The Black Hills (Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small, isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, USA. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is the largest of the three languages of the Sioux, of the Siouan family The Cheyenne language ( Tsėhesenėstsestotse or in easier spelling Tsisinstsistots is a Native American language spoken in present-day Montana A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Set off from the main body of the Rocky Mountains, the region is something of a geological anomaly—accurately described as an "island of trees in a sea of grass. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. " The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest and are home to the tallest peaks of continental North America east of the Rockies. Black Hills National Forest is located in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming.
The name "Black Hills" is a translation of the Lakota Pahá Sápa. Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is the largest of the three languages of the Sioux, of the Siouan family The hills were so-called because of their appearance from a distance, covered in trees. [1]
Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. When gold was discovered in 1874, a gold rush swept the area prompting the US government to re-assign the local Native Americans to other reservations in western South Dakota. Unlike the rest of the Dakotas, the Black Hills were settled primarily from population centers to the west and south of the region, as miners flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana. The Dakotas is a collective term used around the world that refers to the U
Today, the nearby reservations and Ellsworth Air Force Base make for a unique diversity in population different from that of the rest of Wyoming or South Dakota. Ellsworth Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base near Rapid City in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. As the economy of the Black Hills has shifted from natural resources (mining and timber), the hospitality and tourism industry has grown to take its place. The major tourist spots include Mount Rushmore, Custer State Park, Crazy Horse Memorial, and the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, South Dakota, is a monumental Granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941 located Custer State Park is a State park and wildlife reserve in the Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota, USA The Crazy Horse Memorial is a mountain Monument in the Black Hills of South Dakota, in the form of Crazy Horse, an Oglala The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is an American Motorcycle rally held annually in Sturgis, South Dakota each first
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History
Native Americans have inhabited the area since at least 7000 B. C. The Arikara arrived by 1500 A. Arikara (also Sahnish Arikaree Ree refers to a group of Native Americans that speak a Caddoan language. D. , followed by the Cheyenne, Crow, Kiowa and Pawnee. Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone The Kiowa (ˈkaɪoʊwə are a nation of American Indians who migrated from what is now Canada to their present location in Southwestern Oklahoma. The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and The Lakota arrived from Minnesota in the eighteenth century and drove out the other tribes, claiming the land, which they called Paha Sapa, for themselves. The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers
After the public discovery of gold in the 1870s, the conflict over control of the region sparked the last major Indian War on the Great Plains, the Black Hills War. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The Black Hills War (also known as the Great Sioux War or Little Big Horn Campaign) was a series of conflicts between the Lakota ( Sioux) The 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie had previously confirmed the Lakota (Teton Sioux) ownership of the mountain range. The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota nation Yanktonai The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe But with that treaty being contested, they additionally claimed rights to the land saying that in their culture it was considered the axis mundi, or sacred center of the world. The axis mundi (also cosmic axis, world axis, world pillar and center of the world) is a ubiquitous symbol that crosses human cultures Some consider this ad hoc claim of spiritual status a dubious pretension to keep the gold-rich territory since the Sioux tribe had only discovered the Black Hills about 100 years earlier (1765) and that they themselves took the land by force from its previous residents (the Cheyenne tribe) in 1776.
Although rumors of gold in the Black Hills had circulated in North America for decades (See Thoen Stone and Pierre-Jean De Smet), Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer of the 7th US Cavalry led an expedition into the Black Hills in 1874 and discovered gold in French Creek in the Southern Black Hills. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, ( 30 January 1801 – 23 May 1873) also known as Pierre DeSmet and Peter DeSmet a Roman Catholic priest French Creek is an Intermittent stream located in the Black Hills region of western South Dakota, USA. An official announcement of the presence of gold was made through newspaper reporters who accompanied the expedition. The following year, the first detailed survey of the Black Hills was conducted by the Newton-Jenney Party. The Newton-Jenney Party of 1875, led by Henry Newton and Walter P The surveyor for the party, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, was the first white person to ascend to the top of Harney Peak, the highest point in the Black Hills, reaching 7242 feet above sea level. Dr Valentine Trant McGillycuddy (1849&ndash1939 was a controversial pioneer of the effort to build a sustainable relationship between the United States and the Native Harney Peak is the highest Mountain in South Dakota, located in Black Hills National Forest.
During the 1875–1878 gold rush, thousands of miners went to the Black Hills; in 1880, the area was the most densely populated part of Dakota Territory. A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of Gold. Dakota Territory was the name of an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1861 to 1889 There were three large towns in the Northern Hills: Deadwood, Central City, and Lead. Deadwood, named for the dead trees found in its Gulch, is a city in and the County seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota, Central City is a city in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. Lead (pronounced as "leed" is a city in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. Around these lay groups of smaller gold camps, towns, and villages. Hill City and Custer City sprang up in the Southern Hills, and railroads were already reaching the previously remote area. Hill City is the oldest existing city in Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. Custer is a city in Custer County, South Dakota, United States. From 1880 on, the gold mines yielded about $4,000,000 annually, and the silver mines about $3,000,000 annually.
Following the defeat of the Lakota and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies in 1876, the United States took control of the region from the Lakota in violation of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly The Arapaho (in French: Gens de Vache) tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming The Lakota never accepted the validity of this purchase, and the area remains under dispute to this day.
On July 23, 1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Black Hills were illegally taken and that remuneration of the initial offering price plus interest — nearly $106 million — be paid. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) United States v Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 US 371 ( 1980) Background In 1868 the Treaty of Fort Laramie ending The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The Lakota refused the settlement, as they wanted the return of the Black Hills instead. The money remains in an interest-bearing account which now amounts to over $757 million, and in spite of their poverty the Lakota still refuse to take the money. [2]
Geology
The geology of the Black Hills is complex. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit A Tertiary mountain-building episode is responsible for the uplift and current topography of the Black Hills region. The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets This uplift was marked by volcanic activity in the northern Black Hills. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The southern Black Hills are characterized by Precambrian granite, pegmatite, and metamorphic rocks that comprise the core of the entire Black Hills uplift. The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Pegmatite is a very coarse-grained Igneous rock that has a grain size of 20 mm or more such rocks are referred to as pegmatitic. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change This core is rimmed by Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) The stratigraphy of the Black Hills is laid out very much like a target as it is an oval dome, with rings of different rock types dipping away from the center. Stratigraphy, a branch of Geology, studies rock layers and layering ( stratification) In Geology, a dome is a deformational feature consisting of symmetrically-dipping Anticlines their general outline on a geologic Map is circular or oval Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a Geologic feature
Precambrian
The 'bulls eye' of this target is called the granite core. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. The granite of the Black Hills was emplaced by magma generated during the Trans-Hudson orogeny and contains abundant pegmatite. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet The Trans-Hudson orogeny, Trans-Hudsonian orogeny, Trans-Hudson orogen (THO or Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect (THOT (also referred to as Pegmatite is a very coarse-grained Igneous rock that has a grain size of 20 mm or more such rocks are referred to as pegmatitic. The core of the Black Hills has been dated to 1. Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring 8 billion years. There are other localized deposits that have been dated to around 2. 2 to 2. 8 billion years. One of these is located in the northern hills and is called Elk Creek Granite though it has been metamorphosed into gneiss. Gneiss (ˈnaɪs is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally The other is called the Bear Mountain complex and is located in the west central part of the hills.
Making a concentric ring around the core is the metamorphic zone. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change The rocks in this ring are all very old, as much as 2. 0 billion years and older. This zone is very complex, filled with many diverse rock types. The rocks were originally sedimentary rocks until there was a collision between the North American continent and a terrane. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) This collision, called the Trans-Hudson Orogeny, caused the original rocks to fold and twist into a vast mountain range. Over the millions of years these tilted rocks, which in many areas are tilted to 90 degrees or more, eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion in the Black Hills, where the metamorphic rocks end in an angular unconformity below the younger sedimentary layers. An unconformity is a buried Erosion surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages indicating that Sediment deposition was not
Paleozoic
The final layers of the Black Hills consist of sedimentary rocks. The oldest of which lies on top of the metamorphic layers at a much shallower angle. This rock called the Deadwood Formation is mostly sandstone and was the original source of gold found in the Deadwood area. Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Deadwood, named for the dead trees found in its Gulch, is a city in and the County seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota, Above the Deadwood Formation lies the Englewood Formation and Paha Sapa limestone which is the source of the more than 200 caves found in the Black Hills, including Jewel Cave and Wind cave. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter Jewel Cave National Monument contains Jewel Cave, currently the second longest Cave in the world with about 141 miles (225 km of mapped passageways Bison grazing at Wind Cavejpg|right|thumb|Bison grazing on prairie grasses]] Wind Cave National Park is a United States National park north of the town of Hot The Minnelusa Formation is next and is composed of highly variable sandstones and limestones followed by the Opeche shale and the Minnikata limestone. Shale (also called mudstone) is a fine-grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clay minerals or Muds It is characterized by
Mesozoic
The next rock layer, the Spearfish Formation forms a valley around the hills called the red valley. It is mostly a red shale with beds of gypsum. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 These shale and gypsum beds as well as the nearby limestone beds of the Minnikata are used in the manufacture of cement at a cement plant in Rapid City. In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Rapid City is the second-largest city in the US state of South Dakota, and the County seat of Pennington County. Next is the shale and sandstone Sundance Formation which is topped by the Morrison Formation and the Unkpapa sandstone. The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Late Jurassic Sedimentary rock that is found in the western United States which has been the most fertile source
The outermost feature of the dome stands out as a hogback ridge. This ridge is made out of the Lakota Formation and the Fallriver sandstone which are collectively called the Inyan Kara Group. Above this the layers of rocks are less distinct and are all mainly grey shale with three exceptions, the Newcastle sandstone, the Greenhorn limestone which contains many shark teeth fossils, and the Niobrara Formation which is composed mainly of chalk. Shark teeth are relics of Shark Evolution and Biology. Shark skeletons are composed entirely of Cartilage. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. These outer ridges are called cuestas. In Structural geology and Geomorphology, a cuesta (from Spanish: "slope" is a Ridge formed by gently tilted Sedimentary rock
Cenozoic
The preceding layers were deposited in a horizontal manner. In Geology and related fields a stratum (plural strata) is a layer of rock or Soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes All of them can be seen in core samples and well logs from the flatest parts of the great plains. The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada It took a period of uplift to bring them to their present topographical levels in the Black Hills. This uplift called the Laramide orogeny began around the beginning of the Cenozoic and left a line of igneous rocks through the northern hills superimposed on the rocks already disscused. The Laramide orogeny was a period of Mountain building in western North America, which started in the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 80 million years ago and ended The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock This line extends from Bear Butte in the east to Devils Tower in the west. Evidence of Cenozoic volcanic eruptions, if this happened, has long since been eroded away. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the
The Black Hills also has a 'skirt' of gravel covering it in areas called erosional terraces. Gravel is rock that is of a specific Particle size range In Geology, gravel is any loose rock that is larger than two millimeters (2mm Formed as the waterways cut down into the uplifting hills, they represent the former locations of today's rivers. These beds are generally around 10,000 years old or younger judging by the artifacts and fossils found. There are a few places mainly in the high elevations were older, as old as 20MY according to camel and rodent fossils found, gravels have been found but for the most part these older beds have been eroded away.
Biosystems
As with the geology, the biology of the Black Hills is complex. Most of the Hills are a fire-climax Ponderosa Pine forest, with Black Hills Spruce (Picea glauca var. Ponderosa Pine ( Pinus ponderosa) sometimes called Bull Pine or Western Yellow Pine is a widespread and variable Pine native to western North Picea glauca ( White Spruce) is a species of Spruce native to the north of North America, from central Alaska east to Newfoundland densata) occurring in cool moist valleys of the Northern Hills. Oddly, this endemic variety of spruce does not occur in the moist Bear Lodge Mountains, which make up most of the Wyoming portion of the Black Hills. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere Large open parks (mountain meadows) with lush grassland rather than forest are scattered through the Hills (especially the western portion), and the southern edge of the Hills, due to the rainshadow of the higher elevations, are covered by a dry pine savannah, with stands of Mountain Mahogany and Rocky Mountain Juniper. A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem. Mountain-mahogany ( Cercocarpus) is a small genus of five or six species of Deciduous Shrubs or small Trees in the rose family ( Rosaceae Juniperus scopulorum ( Rocky Mountain Juniper) is a species of Juniper native to western North America, in Canada in British Wildlife is both diverse and plentiful. Black Hills creeks are known for their trout, while the forests and grasslands offer good habitat for American Bison, White-tailed and Mule Deer, Pronghorn, Bighorn Sheep, mountain lions, and a variety of smaller animals, like prairie dogs, Yellow-bellied Marmots, and Red Squirrels. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana) also pronghorn antelope or prong buck, is a species of Ungulate Mammal native to interior Bighorn Sheep ( Ovis canadensis) is a species of sheep in North America and Siberia with large horns which can weigh up to. The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family The prairie dogs ( Cynomys) are small burrowing Rodents native to the Grasslands of North America The red squirrel or Eurasian red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris) is a Species of Tree squirrel ( Genus Sciurus Biologically, the Black Hills is a meeting and mixing place, with species common to regions to the east, west, north, and south. The Hills do however, support some endemic taxa, the most famous of which is probably White-winged Junco (Junco hyemalis aikeni). The White-winged Junco ( Junco hyemalis aikeni) is a Subspecies of the Dark-eyed Junco.
Tourism and economy
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The region is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Harney Peak (the highest point east of the Rockies), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), Bear Butte State Park, Devils Tower National Monument, and the Crazy Horse Memorial (the largest sculpture in the world). Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, South Dakota, is a monumental Granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941 located Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, South Dakota, is a monumental Granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941 located Bison grazing at Wind Cavejpg|right|thumb|Bison grazing on prairie grasses]] Wind Cave National Park is a United States National park north of the town of Hot Jewel Cave National Monument contains Jewel Cave, currently the second longest Cave in the world with about 141 miles (225 km of mapped passageways Harney Peak is the highest Mountain in South Dakota, located in Black Hills National Forest. Custer State Park is a State park and wildlife reserve in the Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota, USA Devils Tower ( Lakota: Mato Tipila, which means “Bear Tower” is a Monolithic igneous Intrusion or Volcanic The Crazy Horse Memorial is a mountain Monument in the Black Hills of South Dakota, in the form of Crazy Horse, an Oglala The Black Hills also hosts the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally each August. The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is an American Motorcycle rally held annually in Sturgis, South Dakota each first Started in 1940, the 65th Rally in 2005 saw more than 550,000 bikers visit the Black Hills; the rally is a key part of the regional economy.
The George S. Mickelson Trail is a recently opened multi-use path through the Black Hills. The George S Mickelson Trail is a Rail trail in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. It follows the abandoned track of the historic railroad route from Edgemont to Deadwood. Edgemont is a city in Fall River County, South Dakota, United States. Deadwood, named for the dead trees found in its Gulch, is a city in and the County seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota, The train used to be the only way to bring supplies to the miners in the Hills. The trail is about 110 miles in length, and can be used by hikers, cross-country skiers, and bikers. The cost is two dollars per day, or ten dollars annually.
Today, the major city in the Black Hills is Rapid City, with an incorporated population of over 70,000 and a metropolitan population of 125,000. Rapid City is the second-largest city in the US state of South Dakota, and the County seat of Pennington County. It serves a market area covering much of five states: North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. In addition to tourism and mining (including coal, specialty minerals, and the now declining gold mining), the Black Hills economy includes ranching (sheep and cattle, primarily, with buffalo and ratites becoming more common), timber (lumber), Ellsworth Air Force Base, and some manufacturing, including jewelry (Black Hills Gold Jewelry), cement, electronics, cabinetry, guns and ammunition. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. A ratite is any of a diverse group of large Flightless birds of Gondwanan origin most of them now extinct Ellsworth Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base near Rapid City in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. In many ways, the Black Hills functions as a very spread-out urban area with a population (not counting tourists) of 250,000. Other important Black Hills cities include Belle Fourche, a ranching town; Spearfish, home of Black Hills State University; Deadwood, a historic and well-preserved gambling mecca; its twin city of Lead, home of the now-closed Homestake Mine (gold); Keystone, outside Mount Rushmore; Hill City, a timber and tourism town in the center of the Hills; Custer, a mining and tourism town and headquarters for Black Hills National Forest; Hot Springs, an old resort town in the southern Hills; Sturgis, originally a military town (Fort Meade, now a VA center, is located just to the east); and Newcastle, center of the Black Hills petroleum production and refining. Belle Fourche is a city in and the County seat of Butte County, South Dakota, United States. Spearfish is a city in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. Black Hills State University, South Dakota 's third largest comprehensive public university offering both undergraduate and graduate programs Deadwood, named for the dead trees found in its Gulch, is a city in and the County seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota, Lead (pronounced as "leed" is a city in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. The Homestake Mine is a deep underground Gold mine located near Lead South Dakota. Keystone is a town in the Black Hills region of Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. Hill City is the oldest existing city in Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. Custer is a city in Custer County, South Dakota, United States. Black Hills National Forest is located in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. Hot Springs is a city in Fall River County, South Dakota, United States. Sturgis is a city in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. Newcastle is a city in and the County seat of Weston County, Wyoming, United States.
Black Hills in popular culture
Several major motion pictures have been filmed in the Black Hills including North by Northwest, How the West Was Won, A Man Called Horse, Lakota Woman and Dances with Wolves, as well as National Treasure: Book of Secrets. North by Northwest ( 1959) is a suspense film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint and How the West Was Won is a 1962 epic Western film which follows four generations of a family (starting as the Prescotts as they move ever For the film see A Man Called Horse ''(1970 film. A Man Called Horse was originally published as a short story in Collier's Lakota Woman is an autobiographical book by Mary Crow Dog, depicting among other things the stand off at Wounded Knee between members of the AIM organization Dances with Wolves is a 1990 Epic film which tells the story of a United States Lieutenant who travels to the American Frontier to find a military post National Treasure 2 Book of Secrets is a 2007 Adventure film and is the second movie in the National Treasure franchise. The Black Hills has been the setting of still more movies or portions thereof, including Walt Disney's The One and Only Genuine Original Family Band and several movies based on Louis L'Amour novels. Walter Elias Disney (December 5 1901 – December 15 1966 was a multiple Academy Award -winning American Film producer, director, Screenwriter Louis L'Amour ( March 22, 1908 &ndash June 10, 1988) was an American author Steven Spielberg's Into the West includes a story line involving the discovery of gold in the Black Hills. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. The Black Hills is also the setting for the popular HBO series Deadwood, although the show is actually filmed in California. Deadwood is an American western &ndash Drama Television series created produced and almost entirely written by David Milch California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. However, the City Fathers of Deadwood have created a wooden "false front" street similar to the television set and the original town — a series of fires in the late 1800s destroyed all the original log and frame buildings, which were replaced with the brick and stone structures which grace the city today.
The film Calamity Jane included the song "The Black Hills of Dakota," a salute to the mountains that the characters were traveling through. The Black Hills of Dakota is a song written for the Musical film Calamity Jane, about the singer's love for and desire to return to the
The song "Rocky Raccoon" by The Beatles, makes a reference to "the black mountain hills of Dakota," where the song's protagonist allegedly lives. " Rocky Raccoon " is a Beatles song from the double-disc album The Beatles (also known as The White Album) The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960
Pain of Salvation recorded a song referring to the disposition of the Lakota, titled "Black Hills", on their One Hour by the Concrete Lake album. Pain of Salvation is a Swedish Progressive metal band featuring Daniel Gildenlöw, who is the lyricist chief composer guitarist and lead vocalist The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe One Hour by the Concrete Lake is Pain of Salvation 's second studio album
The Black Hills also made an attempt at secession from the United States in the book World War Z. World War Z An Oral History of the Zombie War (abbreviated WWZ) is a Novel by Max Brooks which chronicles a fictional Zombie
The Black Hills were referenced in Bright Eyes' song "Four Winds. Bright Eyes is an American band consisting of Singer-songwriter / Guitarist Conor Oberst, Multi-instrumentalist / producer Four Winds is an EP by the Indie rock band Bright Eyes, that was released on March 6, 2007. "
See also
- Black Hills Central Railroad
- Cypress Hills (Canada)
- Devils Tower National Monument
- JoAnn Tall
- The Needles
- Scenic roads in the Black Hills
References
- ^ Black Hills National Forest - Frequently Asked Questions
- ^ Giago, Tim (June 3, 2007). The Black Hills Central Railroad is a heritage railroad that operates in South Dakota. The Cypress Hills are a region of hills in southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, Canada. Devils Tower ( Lakota: Mato Tipila, which means “Bear Tower” is a Monolithic igneous Intrusion or Volcanic JoAnn Tall is a member of the Oglala Lakota tribe and lives on Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, USA The Needles of the Black Hills of South Dakota are a region of fantastically eroded Granite pillars towers and spires The Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming feature many scenic highways constructed from the 1920s on to provide routes of interest for tourists Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering The Black Hills: A Case of Dishonest Dealings. The Huffington Post. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
External links
- Gold Claims maps 1877 map showing gold claims in the Black Hills
- National Forest Federal Website Black Hills National Forest
- Wind Cave Federal Website Wind Cave National Park
- Jewel Cave Federal Website Jewel Cave National Monument
- Mount Rushmore Federal Website Mount Rushmore National Memorial
- 1980 Supreme Court Case: United States v. Sioux Nations of Indians, 448 U.S. 371