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For other uses, see Black Hawk War (disambiguation).
Black Hawk War

Black Hawk
Date 1832
Location Illinois and Michigan Territory
Result United States victory
Belligerents
United States:
United States
Ho-Chunk
Menominee
Potawatomi		 Black Hawk's "British Band":
Sauk
Fox
Kickapoo
Commanders
Henry Atkinson
Henry Dodge
Adam W. Snyder
Isaiah Stillman
Samuel Whiteside et al. Black Hawk or Black Sparrow Hawk ( Sauk Makataimeshekiakiak ( Mahkatewi-meši-kehkehkwa) "be a large black hawk" (1767 &ndash The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Michigan Territory was an Organized territory of the United States in the early 19th century between June 30, 1805 and January 26 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Ho-Chunk, or Winnebago (as they are commonly called are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. Some placenames use other spellings see also Menomonee and Menomonie. The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi, among many variations) are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi Black Hawk's Band of 1832, commonly referred to as the " British Band " was a group of Native Americans which fought against Illinois State "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes Henry Atkinson (1782 &ndash June 14 1842) was a US army officer Henry Dodge ( October 12, 1782 June 19, 1867) was a Democratic member of the U Adam Wilson Snyder ( October 6 1799 - May 14 1842) was a US Representative from Illinois as well as a member of the Illinois Cavalry Major Isaiah Stillman (1793&ndash 15 April 1861) led Illinois Militia in the first armed confrontation of the Black Samuel Whiteside (1783-1868 was an Illinois pioneer political figure and military leader 		Black Hawk
Neapope
Weesheet
Mike Girty
Strength
9,000 Illinois Militia
1,500 Regulars
300+ U. Neapope ( Na-pope meaning "Broth" in the Sauk language) was a spiritual leader of the Sauk tribe and advisor to Black Hawk Mike Girty, ( fl. 1821&ndash32 {Died prior to 1872{?} known as White Savage, the son of Simon Girty, was the leader of a band of Potawatomi The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. S. aligned Ho-Chunk, Menominee, and Potawatomi		 500 warriors
1,000 civilians
Casualties and losses
at least 60 KIA (including non-combatants) 450-600

The Black Hawk War was fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other Non-combatant is a military and legal term describing Civilians not engaged in combat The war was named for Black Hawk, a war chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, whose British Band fought against the United States Army and militia from Illinois and the Michigan Territory (present-day Wisconsin) for possession of lands in the area. Black Hawk or Black Sparrow Hawk ( Sauk Makataimeshekiakiak ( Mahkatewi-meši-kehkehkwa) "be a large black hawk" (1767 &ndash "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Black Hawk's Band of 1832, commonly referred to as the " British Band " was a group of Native Americans which fought against Illinois State The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Michigan Territory was an Organized territory of the United States in the early 19th century between June 30, 1805 and January 26 Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States

Contents

Background

Following the Fox Wars in the western Great Lakes and Detroit regions, the remaining Sauk and Fox sought refuge together in lands further west, extending north from the Wisconsin River to the Illinois River in the south. The Fox Wars were two wars between the Fox Indians and the French (mainly through their Indian allies which occurred in modern Michigan and Wisconsin The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. The Wisconsin River is a Tributary of the Mississippi River in the U The Illinois River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 273 miles (439 km long in the U Other settlements were established north of the Missouri River. These lands were the area that Black Hawk and his band viewed as their homeland in 1832. The Sauk's main village, Saukenuk, was established in the mid-18th century. The Black Hawk State Historic Site, in Rock Island Illinois, occupies much of the historic site of the village of Saukenuk, the home of a band of Native Americans Black Hawk was born there in 1767 and lived much of his life in the village. [1]

In 1804, William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory (which then included what would become Illinois), negotiated a treaty in St. Louis, Missouri with a group of Sauk and Fox leaders, in which they ceded lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for $1,000 per year and the condition that the tribes could continue to reside there until the land was surveyed and sold by the U. This article is about the general and president For his great-great-grandson see William H A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Indiana Territory was an Organized territory of the United States from 1800 to 1816 created by Act of Congress and signed into law by President Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States S. government. [2] It was Article 2 which ceded the land to the United States "forever," and raised the ire of the Sauk and Fox tribes. [1][2] This treaty was subsequently disputed by Black Hawk and other members of the tribes, since the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede lands. [1] After the War of 1812, in which Black Hawk had fought against the U. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies S. , he signed a peace treaty in May 1816 that re-affirmed the treaty of 1804, a provision of which Black Hawk later protested ignorance. While Black Hawk was away during the War of 1812, Keokuk had risen in prominence, and the two men became rivals. Keokuk (1767–1848 was a chief of the Sauk or Sac tribe in central North America noted for his policy of cooperation with the U [1]

The white population of Illinois exploded after the War of 1812, exceeding 50,000 in 1820 and 150,000 in 1830. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. In 1825, thirteen Sauk and six Fox signed another agreement re-affirming the 1804 treaty. In 1828, the U. S. government liaison, Thomas Forsyth, informed the tribes that they should begin vacating their settlements east of the Mississippi. Major Thomas Forsyth ( December 5, 1771 - October 29, 1833) was a 19th century American frontiersman and trader who served as a U [1]

On July 15, 1830, U. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display S. Indian Commissioner William Clark signed another treaty with Sauk and Fox leaders, among other tribes, at Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. William Clark may refer to;Politics William Clark (explorer (1770–1838 American soldier and explorer governor of Missouri Territory Fort Crawford was an outpost of the United States Army located in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin during the 19th Century. Prairie du Chien is a city in and the County seat of Crawford County, Wisconsin, United States. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States [3] The treaty ceded about 26,500,000 acres (107,000 km²) of Sauk land east of the Mississippi to the government of the United States. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. It also created a "Neutral Ground" boundary between the Sauk and Foxes and their traditional enemies, the Sioux, for the purpose of preventing future hostilities between the tribes. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people The treaty was signed by Keokuk, and in November 1830 was approved by the Dakota Sioux. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people [4]

Trigger

The "Treaty House" was the exact location Chief Keokuk and General Winfield Scott signed a treaty to end the Black Hawk War in 1832. The house has since been moved from its original location. The house was completed in 1833 by Antoine LeClaire.
The "Treaty House" was the exact location Chief Keokuk and General Winfield Scott signed a treaty to end the Black Hawk War in 1832. Keokuk (1767–1848 was a chief of the Sauk or Sac tribe in central North America noted for his policy of cooperation with the U Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate The house has since been moved from its original location. The house was completed in 1833 by Antoine LeClaire. Antoine LeClaire was the principal founder of Davenport Iowa.

The land ceded in the treaty included the village of Saukenuk, but Black Hawk did not sanction the sale of this land and was determined to remain in the village. [1][2] Despite opposition by Keokuk and the US authorities, Black Hawk's band returned to Saukenok in 1830 following their winter hunting. Keokuk (1767–1848 was a chief of the Sauk or Sac tribe in central North America noted for his policy of cooperation with the U [1] After a year of tension, they returned again in 1831, and Illinois Governor John Reynolds proclaimed it an "invasion of the state. The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction as prescribed in the John Reynolds ( February 26 1788 May 8 1865) was a United States Politician from the state of Illinois. "[1]

Responding to Governor Reynolds's call, General Edmund Pendleton Gaines brought his federal troops from St. Louis, Missouri to Saukenuk to insist upon Black Hawk's immediate departure. Edmund Pendleton Gaines ( March 20, 1777 – June 6, 1849) was a United States army officer who served with distinction during the [1] Black Hawk departed but soon returned, without bloodshed, west across the Mississippi, threatened by Gaines' troops and an additional 1,400 militia called up by Reynolds on June 25, 1831. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a [1] On June 30, Black Hawk and the chiefs of the "British Band" were forced to sign a surrender agreement in which they promised to remain west of the Mississippi. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Black Hawk's Band of 1832, commonly referred to as the " British Band " was a group of Native Americans which fought against Illinois State [1]

On 5 April 1832, chafing under the rule of Keokuk, Black Hawk and his group of 1,000, called the "British band," returned to Illinois. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian [1] Ho-Chunk prophet White Cloud contributed to the outbreak of war by promising Black Hawk the support of the Ho-Chunk Nation, when in fact he could only speak for his tribe. This article is about the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago prophet see White Cloud for other people places and things of that name The Ho-Chunk, or Winnebago (as they are commonly called are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. [5] Black Hawk was also misled by another ally, Neapope, who promised British aid. Neapope ( Na-pope meaning "Broth" in the Sauk language) was a spiritual leader of the Sauk tribe and advisor to Black Hawk [5] Reynolds issued a proclamation on 16 April, mustering five brigades of volunteers to form at Beardstown and to head north to force Black Hawk out of Illinois. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom A brigade is a Military unit Echelon: is Beardstown is a city in Cass County, Illinois, United States. Although one-half of all federal troops from the United States Army were eventually involved in the conflict, the 9,000 soldiers from the Illinois Militia provided the majority of U. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. S. combatants. [6]

Black Hawk's British Band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1,000 old men, women and children when they crossed the Mississippi on April 5. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop [7][8] The group comprised members of the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo Nations. "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes They crossed the Mississippi near the mouth of the Iowa River and then followed the Rock River northeast. The Iowa River is a Tributary of the Mississippi River in the state of Iowa in the United States. Along the way they passed the ruins of Saukenuk and headed for the village of Ho-Chunk prophet White Cloud. [8]

Brevet Brigadier General Henry Atkinson was given charge for prosecuting the war. Henry Atkinson (1782 &ndash June 14 1842) was a US army officer [9] Federal authorities, along with Sauk and Fox tribal councils, ordered Black Hawk and his band to retreat west of the Mississippi, but they refused to leave. [7] Soon after, Black Hawk conferred with the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi tribes and learned that none of the Illinois or Michigan tribes, or the British, would aid his band. The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi, among many variations) are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. [7]

Chronology

Hostilities begin

Main article: Battle of Stillman's Run
An 1854 artist's depiction of the Battle of Stillman's Run.
An 1854 artist's depiction of the Battle of Stillman's Run. The Battle of Stillman's Run, also known as the Battle of Sycamore Creek or the Battle of Old Man's Creek, occurred on May 14 1832 The Battle of Stillman's Run, also known as the Battle of Sycamore Creek or the Battle of Old Man's Creek, occurred on May 14 1832

On 9 May, a small Illinois militia battalion began the pursuit of Black Hawk from the army's point of rendezvous on the Rock River at Dixon. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Dixon is a city in Lee County, Illinois, United States. The population was 15941 at the 2000 census [10] On May 10, 1832 the state militia burned the Prophet's Village, upon hearing of this Black Hawk decided to return, with his band, to Iowa. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Prophetstown is a city in Whiteside County, Illinois, United States. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Ensuing events at Stillman's Run prevented this; the Black Hawk War had begun. Stillman Creek, also known during different eras as Mud Creek, Old Man's Creek, Sycamore Creek, and Stillman's Run, is part of the [7]

Major Isaiah Stillman commanded the Illinois Militia troops present at Stillman's Run.
Major Isaiah Stillman commanded the Illinois Militia troops present at Stillman's Run. Cavalry Major Isaiah Stillman (1793&ndash 15 April 1861) led Illinois Militia in the first armed confrontation of the Black Stillman Creek, also known during different eras as Mud Creek, Old Man's Creek, Sycamore Creek, and Stillman's Run, is part of the

The first named confrontation of the Black Hawk War occurred on May 14, 1832 and resulted in an unexpected victory for Black Hawk's band of Sauk and Fox warriors over the disorganized militia under the command of Isaiah Stillman. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Cavalry Major Isaiah Stillman (1793&ndash 15 April 1861) led Illinois Militia in the first armed confrontation of the Black [11] After a long march (the militia was mounted and followed by several supply wagons) the white militia finally came into contact with Black Hawk and his warriors north of the Kishwaukee River near present day Stillman Valley. The Kishwaukee River, sometimes locally known as simply "The Kish" is a river in the U Stillman Valley is a village in Marion Township, Ogle County, Illinois, United States. When the militia killed a member of a three-man parley that had been sent by Black Hawk, he rallied 40 mounted warriors and attacked the militia camp at dusk. Parley (parli or parlei is a discussion or conference, especially one between enemies over terms of Truce or other matters [11] Although the militia numbered around 275 men, cohesion rapidly collapsed, and they fled to Dixon's Ferry, some 35 miles (56 km) away. Dixon's Ferry was the former name for Dixon, Illinois, United States. [12] During the melee 11 militia men under the command of John Giles Adams were killed. John Giles Adams ( December 2 1792 &ndash May 14 1832) was a Cavalry officer in the Illinois Militia during the Black [13]

Soon after the Battle of Stillman's Run, at present-day Stillman Valley, the exaggerated claim that 2,000 "bloodthirsty warriors . . . sweeping all Northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction" sent shock waves of terror through the region. [10] After this initial skirmish, Black Hawk led many of the civilians in his band to the Michigan Territory. Michigan Territory was an Organized territory of the United States in the early 19th century between June 30, 1805 and January 26 [10] On 19 May, the militia traveled up the Rock River trailing and searching for Black Hawk and his band. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and [10] Several small skirmishes and massacres ensued over the next month in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin before the milita was able to regain public confidence in battles at Horseshoe Bend and Waddams Grove. Waddams Grove, previously known as Wadam's, Waddam's Grove, and Sada, is an Unincorporated community in the Stephenson County [14]

Massacres and skirmishes

After the first engagement of the war several small skirmishes and "massacres" ensued. On May 19, 1832 a six-man detail carrying dispatches from Colonel James M. Strode was ambushed by a party of Kickapoo near the settlement of Buffalo Grove, Illinois in Ogle County. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian James M Strode ( fl. 1827&ndash1848 was a militia officer and politician from the U The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes Buffalo Grove is an Unincorporated community in the Ogle County township of Buffalo, Illinois, USA. Ogle County is a County located in the US state of Illinois. As of 2000 the population was 51032 [15] The ambush had one victim, William Durley, who was later buried in the spot he fell by Felix St. Vrain and his party as it was en route to Galena. Felix St Vrain ( March 23, 1799 &ndash May 24, 1832) was a United States Indian agent who was killed during the Black Hawk War Galena is the largest city in and County seat of Jo Daviess County, Illinois in the United States with an estimated population of 3396 [16][17][18] Two others present at the attack had bullet holes through articles of clothing but neither was injured. [15] In 1910 a memorial to the Buffalo Grove ambush and William Durely was erected by the Polo, Illinois Historical Society. The Buffalo Grove ambush was an Ambush that occurred on May 19 1832 as part of the Black Hawk War. Polo is a city in Ogle County, Illinois, United States. The population was 2477 at the 2000 census At that time Durley's remains were reinterred beneath the memorial. [19]

The grave of U.S. Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain is located beneath a monument in Kellogg's Grove, Illinois.
The grave of U. S. Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain is located beneath a monument in Kellogg's Grove, Illinois. Felix St Vrain ( March 23, 1799 &ndash May 24, 1832) was a United States Indian agent who was killed during the Black Hawk War Kellogg's Grove is an area in western Stephenson County Illinois, United States near the present-day unincorporated town of Kent.

One of the Black Hawk War's most famous and well publicized events is also considered a peripheral event that was not directly connected to the war or Black Hawk and his "British Band. "[20] The Indian Creek massacre occurred two days after the incident in Buffalo, following a dispute between a local settler and a Potawatomi warrior over the damming of nearby Indian Creek. The Indian Creek massacre occurred on May 21 1832 when a group of settlers living north of Ottawa, Illinois, United States along Indian Creek were attacked by The young Potawatomi warrior, Keewasee, recruited a band of warriors and attacked the William Davis settlement along the bank of the creek. Keewassee (prior to 1832 &ndash c 1834 was a member of the Potawatomi and leader of the group of Potawatomi warriors responsible for the Indian Creek Massacre, [21] The attack resulted in the brutal murders of 15 men, women and children, most of whom were unarmed, though it is possible Davis may have killed one assailant before being felled himself. [21] The dead were scalped and mutilated. [22] In addition two teenage girls were kidnapped and held until they were ransomed almost two weeks later, and released at Fort Blue Mounds. [22][23] Events surrounding the release of the girls would lead to two attacks at the fort in June. [24] The incident at Indian Creek triggered panic in the white population and many settlers fled to the safety of local forts while the Illinois Militia used the massacre to help lift recruiting in Illinois and Kentucky. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. [25][20] The same day as the massacre at the Indian Creek settlement, a settlement on the Plum River was raided by a party of Sauk or Fox warriors. The Plum River raid was a bloodless skirmish that occurred at present-day Savanna Illinois, on May 21 1832 as part of the Black Hawk War. Though the battle was bloodless, it was one of many incidents that contributed to the atmosphere of fear. [26]

The St. Vrain massacre, another of the small skirmishes after Stillman's Run, occurred near present-day Pearl City, Illinois in Kellogg's Grove on May 24, 1832. The St Vrain massacre (although not a massacre by the correct definition of the word was an incident in the Black Hawk War. Pearl City is a village in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. Kellogg's Grove is an area in western Stephenson County Illinois, United States near the present-day unincorporated town of Kent. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian The massacre was most likely perpetrated by Ho-Chunk warriors who were unaffiliated with Black Hawk's band of warriors. The Ho-Chunk, or Winnebago (as they are commonly called are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. [18] It is also unlikely that the group of Ho-Chunk had the sanction of their nation. [18] The massacre left United States Indian Agent Felix St. History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U Vrain and three of his companions dead. Some accounts indicated that St. Vrain's body was subjected to mutilation, and at least one asserted it happened while he was still alive. [16][27]

The massacre led to unwarranted fear of all Native Americans in the area, even those friendly to the settlers' cause. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States [18] One example of this appeared in an article published in the New Galenian on May 30, 1832. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian While the article described the events of the massacre it also went on to associate the murders of St. Vrain and his companions with the Sauk and Fox of Keokuk's band. "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. Keokuk (1767–1848 was a chief of the Sauk or Sac tribe in central North America noted for his policy of cooperation with the U [18] Following these skirmishes and massacres, the governor recruited additional militia forces, raising the number to 4,000. [28]

Cholera epidemic

"Old Fuss and Feathers," Winfield Scott as he appeared in his younger years.
"Old Fuss and Feathers," Winfield Scott as he appeared in his younger years. Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate

On May 27 and May 28, their one month enlistment being expired, Reynolds mustered the first of the militia out of service. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling [10] The federal government then ordered General Winfield Scott's 1,000 regulars and 300 mounted volunteers into action. Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate [10] For the moment it looked as though Atkinson's role in the war would end soon, but a cholera epidemic struck much of the United States. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium Winfield Scott's troops would bring it over from the east into Illinois.

General Scott assembled a force of about 1,000 federal troops. [29] They embarked on boats from Buffalo, New York, making their way towards Chicago. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. To wide-spread horror, cholera was reported among the troops. [30][29] The expedition was doomed. Troops became ill, and many of them died. At each place the vessels landed, the sick were deposited and soldiers deserted. [30]

Efforts to prevent the immediate spread of the illness into the population of the towns the expedition passed were largely successful as only 3 civilians died in the initial outbreak. [29] However, later, in 1833 a larger-scale cholera epidemic affected large regions of the United States, its roots can be traced to the Scott expedition. [31] By the time the expedition landed in Chicago, there were less than two hundred effective troops left. [30] Scott felt the need to cancel his plans for an immediate march into the war zone. Instead he waited for reinforcements, supplies, and tended to his stricken men. Winfield Scott arrived too late for military action, but he played an important part in drafting the terms of peace. [32]

More raids

A present-day image of the area where the Spafford Farm massacre occurred.
A present-day image of the area where the Spafford Farm massacre occurred. The Spafford Farm massacre, also referred to as the Wayne massacre, was an attack upon U

Public confidence in the militia, eroded since the outbreak of hostilities at Stillman's Run, was still low when the month of June began. Small attacks and skirmishes continued to plague the frontier of southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Though Fort Blue Mounds, in present-day Dane County, Wisconsin near the village of Blue Mounds, was never the site of a full-fledged battle or skirmish there were war-related events near the fort between June 6 and June 20. Dane County is a county located in the US state of Wisconsin. Blue Mounds is a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. [33][34] The first event killed a civilian miner, and area residents suspected Ho-Chunk warriors were responsible. The Ho-Chunk, or Winnebago (as they are commonly called are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. This belief exacerbated the fear that more from the Ho-Chunk Nation were set to join Black Hawk's band against the white settlers in Michigan Territory and Illinois. Michigan Territory was an Organized territory of the United States in the early 19th century between June 30, 1805 and January 26 [35] The second incident was a full-fledged attack near Blue Mounds Fort by a raiding party estimated by eyewitnesses to be as large as 100 warriors. The attacks at Fort Blue Mounds were two separate incidents which occurred on June 6 and 20 1832 as part of the Black Hawk War. [35] Two members of the militia were killed in that attack, one of whom was badly mutilated and missing a "part" when his body was found. [35][36]

Another event, the Spafford Farm massacre, also known as the Wayne massacre, occurred on June 14, 1832 near present-day South Wayne, Wisconsin. The Spafford Farm massacre, also referred to as the Wayne massacre, was an attack upon U Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian South Wayne is a village in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, United States. A band of Native Americans attacked a group of 7 men working on the farm of Omri Spafford, 5 men, including Spafford, were killed. [37] Two men escaped, one of them killing an attacker before individually making their way to Fort Hamilton. [37] One of the men spent several days hiding in the forest because he was under the erroneous impression that the fort was being overtaken by friendly Menominee who had arrived around the same time. Some placenames use other spellings see also Menomonee and Menomonie. [38]

Renewed confidence

An 1857 painting of the battlefield at Horseshoe Bend.
An 1857 painting of the battlefield at Horseshoe Bend.

The second half of June 1832 brought more battle; this time the militia would be dominant. After Colonel Henry Dodge was informed of the massacre at Spafford Farm he set out for Fort Hamilton Arriving at Fort Hamilton on June 16, Dodge gathered a force of 29 mounted volunteers and set out in pursuit of the band of Kickapoo warriors responsible for the massacre. Henry Dodge ( October 12, 1782 June 19, 1867) was a Democratic member of the U Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. [39] They caught up with them at a bend in the Pecatonica River known as "Horseshoe Bend. The Pecatonica River is a tributary of the Rock River, 120 mi (193 km long in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois in the United States " The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was the first real victory for the militia and a major turning point in the conflict. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, also commonly referred to as the Battle of Pecatonica and the Battle of Bloody Lake, was fought on June 16 1832 at an Oxbow lake [40] The clash helped restore public confidence in the volunteer militia force. [41]

The Black Hawk War also included two clashes at Kellogg's Grove, in present-day Stephenson County, Illinois. Stephenson County is a County located in the US state of Illinois. The first battle took place the same day as Dodge's clash with the Kickapoo, on June 16, 1832, and was really nothing more than a minor skirmish. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian [42] Forces commanded by Adam W. Snyder fought with a band of about 80 Kickapoo warriors. Adam Wilson Snyder ( October 6 1799 - May 14 1842) was a US Representative from Illinois as well as a member of the Illinois [43] During the fighting three militia members were killed and six Kickapoo warriors died. [43]

The Battle of Waddams Grove, also called the Battle of Yellow Creek occurred on June 18, 1832 near Yellow Creek in present-day Stephenson County, Illinois. The Battle of Waddams Grove, also known as the Battle of Yellow Creek, took place in present-day Stephenson County Illinois on June 18 1832 Black Hawk War Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Yellow Creek is a tributary of the Pecatonica River in Stephenson County, in the U Stephenson County is a County located in the US state of Illinois. [35][41][43] The fight became a bloody battle with bayonets and knives. A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a Knife - Dagger - or spike-shaped Weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle Up to six Sauk, and three militia men under the command of James W. Stephenson were killed in action, while Stephenson was severely wounded during the battle by a musketball to the chest. James W Stephenson (1806&ndashAugust 1838 was an American Militia officer and politician from the state of Illinois. A musket is a muzzle -loaded Smoothbore Long gun, which is intended to be fired from the shoulder [44][35][41] The battle served to restore confidence in the militia within the population of the area, who were still afraid following the defeat at Stillman's Run. The dead militia men were eventually buried in a memorial cemetery in Kellogg's Grove, Illinois. [43]

The Battle of Apple River Fort commenced on June 24, 1832 at the hastily constructed Apple River Fort, near present-day Elizabeth, Illinois. The Battle of Apple River Fort, also known as the Siege of Apple River Fort, occurred on June 24 1832 at the hastily constructed Apple River Fort, in present-day Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Apple River Fort, today known as Apple River Fort State Historic Site, was one of many frontier forts hastily completed by settlers in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin Elizabeth is a village in eastern Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States. Approximately 150-200 Sauk and Fox warriors under the command of Black Hawk attacked the fort which was defended by about 25 militia. [45][46] The militia, under the command of Captain Clack Stone, was shorthanded during the battle as most of the fort's detachment were not present. Clack Stone ( fl. 1827&ndash1839 was a captain in the 27th Regiment Illinois Militia during the 1832 Black Hawk War. [47] Fierce fighting ensued for at least 45 minutes with both sides exchanging heavy gunfire. [7]

The second, and larger, Battle of Kellogg's Grove commenced on June 25, 1832 when forces commanded by Major John Dement met and fought with a large band of Native Americans at the grove. The Battle of Kellogg's Grove is either of two minor battles or skirmishes fought during the Black Hawk War in U Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian John Dement ( 26 April 1804 &ndash 16 January 1883) was a politician and militia commander from the U The Native forces, under the command of Black Hawk mounted an unrelenting attack during which 25 horses and five militia men were killed and at least of nine of Black Hawk's band died. [43]

On July 21, 1832 Illinois and Wisconsin militia men under the command of Generals Henry Dodge and James D. Henry caught up with Black Hawk's British Band near present-day Sauk City, Wisconsin. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian James D Henry (1797 &ndash March 5, 1834) was a Militia officer from the U Black Hawk's Band of 1832, commonly referred to as the " British Band " was a group of Native Americans which fought against Illinois State Sauk City is a village in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. [42][48] The clash became known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. The Battle of Wisconsin Heights was the penultimate engagement of the 1832 Black Hawk War, fought between the United States State militia and allies and the Militarily, the battle was devastating for Black Hawk's band of warriors; including those who drowned during the melee, casualty estimates climbed as high as 70. [42] Despite the relatively high casualties the battle did serve to allow much of the band, including many women and children, to escape across the Wisconsin River. The Wisconsin River is a Tributary of the Mississippi River in the U [42] The reprieve was temporary for the group of Sauk and Fox, the militia would eventually catch up with them at the mouth of the Bad Axe River resulting in the decisive battle of the war. The Bad Axe River is a short Tributary of the Mississippi River in southwestern Wisconsin in the United States.

Bad Axe

Main article: Battle of Bad Axe

The Battle of Bad Axe, also known as the Bad Axe Massacre, occurred 1–2 August, 1832, between Sauk (Sac) and Fox Indians and United States Army regulars and militia. The Bad Axe Massacre, also known as the Battle of Bad Axe, occurred 1&ndash2 August 1832 between Sauk (Sac and Fox Indians and United States This final battle of the Black Hawk War took place near present-day Victory, Wisconsin in the United States. It marked the end of the war between white settlers and militia in Illinois and Michigan Territory, and the Sauk and Fox tribes under Chief Black Hawk.

The battle occurred in the aftermath of the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, as Black Hawk's band fled the pursuing militia. The militia caught up with them on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River. The battle that followed was very one-sided; historians have been calling it a massacre since the 1850s. The fighting took place over two days, with the Warrior steamboat present on both days. By the second day, Black Hawk and most of the Native American commanders had fled, though many of the band stayed behind. The victory for the United States was decisive and the end of the war allowed much of Illinois and present-day Wisconsin to be opened for further settlement.

Aftermath

Military results

The Black Hawk War of 1832 resulted in the deaths of 70 settlers and soldiers, and hundreds of Black Hawk's band. [9] As well as the combat casualties of the war, a relief force under General Winfield Scott suffered hundreds dead and deserted. [30] The war also resulted in the settlement of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. It ended the threat of Native American attacks in northwest Illinois and allowed the region to be further settled. [49]

Political results

Abraham Lincoln, the future US president, served in Reynolds' militia during the time of the Black Hawk War, but never saw action. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal [42] Zachary Taylor, another future US president, commanded the troops under General Atkinson during the war. Zachary Taylor (November 24 1784 &ndash July 9 1850 was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. [42] Jefferson Davis, future president of the Confederacy, was on leave during most of the war but returned in time to escort the surrendered Black Hawk, son Whirling Thunder, Neapope, White Cloud and others to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri in September 1832. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The Jefferson Barracks Military Post, located on the Mississippi River at Lemay Missouri, which is just south of St Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee [42] Davis gave an interview in 1887 in which he indicated he was at the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, but this assertion today has been largely discredited. [50]

The Black Hawk War was similar to other frontier wars fought in the United States in that in provided a boost to several political careers. Besides the notable involvement of Lincoln and Davis, four Illinois governors served during the war: Thomas Ford, John Wood, Joseph Duncan and Thomas Carlin. Thomas Ford ( December 5, 1800 - November 3, 1850) was a Democrat and Governor of Illinois from 1842 to 1846 remembered John Wood ( December 20 1798 – June 11 1880) was Governor of Illinois, serving from 1860 to 1861 Joseph Duncan ( February 22 1794 January 15 1844) was a US Politician. Thomas Carlin ( July 18, 1789 – February 14, 1852) was Governor of Illinois, serving from 1838 to 1842 [9] The conflict also helped in the political careers of a future governor in both Michigan and Nebraska as well as boosting at least 7 U.S. Senators. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives [9] In 1836, Henry Dodge was appointed governor of the Wisconsin Territory. Wisconsin Territory became an Organized territory of the United States by an act of U [9]

Henry Atkinson, however, did not fare as well following the war and spent the last decade of his life at Jefferson Barracks in St. Henry Atkinson (1782 &ndash June 14 1842) was a US army officer Louis. [9] Most of those affiliated with the conflict, subordinates and superiors believed that Atkinson had handled the prosecution of the war badly. [9] U. S. President Andrew Jackson was looking for someone to blame for the conflict even as it was ongoing. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 After the war Congressional reports glossed over Atkinson's failings but privately others still criticized him. Zachary Taylor stated he believed that had Atkinson's regulars met with Black Hawk in the war's first battle instead of the militia under Isaiah Stillman the war could have ended without a single shot being fired. [9] Historians generally believe that a more decisive action by General Atkinson, charged with prosecuting the war, in stopping Black Hawk's Band from moving up the Rock River may have prevented the war. Zachary Taylor made similar observations shortly after the war ended. Zachary Taylor (November 24 1784 &ndash July 9 1850 was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. [51]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lewis, "Background. The Black Hawk Purchase, sometimes called the Forty-Mile Strip or Scott's Purchase, was a land acquisition made in what is now Iowa by the United States The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration of the United States Army which was first created in 1905 Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi The Sixty Years' War (1754&ndash1814 was a military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region in North America, encompassing a number of wars over several generations "
  2. ^ a b c Kappler, "Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, 1804. "
  3. ^ Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, etc., 1830, July 15, 1830, 7 Stat. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display , 328, Proclamation: February 24, 1831. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Retrieved 1 August 2007
  4. ^ Hurt, R. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Douglas, The Indian Frontier: 1763-1846 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002), pp. 176-7, (ISBN 0826319661).
  5. ^ a b Wisconsin State Historical Society, "April 6: The U. S. suspects Black Hawk is crossing the Mississippi. "
  6. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2A. Retrieved 6 August 2007. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  7. ^ a b c d e Harmet, "Apple River Fort," p. 13-13.
  8. ^ a b Lewis, "Introduction. "
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832", p. 2D.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Illinois State Military Museum, "Black Hawk War. "
  11. ^ a b Wisconsin State Historical Society, "May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run. "
  12. ^ "Battle of Sycamore Creek, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 6 August 2007. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  13. ^ "Major Isaiah Stillman," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, 2002, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 31 July 2007. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  14. ^ "James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 31 July 2007. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  15. ^ a b Kett, The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, p. 284.
  16. ^ a b Stevens, The Black Hawk War, pp. 169-171.
  17. ^ "Buffalo Grove," Polo Community High School, Lee/Ogle Regional Office of Education #47. Retrieved 30 July 2007. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  18. ^ a b c d e Wisconsin Historical Society, "The Killing of Felix St. Vrain. "
  19. ^ "William Durley Monument," Illinois Digital Archives, Illinois Secretary of State/State Librarian, to access (PDF) click access this item. Retrieved 30 July 2007. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  20. ^ a b Wisconsin State Historical Society, "May 21, Indian Creek, Ill. : Abduction of the Hall Sisters. "
  21. ^ a b McIntyre, "The Indian Creek Massacre. "
  22. ^ a b Barton, Albert O. "Echoes of the Black Hawk War" Wisconsin Magazine Of History, Vol. 16 Issue 4 (1932-1933). Retrieved 5 August 2007. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  23. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2B. Retrieved 6 August 2007. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  24. ^ Birmingham, Robert. "Uncovering the Story of Fort Blue Mounds," Wisconsin Magazine of History, Spring 2003. Retrieved 8 August 2007. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  25. ^ Matile, Roger. "U.S. Army, cholera mark end of Black Hawk War," Ledger-Sentinel (Oswego, Illinois), 14 June 2007. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved 5 August 2007. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  26. ^ Trask, Black Hawk, p. 197-198.
  27. ^ Matson, Nehemiah. Memories of Shaubena: With Incidents Relating to the Early Settlement of the West, (Google Books), D. Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans OCRs, and stores in its digital database B. Cooke & Co. , 1887, pp. 207-210. Retrieved 31 July 2007. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  28. ^ Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of the Great West, (Google Books), H. Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans OCRs, and stores in its digital database Howe: 1857, p. 298. Retrieved 5 August 2007. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  29. ^ a b c Wisconsin State Historical Society, "July 12: The Most Painful Situation Which Can Well Be Imagined. "
  30. ^ a b c d Wisconsin State Historical Society, "July 8, Fort Gratiot, Mich. : Cholera Strikes Down Gen. Winfield Scott's Army. "
  31. ^ Olson, Greg. "Plague on the Prairie" Illinois Heritage, February 2002. Retrieved 6 August 2007. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  32. ^ Nielsen, Lynn. "Theme 2: American Indians in Iowa," (PDF), University of Northern Iowa, Explorations in Iowa History Project, 2003. Compiled from: Sage, Leland L. A History of Iowa, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa: 1974, (ISBN 0813807166).
  33. ^ Adams, Barry. "Rounding up its rich past," Wisconsin State Journal, Capital Newspapers. Retrieved 31 July 2007. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  34. ^ Beaouchard, Edward D. Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, "Edward D. Beaouchard's Vindication," Wisconsin State Historical Society, pp. 293-294. Retrieved 31 July 2007. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  35. ^ a b c d e Trask, Black Hawk, pp. 220-221.
  36. ^ Smith, William Rudolph. The History of Wisconsin, (Google Books), 1854, B. Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans OCRs, and stores in its digital database Brown, p. 213. Retrieved 1 August 2007. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  37. ^ a b Butterfield,History of LaFayette County, Wisconsin, p. 599.
  38. ^ Wakefield, John Allen; Stevens, Frank Everett, ed. History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians, in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and Thirty-Two; Reprinted as: Wakefield's History of the Black Hawk War, Original Publication: Jacksonville, Ill. : Calvin Goudy, 1834. Reprint Publication: Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1908, Chapter 4, Section 70. Retrieved 1 August 2007. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  39. ^ Trask, Black Hawk, pp. 233-237.
  40. ^ "June 16: Henry Dodge Describes The Battle of the Pecatonica," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 14 August 2007. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  41. ^ a b c Carter, "Captain Stephenson's Fight. "
  42. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2C Retrieved 1 August 2007. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  43. ^ a b c d e Dameier, "Kellogg's Grove. "
  44. ^ "James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 31 July 2007. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  45. ^ "Apple River Fort," Historic Sites, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved August 7, 2007. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  46. ^ Marshall, Janet A. and Marshall, Mary K. , Black Hawk's War 1832, 1997, pp. 90-94.
  47. ^ "May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 6 August 2007. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  48. ^ Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed. A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co. , 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via The State of Wisconsin Collection, University of Wisconsin.
  49. ^ "The Driftless Area: An Inventory of the Regions Resources," 2000, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 8 August 2007. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  50. ^ "April 20: Jefferson Davis in the Black Hawk War," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Interview originally published: Aldrich, Charles. "Jefferson Davis and Black Hawk. " The Midland Monthly, Vol 5, No. 5 May 1896, pp. 408-409. Retrieved 1 August 2007. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  51. ^ Trask, Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America, pp. 152–156.

References

External links

The Black Hawk War of 1832, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries

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