Black British
From top left: Paul Boateng, Naomi Campbell, Diane Abbott, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje
Total population
1. Paul Yaw Boateng (born 14 June 1951 is a British Labour Party Politician. Naomi Campbell (born 22 May 1970 is an English model, Singer, Author, Actress, and Fashion designer. Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953 in Paddington, London, England) is a British Labour Party Member of Parliament Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje (born 22 August 1967 is an English Actor, Solicitor and former male fashion model. 5 Million 1. 9% of the UK's population see Demographics of the United Kingdom for most recent estimates
Regions with significant populations
London, West Midlands, Greater Manchester, Sheffield, West Yorkshire, Bristol, East Midlands,Leeds
Languages
English, Caribbean English, African languages, others
Religions
Christianity, Islam, Rastafarian others

See also: British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British

Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. According to the 2001 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 58789194 - the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and metropolitan London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London The East Midlands is one of the Regions of England and consists of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Caribbean English is a broad term for the dialects of the English language spoken in the Caribbean, most countries on the Caribbean coast of Central America There are an estimated 2000 Languages spoken in Africa. About a hundred of these are widely used for inter-ethnic communication Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament The British African Caribbean community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa Historically it has been used to refer to any non-white British national. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. United Kingdom national (less formally British national) is a term used differently in various United Kingdom Acts of Parliament. The term was first used at the end of the British Empire, when several major colonies formally gained independence and thereby created a new form of national identity. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered The term was at that time (1950s) used mainly to describe those from the former colonies of India, Africa, and the Caribbean, i. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. e. the New Commonwealth. The term New Commonwealth was commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s to refer to members of the Commonwealth of Nations that had joined in recent years In some circumstances the word "Black" still signifies all ethnic minority populations. ^[1]

More recently it has come to define a British resident with specifically Sub-Saharan African ancestral origins, who self identifies, or is identified, as "Black", African or African-Caribbean. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse The British African Caribbean community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa Black Britons also emigrate from other countries, such as Brazil (see Brazilian British) and the USA (see African American British). |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld This article is about British people of Brazilian descent For Brazilian people of British descent see English Brazilian, Scottish Brazilian The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Currently, Black British is used by the British authorities to mean UK passport holders of African or African-Caribbean origin (e. g. the usage of the Commission for Racial Equality). The Commission for Racial Equality (CRE was a Non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom which aimed to tackle Racial discrimination and promote

Contents 1 Use of term 1.1 African British 1.2 Historical usage: Sierra Leone 2 History 2.1 Roman to medieval times 2.2 Since the advent of transatlantic slavery 2.3 Twentieth century 2.4 Historically significant Black Britons 3 Demographics 4 Culture 4.1 Black British music 5 Notable Black Britons 6 Difficulties 7 See also 7.1 Groups included in "Black British" 7.2 Black groups outside Britain 7.3 Relevant lists 8 References

Use of term

Historically, the term has most commonly been used to refer to those of New Commonwealth origin. The term New Commonwealth was commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s to refer to members of the Commonwealth of Nations that had joined in recent years For example, Southall Black Sisters was established in 1979 "to meet the needs of black (Asian and African-Caribbean) women" ^[2]. Southall Black Sisters is a non-profit organisation based in Southall, West London UK (Note that "Asian" in the British context means from South Asia only. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka ) "Black" was used in this inclusive political sense^[3] to mean "not white British" - the main groups in the 1970s were from the British West Indies and the Indian subcontinent, but solidarity against racism extended the term to the Irish population of Britain as well ^[4][5]. " White British " was a racially -based classification used by the 2001 census. The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Irish migration to Britain (also known as the Br[[Irish people|irish]]) has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of and complex relationship between Several organisations continue to use the term inclusively, such as the Black Arts Alliance^[6], who extend their use of the term to Latin America and all refugees^[7], and the National Black Police Association^[8]. The National Black Police Association (NBPA is an organisation founded in November 1999, which seeks to improve the working environment of black and other ethnic minority (BME This is unlike the official British Census definition which adheres to the clear distinction between "British South Asians" and "British Blacks". The United Kingdom has taken a Census of its population every ten years since 1801 with the exception of 1941 ( during the Second World War) ^[9] Note that because of the Indian diaspora and especially Idi Amin's expulsion of Asians from Uganda in 1972, many British Asians come from families that have spent several generations in the British West Indies or East Africa, so not everyone born in, or with roots in, the Caribbean or Africa can be assumed to be "black" in the exclusive sense^[10]; Lord Alli is a good example. A non-resident Indian (NRI is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country a person of Indian origin who is born outside India or a person of On 4 August 1972, Idi Amin, President of Uganda, gave Uganda's 50000 Asians (mostly Gujaratis of Indian origin 90 days British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. Waheed Alli Baron Alli (born November 16, 1964) is a British multimillionaire media entrepreneur and politician

African British

The term "African British" has grown in popularity as an expression used to describe Black British people of specifically African ancestry. In 2005, a poll conducted by Blacknet revealed that African British was the most popular term (40%) for referring to people of African descent in the United Kingdom. Also in a poll carried out by Afford (African Foundation for Development), 50% of respondents agreed that African British should be the term adopted. ^[11]. There is some confusion as to the use of the term between using it as an alternative to Afro-Caribbean or as a term only for British people of direct African descent, who have no family connection with the Caribbean or indeed America. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America

In the more inclusive sense, "Black British" is being used to mean "non-white British". In the more common, restrictive sense it is a synonym for "African British".

Historical usage: Sierra Leone

Black British was also an identity of Black people in Sierra Leone (known as the Krio) who considered themselves British. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. The Sierra Leone Creole (or Krios) are an Ethnic group in Sierra Leone, they are descendants of freed slaves from the West Indies, freed The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located They are generally the descendants of black people who lived in England in the 18th century and freed Black American slaves who fought for the Crown in the American Revolutionary War (see also Black Loyalists). In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" A Black Loyalist or African American Loyalist was a formerly enslaved African American or Free Negro who escaped to the British during the In 1787, hundreds of London's Black poor (a category which included the East Indian seamen known as lascars) agreed to go to this West African country on the condition that they would retain the status of British subjects, to live in freedom under the protection of the British Crown and be defended by the Royal Navy. Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was a charitable organization founded in London in 1786 to provide sustenance for distressed people of African and Lascar, though rarely used now was once the name used to describe a Sailor from India or other countries East of the Cape of Good Hope, employed on In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Making this fresh start with them were many white people, including girlfriends, wives and widows of the black men^[12].

History

Roman to medieval times

The history of African people in Britain goes back at least two thousand years to the soldiers of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In Historia Regum Britanniae, Book IX , Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. The Historia Regum Britanniae ( English: The History of the Kings of Britain) is a pseudohistorical account of British history Geoffrey of Monmouth ( Gruffudd ap Arthur or Sieffre o Fynwy) (c 1100 – c. 1155) describes how the Anglo-Saxons defeated the inhabitants of Britain with the help of Gormund, at the head of an army of Africans. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south However, as this is probably a reference to a Vandal ruler of North Africa,^[13] it is hard to assess to what extent these people can be regarded as "Black", given the fact that the Vandals originated as a Germanic tribe who merged with the population of North Africa. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic

In late medieval times, black people occasionally made their way to the country as traders from sea-faring countries such as Zanzibar, as well other places in the Middle East and North Africa. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The most likely new arrivals back then would have been the Moors who were already settled in the Iberian Peninsula. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra One such example is someone who settled briefly in Scotland and was known as Black Morrow, Morrow being a Scottish version of Moor. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Black Morrow is the name given to a Moor who briefly lived near Kirkcudbright in Galloway, Scotland. Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. Shakespeare based Othello around the mixed race marriage of a Moor to a white woman. William Shakespeare ( baptised The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races.

Since the advent of transatlantic slavery

The involvement of merchants from the British Isles in the transatlantic slave trade was the most important factor in the development of the Black British community. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World These communities flourished in port cities strongly involved in the slave trade, such as Liverpool (from 1730)^[14] and Bristol. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London

The legality of slavery in England had been questioned following the Cartwright decision of 1569, when it was "resolved that England was too pure an air for a slave to breathe in. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland " From the early eighteenth century, there are records of slave sales and various attempts to capture Africans described as escaped slaves. The issue was not legally contested until the Somerset case of 1772, which concerned James Somersett, a fugitive black slave from Virginia. Somersett's Case ( R v Knowles ex parte Somersett) is a famous judgment of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772 which held that Slavery James Somerset or Somersett was a young African American slave who was purchased by Charles Stuart in Virginia in 1749 The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Chief Justice Mansfield (whose own presumed great-niece Dido was of mixed race) concluded that Somersett could not be forced to leave England against his will. William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield PC ( 2 March 1705 &ndash 20 March 1793) was a British Judge and Politician Dido Elizabeth Belle (1761-1804 (or Dido Elizabeth Belle Lindsay) was an illegitimate daughter of John Lindsay and an African slave woman known only as (See generally, Slavery at common law. Slavery at common law refers to the legal status of Slavery and the Slave trade under the system of Law used in England and adopted by its former colonies )

The Black Londoners, encouraged by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, decided to immigrate to Sierra Leone to found the first British colony in Africa. The Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was a charitable organization founded in London in 1786 to provide sustenance for distressed people of African and Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. They demanded that their status as British subjects be recognised, along with the duty of the Royal Navy to defend them. In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)

The number of people in Britain with African origins was relatively small, though there were significant communities of South Asians, especially East Indian seamen known as lascars. Lascar, though rarely used now was once the name used to describe a Sailor from India or other countries East of the Cape of Good Hope, employed on However, the links established through the British Empire led to increased population movement and immigration. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term

In a famous case, an Indian Briton, Dadabhai Naoroji, stood for election to parliament for the Liberal Party in 1886. Dadabhai Naoroji ( September 6, 1825 &ndash June 30, 1917) was a Parsi intellectual educator cotton trader and an early Indian The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party He was defeated, leading the leader of the Conservative Party, Lord Salisbury to remark that "however great the progress of mankind has been, and however far we have advanced in overcoming prejudice, I doubt if we have yet got to the point of view where a British constituency would elect a black man". Leaders of the UK Conservative Party since 1834 Background Until 1922 there was no formal "Leader of the Conservative Party" "Lord Salisbury" redirects here For other holders of the title see Marquess of Salisbury. ^[15] This led to much discussion about the applicability of the term "black" to South Asians. Naoroji was subsequently elected to parliament in 1892, becoming the first Member of Parliament (MP) of Indian descent. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament.

Twentieth century

Before the Second World War, the largest Black communities were to be found in Britain's great port cities: London's East End, Liverpool, Bristol and Cardiff, with other communities in South Shields in Tyne & Wear and Glasgow. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales. South Shields is a coastal town in Tyne and Wear, England, located at the mouth of the River Tyne. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom The South Shields community (mostly South Asians and Yemenis) were victims of the UK's first race riot in 1919. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. ^[16] Soon all the other towns with significant non-white communities were also hit by race riots which spread across the Anglo-Saxon world. The word Anglosphere describes a concept of a group of Anglophone ( English -speaking nations which share historical political and cultural characteristics rooted At this time, on Australian insistence, the British refused to accept the Racial Equality Proposal put forward by the Japanese at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Australian soldiers placed themselves in the front of the attacks on the Black community in Butetown, Cardiff. Butetown (or The Docks) is a district in the south of the City of Cardiff, Wales. Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales.

It was in the period after the Second World War, however, that the largest influx of black people occurred, mostly from the British West Indies. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. This migration event is often labelled "Windrush", a reference to the Empire Windrush, the ship that carried the first major group of Caribbean migrants to Britain in 1948. The Empire Windrush was a Ship that is an important part of the history of Multiracialism in the United Kingdom. ^[17] "Caribbean" is itself not one ethnic or political identity; for example, some of this wave of immigrants were Indo-Caribbean. Indo-Caribbean people or Indo-Caribbeans are people with roots in the Indian subcontinent who reside in the Caribbean. The most widely used term then used was "West Indian" (or sometimes "coloured"); "Black British" did not come into widespread use until the second generation were born to these post-war immigrants to the country. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Although British by nationality, due to friction between them and the white majority, they were often being born into communities that were relatively closed, creating the roots of what would become a distinct Black British identity.

Since the 1980s, the majority of black immigrants into the country have come directly from Africa, in particular, Nigeria and Ghana in West Africa, Kenya in East Africa, and Zimbabwe and South Africa in Southern Africa. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics. Nigerians and Ghanaians have been especially quick to accustom themselves to British life, with young Nigerians and Ghanaians achieving some of the best results at GCSE and A-Level. The General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) is the name of an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject generally taken in a number of subjects by The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, The rate of inter-racial marriage between British citizens born in Africa and native Britons is still fairly low, compared to those from the Caribbean. Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children This might change over time as Africans become more part of mainstream British culture as second and third generation African communities become established. The culture of the United Kingdom &mdash British culture &mdashrefers to the patterns of human activity and Symbolism associated with the British people and

Historically significant Black Britons

Well-known Black Britons living before the twentieth century include:

• The Chartist William Cuffay
• William Davidson, executed as a Cato Street conspirator. Olaudah Equiano ( c 1745 &ndash 31 March 1797) also known as Gustavus Vassa, was one of the most prominent people of African heritage involved The twentieth century of the Common Era began on For chartism in financial markets see Technical analysis, and for the British socialist journal see Chartist (magazine Chartism was William Cuffay ( 1788 - 1870) was a Chartist leader in early Victorian London. The Cato Street Conspiracy was an attempt to murder all the British cabinet ministers and Prime Minister Lord Liverpool in 1820
• Olaudah Equiano (also called Gustavus Vassa). Olaudah Equiano ( c 1745 &ndash 31 March 1797) also known as Gustavus Vassa, was one of the most prominent people of African heritage involved He was a former slave who bought his freedom, moved to England, and settled in Soham, Cambridgeshire, where he married and wrote an autobiography. Manumission is the act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner Soham is a small Town in the English county of Cambridgeshire. History Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of some of the earliest known Neolithic permanent settlement in the United Kingdom, along with sites at Fengate He passed away in 1797.
• Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, pioneer of the slave narrative
• Ignatius Sancho, a grocer who also acquired a reputation as a man of letters. Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (born ca 1705 - 1775 was a freed Slave and autobiographer The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the experience of enslaved Africans in Britain and the its colonies. Ignatius Sancho ( c 1729-14 December 1780 was a Composer, Actor, and Writer. An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking,

Demographics

See also: Demographics of the United Kingdom

Since the 2001 census the population of the black community has risen, with large-scale migration from Africa, particularly from Nigeria, Ghana, Angola and The Congo. According to the 2001 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 58789194 - the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and metropolitan During 2001 population Censuses were conducted in Australia: See Census in Australia Austria: See Demographics of Austria Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to

In 2005, black people made up 3. 4% of the population of the UK. While this is a lower percentage than that of the United States (12. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 9%), it is higher than the proportion in Canada (2. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 0%). However, as the population of the USA, UK and Canada vary by an order of magnitude, the actual black populations are considerably different. An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it The black populations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are considerably smaller than that of England. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of As most blacks have arrived in the U. K. recently, Black British people have a much younger population pyramid than either African-Americans and the general British population. A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa According to the 2001 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 58789194 - the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and metropolitan This means that even if there was no more immigration, the Black British population would probably still continue to increase.

According to 2005 estimates, cities with large and significant Black communities are as follows (London boroughs included)^[18]. The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. The population of blacks in these areas may now be higher:

Large Black British Communities
Greater London		918,500
Birmingham Metro Area		176,700
Lambeth, Central London		65,800
Southwark, Central London		64,400
Lewisham, South East London		63,700
Croydon, South London		55,900
Newham, East London		55,400
Brent, North West London		54,300
Hackney, East London		51,300
Haringey, North London		47,200
Waltham Forest, East London		39,300
Greater Manchester		38,300
Redbridge, North East London		26,200
Leeds		21,000
Sheffield		17,300
Bristol		16,100
Wolverhampton		16,000
Hillingdon, West London		15,000
Liverpool		12,200
Coventry		11,800
Bradford		11,000
Sandwell		14,769

Cities with pop. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. The London Borough of Lambeth ( is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Inner London. The London Borough of Southwark ( is a London borough in south east London, England. The London Borough of Lewisham ( is a London borough in south-east London, England and forms part of Inner London. The London Borough of Croydon ( is a London borough in South London, England and is part of Outer London. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. The London Borough of Brent ( is a London borough in north west London, UK and forms part of Outer London. The London Borough of Hackney ( is a London borough in North-East London and forms part of Inner London. The London Borough of Haringey (ˈhærɪŋgeɪ) is a Borough of North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in East London England and forms part of Outer London. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 The London Borough of Redbridge ( is a London borough in north east London, England and forms part of Outer London. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London The London Borough of Hillingdon ( is the westernmost Borough in Greater London, England. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Coventry ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in the County of West Midlands in England. Bradford ( lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. History of the Borough The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the County boroughs of Warley (associated with Worcestershire over 7 million London 10. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. 8% Over 1 million Birmingham 8. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um 4% Over 700,000 Leeds 2. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England 9% Over 500,000 Sheffield 3. Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England 4% Over 400,000 Manchester 7. 1% Bristol 4. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London 0% Liverpool 2. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary 8% Bradford 2. Bradford ( lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. 2% Over 300,000 Croydon 16. The London Borough of Croydon ( is a London borough in South London, England and is part of Outer London. 6% Coventry 7. Coventry ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in the County of West Midlands in England. 8% Cardiff 2. Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales. 7% Dudley 2. Dudley ( is a large town in the West Midlands, England, with a population of 194919. 2% Over 200,000 Lewisham 24. The London Borough of Lewisham ( is a London borough in south-east London, England and forms part of Inner London. 9% Hackney 24. The London Borough of Hackney ( is a London borough in North-East London and forms part of Inner London. 6% Lambeth 24. The London Borough of Lambeth ( is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Inner London. 2% Southwark 23. The London Borough of Southwark ( is a London borough in south east London, England. 9% Newham 22. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. 3% Haringey 20. The London Borough of Haringey (ˈhærɪŋgeɪ) is a Borough of North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by 9% Brent 20. The London Borough of Brent ( is a London borough in north west London, UK and forms part of Outer London. 0% Waltham Forest 17. The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in East London England and forms part of Outer London. 7% Redbridge 10. The London Borough of Redbridge ( is a London borough in north east London, England and forms part of Outer London. 4% Nottingham 6. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. 8%

Wolverhampton 6. 7% Hillingdon 6. The London Borough of Hillingdon ( is the westernmost Borough in Greater London, England. 0% Leicester 5. Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional 6% Milton Keynes 4. Milton Keynes ( ˌmɪltənˈkiːnz often abbreviated to MK, is a large town 5% Southampton 2. Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England 6% Derby 2. Derby (pronounced "dar-bee" /dˈɑːbɪ/ is a city in the East Midlands of England. 4% Brighton 2. Brighton ( is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbour Hove, forms the city of Brighton and Hove. 3% Medway 1. History The Medway area has a long and varied history dominated 9% Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England 5% Kingston-upon-Hull 1. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred 4% Stoke-on-Trent 1. Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England which forms a linear Conurbation almost 12 miles (19 4% Plymouth 0. Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. 3% Over 100,000 Luton 9. Luton ( is a large town in the east of England, 32 miles (51 kilometres north of London. 5% Slough 6. Slough ( ˈslaʊ is a Borough and Unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. 5% Reading 5. 7% Oxford 4. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, 2% Bedford 4. Bedford is the County town of Bedfordshire, England. It is a large town and the administrative centre for the Bedford borough 1% Northampton 3. This article is about Northampton in England for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation Northampton ( is a large Market 9% Cambridge 2. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England 9% Peterborough 2. History Early history Present-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its situation where the Nene 8% Huddersfield 2. Huddersfield ( is a large Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England, 190 miles (306km north 5% Basildon 2. Basildon (ˈbæzɪldən is a New Town located in south Essex, England at. 1% Preston 2. Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. 0% Chelmsford 1. Chelmsford is the county town of Essex, England and the principal settlement of the borough of Chelmsford. 9% Ipswich 1. Ipswich ( ˈɪpswɪtʃ is a Non-metropolitan district and the County town of Suffolk, England on the Estuary of the River Orwell 9% Canterbury 1. Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. 9% Ashford 1. 8% Guildford 1. Guildford ( IPA /ˈgɪlfəd/ is the County town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford and the 8% Maidenhead 1. Maidenhead is a town within the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, in Berkshire, England. 7% Swindon 1. Swindon ( is a large town in the ceremonial county of Wiltshire in the South West of England, midway between Bristol (64 km / 40 miles 7% Portsmouth 1. History See also History of Portsmouth There have been settlements in the area since before Roman times mostly being offshoots of Portchester, which 6% Southend-on-Sea 1. 6%

Colchester 1. Colchester ( /ˈkəʊltʃɛstə/ is a town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester, in Essex, England. 6% Tunbridge Wells 1. 5% Basingstoke 1. Basingstoke is a town in northeast Hampshire, England It lies across a Valley at the source of the River Loddon. 5% Bournemouth 1. Bournemouth ( is a large coastal resort town in the Borough of Bournemouth in Dorset, England. 4% Norwich 1. History Roman The Romans had their regional capital at Venta Icenorum on the river to the south which is near modern-day Caistor St Edmund 4% Bath 1. Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. 4% Over 50,000 Watford 4. Watford (ˈwɒtfəd) is a town and district in Hertfordshire, England, situated 19 miles (30 km northwest of London 5% Stevenage 2. Place-name meaning Stevenage may derive from Old English stiþen āc / stiōen āc / stithen ac (various Old English dialects 7% Crawley 2. Crawley ( is a town and Local government district with Borough status in West Sussex, England 5% Epsom - Ewel 2. See also Epsom New Hampshire, and Epsom New Zealand. For the chemical compound see Epsom salts. Ewell is a village in the borough of Epsom and Ewell in Surrey, close to the southern boundary of Greater London. 4% Hastings 2. Hastings is a town on the coast of East Sussex in England; it is also the administrative centre for the Borough of the same name 2% Redditch 2. Redditch is a Town and local government district in north-east Worcestershire, England. 0% Woking 1. 6% Eastbourne 1. Eastbourne ( is a large town and borough of East Sussex, on the south coast of England with an estimated population of 94816 as of 2007 5% Loughborough 1. Loughborough (pronounced locally as either /lɘfbɘɹɘ/ "LUFF-burra" /lɘf 5% Over 10,000 Chapeltown 61. Chapeltown is a Suburb of north-east Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England, and is the centre of the city's British Afro-Caribbean community 6% Moss Side 31. Moss Side is a residential suburb district and electoral ward of Manchester in North West England situated two miles 8% Aston 24. Aston is an area of the City of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. 8% Lozells 21. Lozells is a loosely-defined area in the West of Birmingham, England. 0% Hulme 18. Hulme is an Inner city area and electoral ward of the City of Manchester, in North West England. 97%

Culture

It has taken hundreds of years for the Black British culture to develop and to become accepted in the mainstream. Some black Liverpudlians can trace their roots in Liverpool back as far back as ten generations^[19] There are still notable differences between Black Britons of different national backgrounds – but that culture has flourished until it has become an accepted and vital part of the culture of modern Britain, shared by those of all backgrounds. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary

Black British music

See also: Caribbean music in the United Kingdom

Black British music is a long established and influential part of British music. Music from Trinidad Large-scale Caribbean migration to England began in 1948 Music from the United Kingdom has lost great popularity since the 1960s when a wave of musicians helped to popularise Rock and roll. Its presence in Britain stretches from concert performers like George Bridgetower in the eighteenth century to street musicians like Billy Waters. George Augustus Polgreen Bridgetower (1778 or 1780&ndash February 29 1860) was a Afro-Polish -born Virtuoso Violinist who lived in Busking is the practice of performing in Public places for Tips and Gratuities.

In the late 1970s and 1980s 2 Tone became popular with the British youth, especially in the West Midlands. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. 2 Tone (or Two Tone) is a Music genre created in England in the late 1970s by fusing elements of Ska, Punk rock, Rocksteady A youth subculture is a Youth -based Subculture with distinct styles behaviours and interests The West Midlands conurbation is the name given to the large Conurbation that includes the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton and the large towns of A blend of punk, ska and pop made it popular with both white and black audiences. Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Famous bands include The Selecter, The Specials, The Beat and The Bodysnatchers. The Selecter were a 2 Tone Ska revival band from Coventry, England, formed in the late 1970s The Specials (sometimes called The Special AKA) are an English 2 Tone Ska revival band formed in 1977 in Coventry. The Beat (known in North America as The English Beat) are a 2 Tone Ska revival band founded in England in 1978

Black British music sometimes reflects Caribbean influences or takes inspiration from Black American genres such as hip hop and rap. The Music of the Caribbean is a diverse grouping of Musical genres They are each syntheses of African European Indian and African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and It has developed its own distinctive identity. Grime music was invented in London and involves a number of artists from African and Caribbean communities, most notably Jamaican, Ghanaian and Nigerian. Grime is a genre of music which emerged in London, UK, primarily a development of UK garage, Dancehall, and hip hop. Famous grime artists include Dizzee Rascal, Kano (rapper), Wiley, Lethal Bizzle. Dylan Mills (born 1985 in Bow, East London) known professionally as Dizzee Rascal, is a British Rapper, Record producer and Kane Brett Robinson (born 21 May 1985 in East Ham, Newham, London) better known as Kano, is a British Lethal Bizzle (also known as Lethal B born 14th September 1984 Maxwell Ansah is a Rapper from Walthamstow, East London, born to Ghanaian It is now common to hear British MCs rapping in a strong British accent. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Niche, with its origin in Sheffield, Manchester and Leeds, has a much faster bassline and is sung in a northern accent. Famous artists include Niche producer T2.

Notable Black Britons

Main article: List of black Britons

There are examples of Black people who have achieved success in practically every field of British life. This is a list of notable black Britons. It includes many people of Mixed race.

An example from television is reporter and newsreader Sir Trevor McDonald, born in Trinidad, who was knighted in 1999. Sir Trevor McDonald OBE (born George McDonald on 16 August 1939 is a Trinidadian -born British Journalist and Television presenter Trinidad ( Spanish: " Trinity " is the largest and most populous of the two major islands and McDonald is now seen as a part of the broadcasting establishment. His clear, confident delivery and serious attitude have made him one of British television's most trusted presenters, winning more awards than any other British broadcaster. Other examples from television are entertainer Lenny Henry and chef Ainsley Harriott. Lenworth George Henry CBE, (born 29 August 1958 is a British Writer, Comedian and Actor. Ainsley Harriott (born 28 February 1957 is an English Celebrity chef.

Michael Fuller, after a successful career in the Metropolitan Police, has been Chief Constable of Kent since 2004. Michael Fuller, QPM is the Chief Constable of Kent Police and the first black Chief Constable in the United Kingdom. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. Chief Constable is the title given to the Chief police officer of every territorial police force in the United Kingdom except the two responsible for Greater KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format He is the son of Jamaican immigrants who came to Britain in the 1950s. Fuller was brought up in Sussex, where his interest in the police force was encouraged by an officer attached to his school. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force He is a graduate in social psychology. Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact ^[20]

In business, Damon Buffini heads Permira, one of the world's biggest private equity firms. Damon Buffini is an English businessman who heads the Private equity company Permira. Permira is an international Private equity firm based in the United Kingdom, headed by Damon Buffini. In Finance, private equity is an Asset class consisting of equity Securities in operating companies that are not Publicly traded on Buffini topped the 07 'power list' as the most powerful black male in Britain by New Nation magazine and was recently appointed to Prime Minister Gordon Brown's business advisory panel. This article is about the British newspaper which is not to be confused with the Apartheid -era New Nation (South African newspaper published in Johannesburg South WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is René Carayol is a successful broadcaster, broadsheet columnist, business & leadership speaker and author, best known for presenting the BBC series Did They Pay Off Their Mortgage in Two Years? and who has served as an executive main board director for blue-chip companies and also the public sector. René Carayol (born September 10th 1958 is a broadcaster, Broadsheet Columnist, Business and leadership speaker and Author A presenter, or host (sometimes hostess, in feminine form is a Person or Organization responsible for running an event Broadsheet is the largest of the various Newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages (typically 22 inches or more A columnist is a Journalist who writes material on a regular basis for publication in a series A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Pay Off Your Mortgage in Two Years is a television programme first aired on BBC2 in Early 2006 Wol Kolade is council member and Chairman of the BVCA (The British Private Equity and Venture Capital Association) as well as a Governor and council member of the London School of Economics and Political Science, chairing its Audit Committee. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In Finance, private equity is an Asset class consisting of equity Securities in operating companies that are not Publicly traded on Venture capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of Private equity capital typically provided to immature high-potential growth companies The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the In a publicly-held Company, an audit committee is an operating committee of the Board of Directors typically charged with oversight of financial reporting and disclosure Finally, Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones is a businessman, farmer and founder of the popular Black Farmer range of food products and also, prospective Conservative Party candidate for the Chippenham constituency for the next general election. Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones (born c 1957 is a British businessman farmer founder of The Black Farmer range of food products and prospective Conservative Party Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones (born c 1957 is a British businessman farmer founder of The Black Farmer range of food products and prospective Conservative Party The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Prospective parliamentary candidate ( PPC) is a term used in British politics to refer to candidates selected by political parties to fight individual Chippenham will be a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Leadership of the main parties David Cameron became Conservative leader in December 2005 replacing Michael Howard.

In 2005 soldier Johnson Beharry, born in Grenada of mixed African and East Indian roots, became the first man to win the Victoria Cross, Britain's foremost military award for bravery, since the Falklands War of 1982. Lance-Corporal Johnson Gideon Beharry VC (born 26 July 1979, in Grenada) of the 1st Battalion Princess of Wales's Royal Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the He was awarded the medal for service in Iraq in 2004. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

In sport, prominent examples of success include boxing champion Frank Bruno, whose career highlight was winning the WBC world heavyweight championship in 1995. Franklin Roy Bruno (born November 16, 1961) is an English former boxer whose career highlight was winning the WBC Heavyweight Altogether, he won 40 of his 45 contests. He is also well known for acting in pantomime. Pantomime (informally panto) (not to be confused with a Mime artist, referring to a theatrical performer of mime is a performance genre traditionally found Lennox Lewis, born in East London, is another successful Black British boxer and former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. Lennox Claudius Lewis CM, CBE (born September 2 1965) is a retired British/ Canadian professional boxer. East London is the name commonly given to the north eastern part of London, England on the north side of the River Thames. Recently, Lewis Hamilton, who is mixed-race, has created a major impact in the world of Formula One racing, with many comparing his arrival in a largely white-dominated sport to that of Tiger Woods in golf. Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton (born Stevenage, 7 January 1985 Background and family Woods was born in Cypress, California to Earl (1932-2006 and Kultida (Tida Woods Kelly Holmes, who won two gold medals in the 2004 Athens Olympics, also has black roots, her father being born in Jamaica, while her mother is English. Dame Kelly Holmes, DBE (born April 19 1970 is a retired English middle-distance athlete. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea.

Black people such as Bernie Grant, Oona King, Paul Boateng, Baroness Amos and Diane Abbott have made significant contributions to politics and trade unionism. Bernard Alexander Montgomery Grant ( 17 February 1944 &ndash 8 April, 2000) known simply as Bernie Grant, was a politician in the Oona Tamsyn King (born 22 October 1967 in Sheffield) is a British politician Paul Yaw Boateng (born 14 June 1951 is a British Labour Party Politician. Valerie Ann Amos Baroness Amos, PC (born 13 March 1954) is a British Labour Party Politician and Life peer, Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953 in Paddington, London, England) is a British Labour Party Member of Parliament Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Paul Boateng became the UK's first black cabinet minister in 2002 when he was appointed as Chief Secretary to the Treasury. A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. The Chief Secretary to the Treasury is the second most senior ministerial position in HM Treasury, after the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Bill Morris was elected general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1992. For other people of this name see William Morris (disambiguation. The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions parties churches or associations He was knighted in 2003, and in 2006 he took a seat in the House of Lords as a working life peer, Baron Morris of Handsworth. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" In the United Kingdom, life peers are created members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as Hereditary Diane Abbott became the first black woman Member of Parliament when she was elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election. Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953 in Paddington, London, England) is a British Labour Party Member of Parliament The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Results |} All parties gaining over 500 votes listed Campaign and policies The Conservatives' campaign emphasized lower taxes a strong economy and defence Valerie Amos became the first black woman cabinet minister and the first black woman to become leader of the House of Lords. Valerie Ann Amos Baroness Amos, PC (born 13 March 1954) is a British Labour Party Politician and Life peer, Leader of the House of Lords is a function in the British government that is always held in combination with a formal Cabinet position most often Lord President

Difficulties

There is much controversy surrounding the politics of integrating Britain's black community, particularly concerning crime, discrimination in basic services, employment and education. Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation)

The poverty rate for Britain’s minority ethnic groups stands at 40%, double the 20% found amongst white British people, according to new research published in 2007 (30 April) by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF). Minority ethnic groups are also being overlooked for jobs and are being paid lower wages, despite improvements in education and qualifications. The research highlights the differences between minority ethnic groups with 45% of Black Africans and 30% of Indians and Black Caribbeans living in poverty. Over half of Black African children in the UK are growing up in poverty. The research shows that people from minority ethnic groups who have higher educational achievements do not receive the same rewards as those from white British backgrounds with similar qualifications. A wide range of factors are shown to affect different groups and the research highlights how the Government needs to consider and implement more targeted policies.

According to the TUC report Black workers, jobs and poverty, ^[21] people from black and Asian groups are far more likely to be unemployed than the white population, despite having the required skills and qualifications. The rate of unemployment among the white population is only 11%, but among black groups it is 13%, mixed-race 15%, Indian 7%, Pakistani 15% and Bangladeshi 17%. The usual argument to counter high unemployment rates among black and Asian people - namely that they lack the necessary skills and qualifications - does not bear merit, the report states. For example, 81. 4% of black and Asian people with degrees are employed, compared with 87. 4% of white people. Furthermore, a white person whose highest qualification is GCSE’s at grades A-C is more likely to have a job than a black or Asian person with A-levels.

Both racist crime and black on black gang-related crime continues to affect black communities. Numerous deaths in police custody of black men have grown a general distrust of police amongst urban blacks in the UK. According to the Metropolitan Police Authority in 2002-2003 of the 17 deaths in police custody, 10 were black or Asian. The government reports ^[22] the overall number of racist incidents recorded by the police rose by 7% from 49,078 in 2002/3 to 52,694 in 2003/4.

While the media has highlighted black gangs and black on black violence, it should be noted that according to the Home Office report^[23], 10% of all homicide victims between 2000 and 2004 were black. Of these, 44% were murdered by non-blacks. This compares with 8% of whites murdered by non-whites.

Black people, who according to government statistics^[24] make up 2% of the population, are the principal suspects in 11. 7% of homicides, i. e. in 252 out of 2163 homicides committed 2001/2, 2002/3, and 2003/4. ^[25]. It should be noted that, judging on the basis of prison population, a substantial minority (about 35%) of black criminals in the UK are not British citizens but foreign nationals. A foreign national is a person present in a country who does not currently have the right to Permanent residency of that country ^[26]

After several high-profile investigations such as that of the murder of Stephen Lawrence, the police have often been accused of racism, from both within and outside the service. Stephen Lawrence ( 13 September 1974 – 22 April 1993) was a Black British teenager from South-East London who was Cressida Dick, head of the Metropolitan Police's anti-racism unit in 2003, remarked that it was 'difficult to imagine a situation where we will say we are no longer institutionally racist'. Deputy Assistant Commissioner Cressida Dick (born 1960 is a senior officer in London's Metropolitan Police. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. Institutional Racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) refers to a form of Racism which occurs specifically in institutions such as public ^[27]

See also

Groups included in "Black British"

• British African-Caribbean community
• African American British
• Barbadian British
• Cape Verdean British
• Ghanaian British
• Grenadian British
• Guyanese British
• Jamaican British
• Kenyan British
• Nigerian British
• Montserratian British
• Saint Lucian British
• South African British
• Tanzanian British
• Trinidadian British
• Ugandan British
• Zimbabwean British

Black groups outside Britain

• Black Canadian
• African Americans
• Afro-Australian
• Black people in Ireland
• Afro-European

Relevant lists

• List of black Britons
• 100 Great Black Britons
• Ethnic groups of the United Kingdom

References

• The Black Presence in Britain - Black British History
• The Scarman Report into the Brixton Riots of 1981.
• The Macpherson Report into the death of Stephen Lawrence.
• Brixton Overcoat, ISBN 978-0-9552841-0-6

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