were often considered "terra incognita", rumors of gold in them were proven true by the George Armstrong Custer Expedition of 1874. Terra incognita is the Latin term for "unknown land" used in Cartography for regions that have not been mapped or documented Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Miners, suffering from the Panic of 1873, began a gold rush to the Black Hills, in violation of the treaty and Federal law. The Panic of 1873 was the start of the Long Depression, a severe nationwide economic depression in the United States that lasted until 1879 The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States, and is general considered to have started 1860 -70 Further angering the Lakota and their allies was the consistent failure of the United States Army to keep intruders out. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Eventually, Tatanka Iyotake (Sitting Bull), Tašunka Witko (Crazy Horse) and their people waged war against the intruders and the United States. Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca Crazy Horse ( Lakota: Thašuŋka Witko, literally "His-Horse-is-Crazy" (ca Many historians today believe that the Ulysses S. Grant Administration deliberately provoked the war, since a new gold rush and the opening of the Black Hills would aid recovery from the economic depression which had lasted three years. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of Gold.
Campaign
Following unreasonable demands for Lakota families and hunters to report to the various agencies in the middle of the winter of 1875-76, Grant approved orders for the Army to round up the bands by force. In the spring of 1876, the Army launched a coordinated campaign, involving three columns of troops operating in what is today a five-state region. It resulted in the Battle of Rosebud, where the Lakota, under Tašunka Witko, defeated one of the three Army columns moving to find and force the tribes home. The Battle of the Rosebud (also known the Battle of the Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the Days later, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry attacked a camp of the Lakota and their Cheyenne allies on the banks of Greasy Grass Creek Little Big Horn River. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies The Little Bighorn River is a tributary of the Bighorn River in the United States in the states of Wyoming and Montana. The resulting Battle of the Little Bighorn saw the Sioux and Cheyenne, under the leadership of Tatanka Iyotake and Tašunka Witko, defeat the 7th Cavalry, killing 258 soldiers (43% of the regiment present) in one of the worst defeats of the Indian Wars for the Army. The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass
In later battles in the summer and fall of 1876, including the Dull Knife Fight and the Battle of Slim Buttes, cavalry and infantry units defeated the Lakota war parties and forced the Lakota people to return to the agencies. The Dull Knife Fight (or the Battle of Bates Creek) was a Great Plains battle in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and The Battle of Slim Buttes was fought on September 9 &ndash 10, 1876, in the Dakota Territory between the United States Army and
The war was finally ended with another treaty, in which the Lakota ceded a 50-mile (80 km) strip along the western border of their reservation, and some additional lands. This gave the U. S. legal title to the Black Hills and legalized the previously-illegal gold hunters and camp followers in Custer City, Deadwood, and other boom towns in the Black Hills. Custer is a city in Custer County, South Dakota, United States. Deadwood, named for the dead trees found in its Gulch, is a city in and the County seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota,
See also
Notes
- ^ Named Campaigns — Indian Wars
References
- Named Campaigns — Indian Wars. The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration of the United States Army which was first created in 1905 United States Army Center for Military History. Retrieved on December 13, 2005.
External links
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